CEU eTD Collection

‘Talkingpolitical about violence’: Mapping contested the discursivespace In

partialfulfilment requirementsof the for degree the of ofMaster Arts Departmentof PoliticalScience Central European Central University Supervisor:Lea Sgier Budapest, HungaryBudapest, By:LipinRam

Submittedto North KeralaNorth (2013) of

CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection violence political words: Key violence.’ of cycle ‘vicious the escapeto vocabularies and frames forsearch alternate must societies conflictual suggests that about and conflic into relapse realm discursive the made and meaning of contestation to led have discourse the of themes predominant the that argue we Instead, event. ‘transformational’ a into murder TP predominantly been have that themes/frames the that reveals analysis Our society. Kerala North the of practices past from ‘rupture’ mere a into murder TP significant highly the limiting in discourse of role the into India. Kerala in the to approaches t comparative and approach institutional beyond goes that manner toembedded more a in violence political us enables milieu violent the the in at actors closely social Looking the it. of about discourses ‘talk’ people which in ways the to attention paying by is studied be can violence political of phenomenon the which in ways important the of One Abstract t.

The study shows the significance of the ways in which political violence is ‘talked’ ‘talked’ is violence political which in ways the of significance the shows study The

B y

topic. adopting adopting

The context of this study is the violent political culture of North North of culture political violent the is study this of context The William H. Sewell, Jr Sewell, H. William , discourse, North Kerala, contestation, William H Sewe H William contestation, Kerala, North discourse, ,

used in the discourse on the TP murder have failed to make the the make to failed have murder TP the on discourse the in used i

’s

framework of ‘event’ theory, we theory, ‘event’ of framework he study of of study he

enquire enquire CEU eTD Collection Rubin friends Joseph a and support Mr.P.Kunhiraman father generous my to and due supervision are Thanks continuous thesis. this her throughout for Sgier Lea Dr. thank sincerely I Acknowledgements nd Rose Sebastian for their help in collecting the data. the collecting help in for their Sebastian nd Rose

ii

CEU eTD Collection Appendix Bibliog Conclusion 5. 4. Analysis Methodology 3. Theoretical 2. Review 1. Introduction Acknowledgements Contents 5.3 ‘Contestation’5.3 ofinstead ‘transformation’ The5.2 Counter 5.1.Discourse and its predominant themes The4.3 TPmurder: analysing discoursesthe The4.2 TPmurder: remarks on aspects other than discourse 4.1 T Data3.2 Analysis Data3.1 body Topical2.2 theoreticalelements 2.1 Political Violence:a brief 1.1Thebackground 1.1.3 TheTP Murder 1.1.2 CPI(M)Today 1.1.1 The CPI(M) 4.3.3 Analytical4.3.3 comments 4.3.2 The counter 4.3.1.2 Partyideology as the problem 4.3.1 Violence2.2.4 andDiscourse Violence2.2.3 as‘ 2.2.2 Characterizingthe violence 2.2.1 Radicalization he he nature of violence raphy

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CEU eTD Collection ( Kerala North in Onchiyam at murdered was TP, called popularly Chandrasekharan, TP and leader rebel communist the years the over Kerala North in politics everyday of part as normalised been have group opposing the of property the destroying and injuries crippling four last the over India organisations political of activists the between unfolding been has here with concerned are we that violence The discourse of issues knowledge of stream latter the is it violence, into inquiring 2011) Leifsen Esben and Klungel Janine Weiss, Nerina Grassiani, Erella as such scholars by undertaken societies settings violent in itself certain manifests discourse which in in ways violence into relapse endless 2000) Klienman and Das Weiss 2011; and (Hohenbalken seemingly the to contribute that socio the look at and more embedded be to tended have violence meta comparative institutional, less or more a in violence of study the with engaged been has discipline a as science Political practices. violent sustain and facilitate socio the study isto not, than often more society, a in violence study To cyclicality. and viciousness than violence obvi once at is it However, cleavages. deep with marked societies in itself reproduce to tends violence which with force peculiar the to refer to employed been often has violence’ of cycle vicious ‘the phrase The 1.

I n - hoeia manner theoretical

t are examples of such an approach. Although we draw inspiration from both ways of of ways both from inspiration draw we Although approach. an such of examples are r o d u c t i o n – -

political and cultural institutions, modes and practices of that society that society that of practices and modes institutions, cultural and political which we ho we which –

decades. Murdering the members of the opposing group, inflicting inflicting group, opposing the of members the Murdering decades. anyteHnurgtadte axs Left Marxist the and right Hindu the mainly Tly 03 Tro 2011) Tarrow 2003; (Tilly ous to any serious student of violence that there is more to to more is there that violence of student serious any to ous aaaa Manorama Malayala pe to follow and to contribute to in this project. project. this in to contribute to follow and to pe 1

5 , I cnrs, oilgcl stud sociological contrast, In . th (Chaturvedi 2011) (Chaturvedi the analyse studies that . The May 2012). It is the discourse discourse the is It 2012). May -

- embedded and dealing with with dealing and embedded cultural modes and practices practices modes and cultural (Della Porta 1995) Porta (Della (Hohenbalken and Weiss Weiss and (Hohenbalken –

in North Kerala in in Kerala North in . On 4 On . th

May 2102, 2102, May various various

and/or and/or ies of of ies –

CEU eTD Collection Keralacoalition in that has been power in several times the in past. a level’revolution democratic national and international the at movement ‘ communist the was termed it what fight to order in away broke Party Communist 3 glory of tradition. the andnationalism of discourse the fromstrength its derives and Hinduismof brand their on the basis customary on relying by people of mass substantial a discourses of ‘Hindu Dharma’ mobilizedyears.It seeks ‘Hindu found the over to a successfully has It India. in force political and 2 (Chaturvedi 2011) th figures,Bureau 2000). (Sasindran, 2000 to 1980 from period the in place took murders ( maimed that state report Another 1999). (Tampi, decades two those in Kannur in place took murders political 127 of total a that reports daily national wereclashes 2000 of total a 90s, and 1980s the 1 almost in with reckoned be to force the as position its maintained has Left Marxist the vary, to tended have conflict the of side one on parties although that noted be to needs it further, (P.Karunakaran Kerala 20 the of half second the of part early the in violence of acts noteworthy National ( Indian Congress the of Workers violent. and volatile region the made intermittently have which (IUML) League Muslim Union Indian the and Front Popular the as such organizations con have to forces major RSS the by represented decades. four last for the organizations political various of activists between of district the especially Kerala, North this project. in our of analysis subject forms the that murder TP the to in response media print the in published editorials and commentaries articles,

Rashtreeya Sveyam Sevak Sa Sevak RashtreeyaSveyam v political the chronicling figuresThe omns Pry f ni ( axs) A Marxist). ( India of Party Communist Outlook INC), one of the largest national parties in the country, have also been guilty of of guilty been also have country, the in parties national largest the of one INC),

2008). , ere were 736 cases of rioting in the in rioting of cases 736 were ere .

nd seeks to apply Marxism apply to seeks nd

Mathrubhumi, Deshabhimani , 2

ngh. Founded in 1925 and has been ever since an important right wing cultural cultural wingright important an eversince been has and 1925 in Founded ngh. other are there although politics, conflictual to resorted sistently n te axs Lf rpeetd y h CPI(M) the by represented Left Marxist the and at least 200 have died in the last four decades, and decades, four last the in died have 200 least at

iolence that unfolded in North Kerala since the late 60s late the since Kerala North in unfolded that iolence laig enclr esae i Krl rprs ht 4 political 142 that reports Kerala in newspaper vernacular leading a

oiia pry omd n 94 hn a when 1964 in formed party political 6 , reported in the region (Mary, 1999). (Mary,region the in reported Kannur, has been afflicted by political violence violence political by afflicted been has Kannur, th - Leninism to Indian conditions. It leads the left democratic left the leads It conditions. Indian to Leninism

ue 02. oee, eoe e proceed we before However, 2012). June Kannur 2

district in 2006 al 2006 in district . It claims to be the agent of the people’s people’s the of agent the be to claims It .

nation’ that willnation’ have that normative its and As per the National Crime Statistics Statistics Crime National the per As revisionism and sectarianism in the the in sectarianism and revisionism –

one, the highest in the country the highestin the one, that has been constructed constructed been has that

several others have been been have others several ato o te undivided the of faction The Hindu The th

1 century in North North in century

3 The Hindu right right Hindu The

have been the the been have

vary.

, a prominent a , Through

any any CEU eTD Collection May 2012). (murder TP the of topic the meetingson of series a conducted party the gathering’, 4 ( investigation paced fast unusually an of result a as police the by arrested 18 Manorama, (Malayala supporters and cadres its to issue the on position its defend to society and organisation the of levels various at meetings conduct to scramble to had also party the on criticism of force overwhelming the from itself defend to discourse the probe to murder political a ( members its of involvement into enquiry internal an declare to had pressure public was Nort of sustained people and attracted the for murder life political of facet a almost was TP’s violence that fact the given especially that remarkable, coverage media and attention public North in violence political of reality mundane the problematized murder TP The murder. thefor India, in Party Communist biggest the CPI(M), the indicted largely that opinion public of mobilization unprecedented months and weeks the In Kerala. North of realms socio the in violence political of normalisation of practice usual this from ‘rupture’ ex an was who leader communist rebel the TP, of murder The ‘normal’ as years the over Kerala of North political of acceptance and legitimisation a occurred socio entrenched various through that is note to important more supporters” potential among power and influence cultu “ political that out violent points Chaturvedi the to Referring conflicts. the of all

Ranging from the highest forum of the state committee to the lowest level of ‘ of level lowest the committee to state the of forum highest the fromRanging th

a 2012). May

Kerala h 4

ay edr o te at a d at party the of leaders Many

Cauvd 2011) (Chaturvedi violence has become the public face and means of enhancing enhancing of means and face public the become has violence Kerala and brought it to focus like never before. never like focus to it brought and Kerala

Mathrubhumi (Chaturved Fr h frt ie n itr, h CPI( the history, in time first the For . , 4 , 3 th

May 2013). Apart from producing a counter a producing from Apart 2013). May

(Chaturvedi 2011,342 (Chaturvedi following, the Kerala society witnessed an an witnessed society Kerala the following, ifferent organisational levels have been been have levels organisational ifferent

violence in the democratic public sphere sphere public democratic the in violence i 2011; Chaturvedi 2012) Chaturvedi i 2011; re in North Kerala, Ruchi Ruchi Kerala, North in re - - CPI(M) member, marked a a marked member, CPI(M) cultural practices, there has has there practices, cultural Kudumba yogam’ oryogam’ Kudumba various public forums, forums, public various Malayala Manorama,18 Malayala - 43) Mathrubhumi . What is perhaps perhaps is What . The amount of of amount The .

M) under under M) - political political ‘family ‘family , 2 , nd th -

CEU eTD Collection 5 case. the been have to seem not does this murder, TP the after year A society? Kerala the in structures the of transformational or dislocational succ was that ‘event’ an into discourse it make eventually and the ‘rupture’ Did sense? Sewellian the in creativity’ ‘cultural of form the take murder TP the of aftermath the in produced discourse voluminous the Did an ‘event’. into it turning subsequently and ‘rupture’ a sustaining in crucial role plays a creati ‘cultural theory, ‘event’ Sewellian the In above. term said the by means Sewell what is actors social by discourse of forms various through reality social of interpretation of theory theof aspect important most the form that Sewell, by creativity’ ‘cultural called discourse, of functions definitional ‘event’. an into turns ‘rupture’ a which in ways – and/or society. dislocation a in transformation structural a to leads that something is Sewell, for ‘event’, historical A theory ‘event’ his articulate to begins Sewell that ‘ruptures’ of significance of theory ‘event’ the introduce we ‘rupture’, a as murder TP the of significance the comprehend To Manorama Malayala altogeth witnessing something was society Kerala the that impression the given had poets including and writers intelligentsia actors, the from condemnation and protest voluminous the and pressure swift unusually the generated, 4 following months and weeks the In 2013). April

For aFor detailed discussion, see chapter 2.

a upiig ra wt ruie pra routine with break surprising “a ila H eel r no u analysis our into Jr Sewell H William The CPI(M), it is perhaps safe perhaps is it CPI(M), The er unfamiliar, at least when it came to political violence (M.N.Karassery, (M.N.Karassery, violence political to came it when least at unfamiliar, er

, 6 th

May 2012). It was indeed a ‘rupture’ from past practices. practices. past from ‘rupture’ a was Itindeed 2012). May The beginning of all such transformations is marked by a rupture rupture a by marked is transformations such all of beginning The

(Sewell Jr 1996, 845) 1996, Jr (Sewell

conclusion of the investigation, the strength of the public public the of strength the investigation, the of conclusion

ctice” (Sewell 1996, 843). Sewell delineates several several delineates Sewell 843). 1996, (Sewell ctice” 4

to say, seems to have weathered the storm of of storm the weathered have to seems say, to th Swl J 1996) Jr (Sewell

May 2012, the sheer amount of discourse discourse of amount sheer the 2012, May . The collective and spontaneous exercise exercise spontaneous and collectiveThe . 5

However, it is the interpretative and and interpretative the is it However, . It is by addressing the the addressing by is It . essfully sustain the the sustain essfully (Sewell Jr 1996) Jr (Sewell

vity’ vity’ . CEU eTD Collection violenceagents of have acquitted. been 6 the of nature ‘controversial’ and ‘partisan’ The defeating’. ‘self proved have centred been di the which around themes predominant the that briefly, it put the i.e., responses, counter the of nature the identify also We murder. TP the around constructed the of themes predominant the identify we analysis our In society? Kerala North the in ‘event’ transformational the a becoming did from role murder what TP the following: limiting in the play is discourse project this in answer to seek we that question The a become to failed have to seems Sewell ofsense the in ‘event’ transformational murder TP the words, other In year. one after stand the alter unfounde been would have to that seems Kerala North ‘signifier’ of culture a political become may murder TP the the into that merged hope imperceptibly The has ‘familiar’. murder TP the of aftermath the in response societal produc effect the that say to proposition reasonable a seems It al). ( Kerala in violence political of cases of fate usual the resembling other, the after one court the in hostile turn to continues concerned. is Kerala in violence political as far as process judicial the of staple the been has that prosecution the of inefficacy and delay judicial is violence political to response state and judicial the as far as changed have to seems else nothing investigation, Manorama predicte the that observers crisis political political and organisational The murder. the following months the during in itself found had it position precarious the given extent considerable a to pressure public

Ruchi Chaturvedi (2011, 340) notes that in in that notes 340) (2011, Chaturvedi Ruchi - discourse, which these themes provoked. On the basis of our analysis, we argue, to to argue, we analysis, our of basis the On provoked. themes these which discourse, 30 , th

June 2012). More importantly, apart from the speedy conclusion of the the of conclusion speedy the from apart importantly, More 2012). June

concerned. The TP murder case seems to be going down the same road of of same road the down going be seems to case murder TP The concerned.

fr h pry em t hv be cnand ( contained been have to seems party the for d Mathrubhumi

0preto h css adjudicated cases the of percent 80

9 th 5

(Sewell Jr 1996) Jr (Sewell

March 2013; March 6

h wtess f h T mre ca murder TP the of witnesses The Mathrubhumi scourse on the TP murder has has murder TP the on scourse .

d; at least by the way things things way the by least at d; from 1978 to 2003, alleged alleged 2003, to 1978 from ed by the ‘unfamiliar’ ‘unfamiliar’ the by ed

9 th

March 2013 et et 2013 March

Malayala Malayala discourse discourse se se CEU eTD Collection Party Congress National Indian the within 1937) (in group Communist a then as Party and Socialist Congress the called was what formi towards move first The (ibid) later much came Kerala in Party Communist the of formation the level, national the at 1920 in formed today India of Party Communist retrospective is organization this 1920, in Formed country. anti the when time a at existence into came CPI, the or I India of Party Communist the India, in Party of Communist ‘mainstream’ Party Communist the namely India, will we Here it. to shades organizational and ideological several has world, the across countries other many in as India, in left political The 1.1.1 factual background. for mostly are used they and arguments any make to website party the on based references the on rely not do we website So murder. TP the of context the and party communist the of sketch brief a provide we section, this In 1.1 murder TP the rendering not an and ‘rupture’ merely a in argue, we so or role, important an played This conflict. and contestation of realm familiar the into relapsed discourse the creativity’), (‘cultural manner rea the interpreting of instead And defence. counter powerful a constructing Party Communist the in resulted discourse The background The The CPI (M) (M) The CPI , especially tho especially , e f h ifrain eo has below information the of me .

–

History and Formation and History se regarding the party’s history. However, it has to be made clear that that clear made be to has it However, history. party’s the regarding se

‘event’ of transformative potentials. transformative of ‘event’ ng a Communist Party in Kerala came initially in the form of of form the in initially came Kerala in Party Communist a ng - colonial struggle was gaining steam in several parts of the the of parts several in steam gaining was struggle colonial ( ‘Party history’, history’, ‘Party –

the largest national party in India at that point. point. that at India in party national largest the 6 da Mrit o te [CPI(M) the or (Marxist) ndia lity of the TP murder in a transformational transformational a in murder TP the of lity focus only on the the on only focus

been obtained from the CPI (M)’s official official (M)’s CPI the from obtained been www.cpim.org) y eerd o s h undivided the as to referred ly

prominent Marxist Party in in Party Marxist prominent .

Although the party was was party the Although - discourse in its its in discourse ]. ]. The first first The

CEU eTD Collection organisations left of coalition 1.1.2 ( conditions” concrete Indian the in application Marxism of tenets revolutionary and scientific the defend to order in level, national and international the at movement communist the in sectarianism split support in was 159 (ibid, and Party Communist Chineese position ideological radical more a took latter the Marxism, co in followed disagreements (M)] [CPI (Marxist) India of Party two into split party the 1964, In India ( in Party Communist the of martyrs ofwave first the way other a was in This confrontations. violent and action police by killed were workers party of hundreds independence, the after 1980) (P.Radhakrishnan Bengal) West (in struggle Thebhaga the Pradesh), Andhra of state current the (in struggle Telengana the as such country across struggles peasant violent several by marked also was 1947 in independence Indian the to up run the of period The India. in Party Communist the of leaders important most the Namboothir (ibid). Party Communist the of branch Kerala the formed and Kannur of district Kerala North the in Pinarayi called place d the However, h CIM tdy s h ms poiet et at i Ida n las h Lf front Left the leads and India in party left prominent most the is today CPI(M) The (Ram 1969) (Ram CPI (M) Today CPI (M) The Struggles The ippad, P.Krishnappilla and A.K.Gopalan A.K.Gopalan and P.Krishnappilla ippad, ecisive break came in 1939 when a small group of individuals assembled at a a at assembled individuals of group small a when 1939 in came break ecisive Rm 1969) (Ram - prto wt te Co the with operation . The CPI(M) claims that it was born “in the struggle against revisi against struggle the “in born was it claims that CPI(M) The , www.cpim.org

. In these and and these In

(Chatterjee 1988) (Chatterjee . – Whereas the former stood for a moderate approach to be be to approach moderate a for stood former the Whereas

at the national level. In terms of electoral politics the CPI(M) CPI(M) the politics electoral of terms In level. national the at ay ebr o ti sal group small this of members Many –

the Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Communist Communist the and (CPI) India of Party Communist the ).

- – 209)

many other struggles that continued to unfold even even unfold to continued that struggles other many ngress Party and supported the Soviet Model of of Model Soviet the supported and Party ngress u t a obnto o ideologic of combination a to due

The Sino The

n te Punnapra the and 7

Preface - – Indian war of 1962 also accentuated the the accentuated also 1962 ofwar Indian

, would later go on to become some of of some become to on go later would www.cpim. - Leninism and its appropriate appropriate its and Leninism - Vayalar struggle ( struggle Vayalar org

).

–

al and practical practical and al such as E.M.S E.M.S as such in Kerala) Kerala) in onism and onism and of the the of

– the the

a CEU eTD Collection as the land and educational reforms and the eradication of the feudal system that that system feudal the of eradication the landsca and social the altered fundamentally reforms educational and land the as 1957. in power C elected democratically first the Kerala, In old year 2011 thirty its ended and Bengal in party the for table the turned that incident d the to leading unit, manufacturing car scale large a of installation the facilitate to able be to order in land their from peasants evict forcefully to attempted administration state the where incident, Nandigram infamous now have criticisms these of severest the However, criticism. invited has party whichthe on points theof some been have cadres and leaders its of culture political violent often and intolerant the and completely poverty eradicate to administration Left the of inability The wingdeviations’. ‘right its asseen beto come has whatfor outside and inside e the in redistributed land 2007:1595) the of percent 20 nearly for accounts Bengal West of state the land, arable country’s the of percent 3.5 only with that writes Alam Aniket landlords. few a under concentrated was land, importantly most forces, productive the in step huge a wh in system be feudal erstwhile the from producers to petty and peasants labourers, delivering proved that Bengal in reforms land comprehensive implemented ( since 1957 power of out and in has been party the Kerala, In Tripura. in power in be to continued has it then Since 1988. till power and 1977 in power to came first party the Tripura, In 2011. May until 1977 from Bengal West in power in uninterruptedly was CPI(M) the by headed government front Left The Tripura. and Kerala Bengal, West of states Indian three the in visible most been has It is worth mentioning that true to its proletarian and peasant moorings, the party party the moorings, peasant and proletarian its to true that mentioning worth is It (Banerjee 2007) . However, off late the party in Bengal has faced serious criticisms from both both from criticisms serious faced has Bengal in party the late off However, . The party website claims that t that claims website party The .

pe of Kerala and paved the foundation for the fairly fairly the for foundation the paved and Kerala of pe eath of many struggling peasants. It was this single single this was It peasants. struggling many of eath Election History, History, Election 8 his government initiated several measures such such measures several initiated government his ommunist government in the world came to to came world the in government ommunist

CPI(M) Kerala party website). party Kerala CPI(M) come in the aftermath of the the of aftermath the in come ntire country country ntire then was out of of out was then

(Alam, (Alam, rule in in rule

ich ich

CEU eTD Collection is that something is therefore, Oncihyam, of geography historical and political The 1943. 30 on Onchiyam in killed were workers party ten action police repressive the of result a As 1943. in martyrs first its of some had party the that Onchiyam at was It Kerala. of state that claims website organisation breakaway his hoisted his Onchiyam of significances the say, per murder TP the of event the on elaborating Before 1.1.3 2012) our T.P.Chandrasekharan, of murder the of context signif most the as raised been has that culture political party’s the of character violent the it’s challenges, its all of fact In challenge. serious a been has Kerala, North in especially party, the against levelled violence and intolerance of allegations the us, for importantly most perhaps And time for long a party for the concern of cause a been has party the of secretary state powerful the Vijayan, Pinarayi and CPI(M) V. party. the for decade last the in concern of cause another been insiders critical by ‘empericisations’ as well as ideological several to subjected was party the 90’s, and 1980’s the in neoliberalism of advent reforms land progre the consolidated it that out points outl modern and states) Indian other with comparison (in distinct S. Achuthanandan, the current leader of opposition and the most popular leader of the the of leader popular most the and opposition of leader current the Achuthanandan, S. The TP Murder The TP .

icant criticism in recent times times recent in criticism icant organisational changes referred to as ‘deviations’ by its critics outside and and outside critics its by ‘deviations’ as to referred changes organisational

( h Cmuit at i Kerala, in Party Communist The

was the Left government which came to power in 1967 that further further that 1967 in power to came which government Left the was Onchiyam is one of the most importa most the of one is Onchiyam

sv esrsi ntae n15 n implement and 1957 in initiated it measures ssive –

the region in the North Kerala district of Kozhikode where TP TP where Kozhikode of district Kerala North the in region the (Johny, 2012; Malayala Manorama, 13 Manorama, Malayala 2012; (Johny, (Patnaik 2011) (Patnaik –

ed o e ogl sece out. sketched roughly be to need (Ch 9

trei 2011) aturvedi

P() eaa at website). party Kerala CPI(M) . The increasing sway of factionalism has has factionalism of sway increasing The . point of focus in this project project this in focus of point nt names for the party in the entire entire the in party the for names nt .

This is especially so in the the in so especially is This The factional fight between between fight factional The ook that it has today. today. has it that ook torical and ideological ideological and torical

ed comprehensive comprehensive ed th The Kerala party party Kerala The

May 2012) May (Chaturvedi (Chaturvedi

With th It

April April .

also also the the CEU eTD Collection fou the protracted in culminated long that supporters a his and of TP and result party the a in was ‘revisionists’ the it between struggle that ideological maintain and this refute others self and local RMP of of tier lowest (the Panchayath Jana the the called organisation ally itsof another with India) in government in Onchiyam at into entered has party the that agreement sharing power the to adhere to want not did TP by led dissenters the that a They supporters. his and TP by advocated politics hungry power the of product a was dissension of act the that argue party the defend who those Briefly, later. analyse will we that s is dissension of the act ( (RMP) Party Marxist Revolutionary the called organisation rebel the found subsequently to party the from away broke decades, three loc and activist party a Chandrasekharan, T.P that 2008 in was historical It murder. TP the of event the the locate should we that of Onchiyam of geography significance political and ideological rich this of background the in is It ideologic and symbolic at the but also politics everyday of realm the merely at not challenge a as construed been have and ideology inevitably would Onchiyam in its hegemony party the to challenge any saythat to overstatement of signifier a as occasions ( various legacy revolutionary on public general the to party by the evoked is names, place significant other such with along Onchiyam, name the workers, al ever event the keep martyrs Onchiyam the for structures term the of sense every p the of stronghold the years the over become had Onchiyam Morazha, and Vayalar such Kerala North in histories ‘revolutionary’ with places other many like And Kerala. North in supporters and workers party the of minds the in etched deeply The Struggles The nding of a new party called RMP RMP called party new a of nding al realms by the party. by the al realms till a contentious question and to an extent forms part of the discourse discourse the of part forms extent an to question and contentious a till Aobka 2011) (Aboobakkar , CPI(M) K CPI(M) , Deshabhimani, al leader of the CPI(M) at Onchiyam for almost almost for Onchiyam at CPI(M) the of leader al . 10

While the commemorative performances and and performances commemorative the While erala party website). Thus, it would not be an an be not would it Thus, website). party erala

7 ( th Asad, ive in the conscience of the party party the of conscience the in ive

June 2012 ). What exactly led to to led exactly What ). 2012 June

‘The politics of 51 hacks’, hacks’, 51 of politics ‘The as Kayyoor, Punnapra Kayyoor, as ta Dal. The members members The Dal. ta arty in in arty rgue rgue - CEU eTD Collection two the in CPI(M) the of leaders the of section a by hatched was conspiracy a that believe Th trial. ongoing the and murder the on focus to continues media national and local the Both crime. the for leadership its and CPI(M) the indicted that debates and speeches reports, editorials, 5 Manorama, 4 on place took TP of murder brutal The 2013). ( leadership CPI(M) the among uproar and activists rebel o ranks the among euphoria generated had Onchiyam at house leader’s slain the to visit 2012) long time for a leadership party thewith odds at been whohas party the in leader most and tallest the of one VS, called popularly Achuthanandan, VS by led faction CPI(M) the for support their clear made had outfit rebel its and TP that mentioned be to needs also former had a who ‘insider’ by produced was it that was hegemony party to challenge this about significant i forces political moderate even or wing right the with re true the upheld that alternative Kerala in the coalition with itself align not did RMP the past, the in CPI(M) the of out came that foundat subsequent the and TP of rebellion political the distinguishes what However, past. the in parties new of creation the toled had 1994 in Amma Gauri KR and 1986 in Raghavan MV of expulsion The before. been had TP than prominent more much were who Leaders Kerala. in CPI(M) the of history the in expulsion of nor dissension of instance 133). What needs to be noted here is that the founding of the RMP by TP was neither the first first the neither was TP by RMP the offounding the that is here noted beto needs What . VS’s homage to TP as a “brave communist” following his death and his subsequent subsequent his and death his following communist” “brave a as TP to homage VS’s .

e workers of RMP and a substantial section of the civil society and intelligentsia intelligentsia and society civil the of section substantial a and RMP of workers e th

May 2012). May until recently been a very important figure in party circles of the region. It It region. the of circles party in figure important very a been recently until Jhy 2012) (Johny

ion of RMP is the fact that unlike the splinter groups or parties parties or groups splinter the unlike that fact the is RMP of ion What followed the murder of TP was an outpouring of articles, articles, of outpouring an was TP of murder the followed What volutionary politics of the left and refused to align itself itself align to refused and left the of politics volutionary .

The party led by TP claimed to be standing for an an for standing be to claimed TP by led party The th

May 11

expelled by the party for anti for party the by expelled

, 2012 at Onchiyam in Kozhikode (Malayala (Malayala Kozhikode in Onchiyam at 2012 , te tt (ibid). state the n aaaa Manorama Malayala

What was most most was What - party activities activities party

13 , right wing wing right th (Johny senior senior

f the the f May May CEU eTD Collection neighbouring two the Ko Kannur ofand districts from levels organisational different at leaders CPI(M) (including accused the and investigation their concluded have police the now, of As hitherto. violence rap of kind the with action into kicked hacks’,133). 51 of politics ‘The (Asad, sceptical and perturbed and followers its of mass substantial a leaving comrades, and family leader’s slain l tall its of some even as defence the on be to forced was CPI(M) The disbelief. and outrage and with reacted local society the (both of sections media other and society, national) civil Left), Marxist usual the of the allies some beyond (including parties went clearly which event familia too all violence the political of ‘condemnations’ following society the of sections various from outcry remarkable a was There base. party the erode to threatening seriously outfi dissident whose T.P murder to Kannur and Kozhikode of districts neighbouring zhikode) are being tried tried being are zhikode) idity and efficiency unknown in cases of political political of cases in unknown efficiency and idity 12

( Mathrubhumi ( r to the people of North Ke North of people the to r eaders expressed solidarity with the the with solidarity expressed eaders

, 12 The state machinery was was machinery state The th

April 2013). 2013). April rala rala

Political Political

workers workers t was was t CEU eTD Collection of contributions important most the of one that book the to Foreword his in mentions Tarrow pol of analyses level micro and Germany and Italy of analysis Porta’s Della Donatella 2.1 Politica project. this in analysis own our inform will that positions and elements theoretical the on elaborate we importantly, more and Secondly, reference. a as only meant is which violence political of subject the on a limited a provide we Firstly, sections. two in is chapter This sociology. historical to science political from ranging disciplines from elements theoretical of use make we project, theore which from violence of subject the on knowledge of body cumulative a lack we words, otherIn 2). (1995, it study to fields several from concepts borrow to has one and science political or sociology e an been never has violence political that fact the out points she when violence workon of body coherent a of lack the recognise to seems Porta Della Donatella affair. disparate largely a be to tended has violence of study The violence studying in made have scholars that advances recent the of some are violence of reality the expressing in language human of limits the acknowledging and have can ‘violence’ term the that meaning of shades ‘viol termed characteristics typological certain be might that acts all that assumption the is problematic violence into inquiries the makes what of part argue, Hohenbalken Six Maria and Weiss Nerina As Theoretical 2. Review l Violence: a brief review of scholarship of a review brief Violence: l tical frameworks to base our project can be easily drawn. Hence, in this this in Hence, drawn. easily be can project our base to frameworks tical

Social movements, political violence, and the state: A comparative comparative A state: the and violence, political movements, Social

(1995) introduces an approach that integrates the macro, meso meso macro, the integrates that approach an introduces (1995) itical violence in a historical comparative framework. Sidney Sidney framework. comparative historical a in violence itical Ds n Kina 20; Hohe 2000; Klienman and (Das (Hohenbalken and Weiss 2011, 3) 2011, Weiss and (Hohenbalken stablished or mainstream area of research in either either in research of area mainstream or stablished 13

nd general review of literature literature of review general nd ble ad es 2011) Weiss and nbalken . Recognizing the various various Recognizingthe . ent’ share share ent’ . CEU eTD Collection into take i not politics’; did ‘normal studies consideration these that out points She characteristics. unique unprecedented and their intensity with world the shook hijackings airplane and Olympics Munich the s incidents when seventies early the in origin its had former The theory. movement social and studies terrorism violence, political with dealt have that study of fields distinct two been have there out, points Porta Della Traditionally, the over violence political on scholarship of evolution the of summary Porta’s Della earlier, said as However, project. our for theory Porta’s Della of usefulness the limit that factors are India as such democracies socio the Besides, violence. political with itself concerns that theory movement social in positions theoretical certain utilize to able be may we although theory, movement social of framework India in Kerala North in leader communist rebel in interested are we that violence political of instance the that clear quite post the namely, analysis, democra her of context the by limited is forth puts Porta Della violence political of theory the book, the in once than more admits herself she as vio and conflict political of instances to confined largely is enquiry Porta’s Della clear, makes title the as Firstly, closely. more work Porta’s Della at look we before clear made be to need that things few a are There subject. the on of literature the survey useful very a us gives work also Porta’s Della violence, on political work an important being While science. social and history and sociology and politics comparative institutions, pol of study comparative of dichotomies traditional the beyond go to attempt the is work Porta’s Della - oiia ad utrl itntos betwee distinctions cultural and political tic society. These two considerations are important for us in more than one way. It is is It way. one than more in us for important are considerations two These society. tic itical conflict: between violence and social movement, movements and and movements movement, social and violence between conflict: itical years is valuable. valuable. is years lence that stem from the context of social movements. Secondly, Secondly, movements. social of context the from stem that lence

n fact, in the tradition of collective behavior studies, studies, behavior collective of tradition the in fact, n

14

uch as the massacre of the Israeli athletes in in athletes Israeli the of massacre the as uch – n western democracies and post colonial colonial post and democracies western n

could not be satisfactor be not could - ily dealt within the the within dealt ily industrial western western industrial – the murder of a a of murder the

CEU eTD Collection grouped are authors, the to according politics, conflictual on on positions theoretical The scholarship politics. conflictual of evolution the of summary another us give (1983) Rose and McAllister encompasse that integral approach an work her in applies Porta Della actions. and motivations individual on based analysis with deals level micro the and groups of role the level meso the characteristics; systemic of role t approaches level Macro violence. political of analyses micro and meso macro, distinct hitherto the together bring to seeks which violence political ofstudy the to approach integrative her with in steps Porta Della that vacuum theoretical this into is It violence. political by questions raised the with specifically and engage to Piven failed largely Fox has theory Frances movement social and Cloward, A. Gamson Richard William Tilly, Charles as such scholars few a for o points Porta Della However, 8). (ibid, opponents” their and movements social between interaction the of outcome an as be“explained can studies, movement social of field of prism the through actors collective ‘resource rational as movements social at looked US the post in conflict of sites central the as movements’ moveme social of case the In democracies of capacities integrative take organizations terrorist organi political of were behavior characteristics ideological of role the political emphasized Wilknson I. Steven ‘deviant’ like Scholars stressed. and behavior political ‘normal’ between differences

into consideration the influence of the context in formulating the specific aims and and aims specific the formulating in context the of influence the consideration into

mobilization’ ( Della Porta 1995,7). Political violence, as formulated within the the within formulated as violence, Political 1995,7). Porta Della ( mobilization’

broadly under four headings. headings. four under broadly zations engaging in violent political campaigns, especially in the case of of case the in especially campaigns, political violent in engaging zations (Della Porta 1995,5) Porta (Della nt theory, whereas European sociologists identified ‘new social social ‘new identified sociologists European whereas theory, nt s the systemic, organizational and individual perspectives. individual and organizational systemic, s the (Della Porta 1995,6) Porta (Della

Secularization theories Secularization . Della Porta argues that these approaches fail to to fail approaches these that argues Porta Della . 15

- industrial societies of the West, scholars in in scholars West, the of societies industrial .

o political violence refers to the the to refers violence politicalo , mainly deriving from the the from deriving mainly , ut that except except that ut

CEU eTD Collection actions. contentious sustaining and incentives creating in structures opportunity political of role the emphasizes Tarrow contention’. of ‘cycles and structures’ opportunity ‘political fo concepts important most two the Perhaps from. benefit may we that work famous most Tarrow’s in concepts certain are there project, research our to apply directly not does have to Tarrow’s Sidney more stable. and viable democracies makes turn in and unnecessary violence such renders which rigidities, t The according 43). violence, 1963, of (Nieburg possibility change” social and political peaceful assuring for thus opportunities demonstration, greater token only with effect social a have to violence “potential act for basis pluralistic a allowing By countries. democratic in especially societies, national preserving in useful and necessary is violence of risk the that argues He countries. democratic in violence political regarding argument unusual the with engaged have to scholars early the of one (1963), Nierburg H.L political ‘traditional’ or ‘older’ 538). 1983, Rose and (McAllister conflicts” endorse to prone least be should society in generations politic from derived mainly is the which theory, call authors the what is there Finally, conflict. political violent that deems conflict position Marxist for procedures institutionalized accept to likely more are individuals modern that assumption the from stems less or more This societies. in conflict multi in conflict theories value Modernity of source potential a form they institutions, social through values propagate religions since that position the hold paradigm, Weberian come out on social movements till date. Again, although social movement literature literature movement social although Again, date. till movements social on out come

Power in Movement in Power

argue that the condition of differential modernization leads to political political to leads modernization differential of condition the that argue class relations and material prosperity material and relations class o the author, acts as a powerful solvent of political political of solvent powerful a as acts author, the o

(1994, 2008, 2011) is perhaps the most important work work important most the is perhaps 2011) 2008, (1994,

16 al socialization studies. It holds that “younger “younger that holds It studies. socialization al

ion, he contends, democratic states permit permit states democratic contends, he ion,

resolution. The classical classical The resolution.

are crucial in producing producing in crucial are eeainl change generational - eiiu societ religious

topic makes an an makes topic r us are are us r ies. ies.

CEU eTD Collection ( 6). ibid, groups” and persons among relations on transforming than impulses suppressing eliminating ideas, bad that destroying believes on less himself, depends locates violence Tilly “restraining which amongst group, third The (ibid). violence.” collective underlie fo that security incentives or and protection, deference, “needs respect, of exploitation, domination, importance the stresses theorists of group second The 5). ibid, ( violence.” collective in join to people or person a of propensity the affect significantly c “ideas the that argue theorists of group first the action, human in consciousness of role the Emphasizing people’. ‘relation and people’ ‘behaviour people’, ‘idea calls he what of categorisation the violence” collective of character the in circumstances social and places, times, among variations major causes of “explanations at explanati arrive total or to laws general seeks not variability: Tilly Charles topic, the with engagement of years work his In violence. on times recent in in science published political been mainstream have to work famous most the perhaps with section this conclude We 2011) arson to voting from range that strategies include repertoires These public. wider the various contention’, of ‘repertoires the po contentious in engaged actors that strategies calls he what maps also Tarrow contention. of cycles term the Hence holders. power and opponents for eventually and comers late for way politic these of advantage take insurgents’ ‘original the When The Politics of Collective Violence Violence Collective of Politics The .

oncerning the worth of others and the desirability of aggressive action action aggressive of desirability the and others of worth the oncerning (Tilly 2003, 20) 2003, (Tilly . Tilly’s review of scholarship on violence is based on on based is violence on scholarship of review Tilly’s . (2003) that has been the culmination of almost thirty thirty almost of culmination the hasthatbeen (2003) 17 litics adopt in order to mobilize supporters and and supporters mobilize to order in adopt litics ons of violent events, but accounts of what what of accounts but events, violent of ons

al opportunities, it paves the the paves it opportunities, al

self admittedly ambitious ambitious admittedly self

opportunities, or or opportunities, (Tarrow (Tarrow

r CEU eTD Collection violence to sympathetic are that subcultures political of existence the is level, systemic the a factor, important Another movement. the of tendencies violent the strengthens repression state of result a as myths and martyrs of creation the Further, society. the ofsections different o reluctance initial the from stemmed Germany, and Italy in least at violence, political that observes also Porta Della socio contested life. political and divided Kerala’s North of case the in true hold all ‘outside’ the and commun of severing a and systems value alternative networks, 2011) socio entrenched through and time property p of intensity and frequency the that true is it Although Kerala. North regarding for completely hold argument not does politics above of radicalization The ‘outside’. the and ‘inside’ the between communications networks, social dense of emergence the ‘them’ and ‘us’ between divided is l hence and embattlement”, of mentality “ a produce to tend periods historical certain that out points author the Germany, and Italy both in activists radical of in on Based 83). discussion (1995, politics her especially Porta, Della to back go we with, begin To Radicalization 2.2.1 Kerala the inform potentially could that elements theoretical of discussion focused more a undertake we section, this In elements theoretical 2.2 Topical . However, the latter part of the argument, namely the emergence of dense social social dense of emergence the namely argument, the of part latter the However, . –

and the analysis of the discourse generated in the aftermath of the TP murder. murder. TP of the aftermath the in generated discourse theof analysis the and –

vary, the radicalization of politics in North Kerala took place over a long period of of period long a over place took Kerala North in politics of radicalization the vary,

f the political elites to accommodate the reformative demands from from demands reformative the accommodate to elites political the f nesadn o or context our of understanding - olitical violence violence olitical depth interviews that assume the form of life of form the assume that interviews depth - cultural modes and practices of legitimization legitimization of practices and modes cultural (Della Porta 1995,139 Porta (Della

18 alternative value systems and a severing of of severing a and systems value alternative

–

assassinations, maiming and destruction of of destruction and maiming assassinations, – ead to a vision of the world as one that that one worldas the of vision a to ead

the violent political space of North North of space political violent the - 49) . Such periods are marked by by marked are periods Such . ications between the ‘inside’ ‘inside’ the between ications - narrations with with narrations (Chaturvedi (Chaturvedi ization of of ization

- t CEU eTD Collection 14 below summarized is typology The particular. in murder TP the and general in Kerala North in violence political of nature the characterizing in useful prove could typology pro our in with engaged are we violence’ of ‘kind the locate to order in author advances the that violence interpersonal of typology the of use make we (2003), Tilly From violence the Characterizing 2.2.2 Kerala. sustai in role crucial a played have Analysis, our from clear be will as courage, and heroism of myths the and Martyrs party. the of leadership elite the against rebellion a indeed was party communist dominant the from breakaway TP’s 137 1995, Porta (Della - 16) 5 4 3 2 1 ) ) ) ) )

:

gang rivalries and so on. so and gang rivalries area; certain a executions, public within lynchings, ceremonies, shaming include violence priority such of examples or recognition for strives it as violence of script” gro defined well Involves Violent rituals: attacks on symbolic places, assaults on governme places, assaults on symbolic attacks clandestine sabotage, obstacles; overcome to order in damage physical to resort actors non generally a of course the In attacks: Scattered with single another actor; interaction destructive predominantly and Immediate aggression: Individual type. this of examples the are etc killing piracy, revenge gang rape, looting, coll or Individuals Opportunism: this type. of examples etc are genocide war,terrorism, objects; and/ or persons to damage of programme a undertake means coercive of deployment the in Coordinated destruction: Takes place when “persons or organizations that specialize specialize that organizations or “persons when place Takes destruction: - 163) - . All the above observations seem to be per be to seem observations above the All . perpetrator rapes, assaults a assaults rapes, perpetrator

ectives engaging in generally forbidden ends; ends; forbidden generally in engaging ectives 19

up or groups following “ a known interaction interaction known a “ following groups or up ning the violent political culture in North North in culture political violent the ning nd vandalism belongs to this type. this to belongs vandalism nd ntal agents and so on. so and ntal agents - violent interaction, some of the the of some interaction, violent tinent in our context. context. our in tinent

(Tilly 2003. 2003. (Tilly ject. Tilly’s Tilly’s ject.

CEU eTD Collection an act of the people’s sovereign will. its in unfolded moreimportan that and country, the fateof changes the decide legitimateto uprising a andas construedwas It aftermath. occurrences of number a for metonymically stand to came and relevance Bastilles’ the of ‘taking of Theguard. event municipalitysinglenational theestablishment formalParisianand theof Kingand over the th furtheroccurrencesas such 14 the on Bastilles’ the re fear, “ of words,Sewell’s in extraordinaryperiod, an 1789, of society French the in 23 July to 12 July from illustrates the above theoretical frameworka careful by narration of il the happenings the in twelve days stretching and develop to Bastille’, the of ‘taking phrase metonymic the by known widely 7 shoul location structural particular one in rupture the happen, to this for order In practices. and structures existing previously transforming of effect the has that occurrences of chain a initiate to has sense, Sewellian the ‘ru initial This 843). 1996, Sewell ( practice” routine with break 1996,842) practice” social of streams consistent reproduce to fashion sustaining mutually and interlocking anin combining power of modes and resources, of distribution schemas, cultural in result that occurrences of (1996) Bastille’ the at Revolution Inventing structures: of transformations as events ‘Historical piece long the in proposed as Jr Sewell, H. William f ground theoretical The Kerala. North in violence political of reality the from rupture and of signifier a as perceived been having it of virtue by had murder TP the that potential transformational the discussed we Introduction, the In 2.2.3

Sewell makes use of the momentous happenings that took place in the French society in the summer of 1789, 1789, summerof the in society French the placein took happeningsmomentousthat the ofmakes useSewell joicing, violence, and cultural creativity that changed the history of the world” ( 1995, 845). The ‘taking of of ‘taking The 845). 1995, ( world” the of history the changed that creativity cultural andviolence, joicing, 6 ) Violence as ‘Event’ as Violence

governmental repression and military coups are examples. coups are military and repression governmental demonstrations, objects; and/or persons to damage to lead that ways in respond actors which to rivalry or resistance generate that action Collective negotiations: Broken

The beginning of all such transformations is marked by a rupture rupture a by marked is transformations such all of beginning The th

– of July stands for the initial rupture in Sewell’s narration, which would then lead to lead then would which narration, Sewell’s in rupture initial the for stands July of

eels rupture Sewell’s e withdrawal of the royal troops from Paris, the victory of the National Assembly victoryNational the ofthe Paris, from troops royalwithdrawal the of e

structural transformation. And structure, he defines as “ sets of of sets “ as defines he structure, And transformation. structural

d also produce consecutive and reinforcing ruptures in in ruptures reinforcing and consecutive produce also d –

sue proport assumed 20

or this has been the ‘event’ theory of of theory ‘event’ the been has this or ions that far exceed its factual and practical practical and factual its exceed far that ions 7 . By ‘event’, Sewell means sequences sequences means Sewell ‘event’, By. pture’, to form an ‘event’ in in ‘event’ an form to pture’,

utae i ter. Sewell theory. his lustrate –

“ a surprising surprising a “ (Sewell Jr Jr (Sewell tly, as as tly, CEU eTD Collection murder. TP the following this region, of life conflictual on the ‘c a been has there extent what to discover to seek we words, other In murder. TP the of aftermath the in produced been has that discourse the of analysis an byundertaking enquiry to subject we that interpre the of content and nature the debates Assembly discourse through precisely done is creativity’, ‘cultural words Sewell’s in meaning, of construction and interpretation collective of act This (ibid). first time the for ‘revolution’ category of modern the articulated eventually will” and sovereign its expressing people the of instance sublime and unmediated, “concrete, a as seen be to came aggression monarch’s the against defence of act an as begun had What Sewell. and collective This 845). exercise (ibid, spontaneous violence” popular justify to and explain to popular of sovereignty theory political the on seized itself crowd the and journalists orators, Bastille, terr “ writes, Sewell excitement”, the In “ narrative. reinforcing mutually a in together fused was other the on Bastilles’ the of ‘taking the during seen as violence crowd of acts the and hand one the on people the philo of sovereignty and political The reality. of understanding new a herald the 14 July of aftermath in Sewell, argues place, took history French in unprecedented and unique Something as recognized structur of transformation is on durable a results that and contemporaries by notable that occurrences of sequence ramified “ a of that is event historical a of it a accommodate usually can sanctions’ and procedures ‘standard the since structures transforming of effect the have usually cannot rupture isolated single a because essential is This locations. other ultural creativity’ in the discursive space of North Kerala, and what effect it had had it effect what and Kerala, North of space discursive the in creativity’ ultural nd “ repair the torn fabric of social practice “( ibid, 844). Sewell’s definition definition Sewell’s 844). ibid, “( practice social fabric of torn the nd repair “ –

th of that particular period in French history French in period particular that of

in 1789. Two modes of activity hitherto unconnected came together to to together came unconnected hitherto activity of modes Two 1789. in of interpretation of social reality is termed as ‘cultural creativity’ by by creativity’ ‘cultural as termed is reality social of interpretation of tation and the construction of meaning of the TP murder murder TP the of meaning of construction the and tation or, and elation that characterized the taking of the the of taking the characterized that elation and or, 21

–

esaes p newspapers,

(Sewell Jr 1996,852 Jr (Sewell sophical claims about the the about claims sophical amphlets and National National and amphlets es.” ( ibid). ( ibid). es.” - 60) . It is is It .

CEU eTD Collection also. murder TP the of aspects above at the briefly look to attempt we Analysis, our in discourse the of aspect constructive and interpretative the on mostly concentrate we Although incomplete remain 1996,866) (Sewell Jr to bound is effervescence” collective “ its of potential transformative (Sew days” the of and hours following significance the over event emotional the of unfolding the the understand to are recognize we if bloodshed, to crucial absolutely is “it that contends impor an be can action emotion. heightened by characterized are events Historical ( Sydney Tarrow from structures’ ‘opportunity events shape that conjuncture’ the of ‘structure term to Sahlins’ Marshall here refers Sewell outcomes. consequential its and event the facilitated that conditions str Sewell dislocations’, the ‘structural by phrase denoted are which a conditions in general events and large the the from of Apart course society. particular the formulating in circumstance’ the to peculiar ‘conditions Historica ‘event.’ transformational a into shaping eventual its and ‘rupture’ a of sustenance the to contributes whichalso theory, his of elements other the of some mention Sewell’s in space most the occupies that interpretation discursive and collective of exposition the is It l events are shaped by particular conditions. conditions. particular by shaped are events l briefly we below But too. us for one important most the certainly is it and theory ell 1996, 865). Any analysis of an event without taking into consideration the the consideration into taking without event an of analysis Any 865). 1996, ell –

to .

further clarify his argument. This is conceptually similar to the idea of of idea the to similar conceptually is This argument. his clarify further tant sign of structural dislocation and rearticulation. Sewell also also Sewell rearticulation. and dislocation structural of sign tant esses on the importance of local or particular particular or local of importance the on esses 22 Power in Movement in Power

–

meanings, accidents and causal forces forces causal and accidents meanings, Sewell highlights the importance of of importance the highlights Sewell Sewell argues that emotional emotional that argues Sewell

1998). 1998).

CEU eTD Collection metaphoric the on focuses article Klungel’s (ibid). society particular the in networks and be to has violence of narratives of understanding any that her to presented were that narratives differential the of light the in argues Weiss evasion. and silence profound a to confined largely was response societal the military, the of behest the at gua ‘village as acting were who men village two of murders theof case the in hand, other the On rights. human of discourse global the and victimhood of discourses nationalist larger the t military, take Turkish narratives the by allegedly man local a of assassination political the to comes it when that discovers Weiss years. twenty last the over conflict sustained in engaged been where Turkey, Eastern of society conflictual the in assassinations political two surrounding narratives the analyses project, our to study closest the be to seems what in Weiss, (ibid). occupation their of reality the with accep passive and intransigence of state a of assuming strategy the out bring Bank, West the occupying soldiers Israeli with conducted interviews depth in through Grassiani, milieus. ethnographic respective their in reality of meaning the interpreted ( lives Approach, their about coherence and normality r and varied the of sense a maintain to map order in engage societies violent of Leifsen members that strategies discursive Esben and Klungel Janine Weiss, Erella Nerina contexts. Grassiani, violent in plays discourse which roles different the us show inquiry, our The conclusion. our we reach that evoked it the responses and murder the TP on commentators critical the of discourse the analyzing by is It project. our of part crucial a vario The Discourse and Violence 2.2.4

following works, although not providing any frameworks into which we can squarely fit fit squarely can we which into frameworks any providing not although works, following us ways in which social actors construct their discourse around violent events form form events violent around discourse their construct actors social which in ways us 01. h fu atos bv lo a te a dsore a shape has discourse way the at look above authors four The 2011). e om f etmne ad ‘mythico and testimonies of form he

the Turkish military and the Turkish Workers Party have have Party Workers Turkish the and military Turkish the 23

Violence Expressed: An Anthropological Anthropological An Expressed: Violence - histories’ that weave themselves into into themselves weave that histories’

by looking at the social alliances alliances social the at looking by tance by the soldiers in dealing dealing soldiers in the by tance

d and and d rds’ rds’ ich ich CEU eTD Collection positions” other with conflict in and dialogue in is always it “ that and discourse 1997,11) contras in often, more or, to relation in dialogue, in but isolation in occur not do discourses “ that argue Mills Pecheux, to Referring Pecheux. Michel linguist Marxist the by clearly out brought been has opinion, ‘development, conf the The discourse.’ in of circulation role and maintenance important an plays context social that out points she Further, 11) (Mills 1997, existence” its continues context social that way the to contributes which and context social social a within enacted are which statements sentences, or utterances of groupings but statements, of collection disembodied a not is discourse …a “ out that, points She murder TP context our in of manifests discourse nature conflictual this way The discourse. of nature situated and conflictual contested, the into insights fundamental certain with us provide Foucault, Michel and Pecheux Michel counter the and discourse the way the of understanding our to crucial is discourse workon (1997) Mills’ Sara murder. TP res the (themes), about talked been has event the which waysin predominant the reveal to hopewe murder, TP the around discourse the analysing By (ibid). discourse and violence everyday between link base Leifson, Guadeloupe. of island Antillean French the in violence of reality the expressing in blood of substance the of power . Mills notes that Pecheux stresses more than Foucault the conflictual nature of of nature conflictual the Foucault than more stresses Pecheux that notes Mills . –

will be made clear in our Analysis. Analysis. ourin clearmade be will - . murder. TP the of aftermath the in evolved have discourse ponses they evoked and their eventual failure to make an ‘event’ out of the the of out ‘event’ an make to failure eventual their and evoked they ponses

t and opposition to more other groups of utterances” utterances” of groups other more to opposition and t – d on her research conducted in Ecuador, demonstrates the the demonstrates Ecuador, in conducted research her on d

the discourse and discourse the 24

lictual character of discourse, in Mills’ Mills’ in discourse, of character lictual

context, which are determined by that bythat determined are which context, counter discourse formed around the the around formed discourse counter Mills, referring to to referring Mills, (Mills 1997, 1997, (Mills (Mills (Mills CEU eTD Collection for scheme Verloo’s from elements important most The analysis. our for one right the forms 2005,21) elements” distorted or unexpected the capture to chances more has and approach a an such that out frames” of dimensions the “analyzing on emphasis puts Verloo typologi or codes of discourse set hierarchical and a analysis constructing “ frame than of Rather analysis. methods typical the between way half stands scheme Verloo’s murder. TP the around formed has that discourse the in employed been have that analysis’ We contestation. murder TP the of ‘truth’ very the 4, chapter in see will we as because, is This truth. and discourse between relationship this mind in keep to dis the of our analysis In effect. discourse its give 18). Mills, 1997, cited in ( true” as counts what saying with charged sanct is each which in way the statements, false from true distinguish to one enable which instances and mechanisms the true: as function to causes and harbours it discourse of type the is that truth: of politics ‘general’ its truth, of regime its soc constraints…each multiple of virtue by there produced is it world; theof istruth “ that, argues Foucault here. aspect one just about talk we discourse, of concept the with engagement Foucault’s of discussion detailed Mill’s From structure. 14) This contextual and ‘negative’ aspect of truth is important since it is one of the forces that that forces the of one is it since important is truth of aspect ‘negative’ and contextual This Ti cnttts fr o ielgcl tuge hc i te sec o d of essence the is which struggle ideological of form a constitutes This . conclude this section by referring to Mieke Verloo’s scheme of ‘critical frame frame ‘critical of scheme Verloo’s Mieke to referring by section this conclude (Verloo 2005) (Verloo . Such an approach, as she argues, can capture ‘potentially contradictory frames’ and and frames’ contradictory ‘potentially capture can argues, she as approach, Suchan.

pproach that does not “categorise beforehand can follow a grounded theory theory grounded a follow can beforehand “categorise not does that pproach . It offers us a useful way of analyzing the different position different the analyzing of way useful a us offers It . 25 –

in terms of what it ‘means’ ‘means’ it what of terms in course following the TP murder, it is crucial crucial is it murder, TP the following course

ioned...the status of those who are are who those of status ioned...the (Verloo 2005,21) (Verloo

–

es of frames”, frames”, of es forms a site of of site a forms . She points points She. s/frames s/frames iscourse iscourse (Verloo (Verloo iety has has iety CEU eTD Collection mentions Verloo expresses. quote particular a that ‘dimension’ as identifying, correctly on put is emphasis be notmay we Although 31). 2005, Verloo ( ‘Prognosis’ and problem) the for responsible as seen is (who ‘Responsibility’ and argumentation/style/dichotomies/metaphors/contrasts) of form problem, perspec (speaker, ‘Voice’ are: us

able to employ each of these elements on all of our quotes in the Analysis, the the Analysis, the in quotes our of all on elements these of each employ to able tive, words/concepts); ‘Diagnosis’ words/concepts); tive, 26

( the problem, why is it a a it is why problem, the ( Vro 20, 21) 2005, (Verloo , the the , CEU eTD Collection 8 main analysis. our ofpart form not do and of illustrations purposes forare references these However, both 2012. June in books DC by published poems’, hackway ‘The prefa the from quoting by 5) (Chapter chapter last our begin ( newspapers in published Mathrubhumi features special the mention Fir above. mentioned been not have that references used have we 4, Chapter in our analysis in occasions on two this, to addition In 2012. September in being last T since, the editions more three had has book the The Malayalam. in publications various of topic the on published been have that cartoons and poems articles, hacks’ 51 in (4th murder TP the following months four the 2012, August to 2012 May from is sources two thesefrom data our of frame time The (M). CPI the of piece mouth official isthe are newspapers the Deshabhimani. Among articles. of anthology an one sources three from comes analysis to subject we that data The body 3.1 Data Kerala. ofstate the in spoken language in murder TP the the on published editorials mean and reports we commentaries, articles, discourses, By involved. themes predominant the reveal to order in Kerala North in murder TP the to response in constructed discourses the analyse we project, this In Methodology 3.

TP’s

which the topic has been most discussed in the media. The anthology titled ‘The politics of of politics ‘The titled anthology The media. the in discussed most been has topic the which dead body had 51wounds ( onit 8

was first published by Mathrubhumi Books in July 2012. It is a collection of of collection a is It 2012. July in Books Mathrubhumi by published first was

o te is anvray f h T mre o 4 on murder TP the of anniversary first the on ) The

former is the most widely circulated Malayalam newspaper and the latter latter the and newspaper Malayalam circulated widely most the is former

Malayala Manorama

27

, 6 th

May 2012). stly, in our analysis, we briefly briefly we analysis, our in stly, – ce of an anthology of poems, poems, of anthology an of ce

two of them newspapers and and newspapers them of two Malayala Manorama Manorama Malayala th aaaa Manorama Malayala

May 2013. Secondly, we we Secondly, 2013. May

Malayalam, the the Malayalam, P murder on on murder P

May 2012) 2012) May

and and and

CEU eTD Collection of description systematic and occurrence the for allows dimensions on based methodology partic a of dimension/frame/theme exact the to identifying correctly on subject given been has analysis we the in emphasis most that the However, analysis. quote or article particular a of theme exact the identify to ‘diagnosis’ ‘discourse’ the at arrived have we that scheme Veerloo’s in ‘voice’ of element the employing by is It represent metaphors/contrasts). techniques/ (argumentation/style/conviction is what Identify Diagnosis: perspective. their and speaking voice(s) the Identify Voice: project MAGEEQ the for derived ‘critic of model Verloo’s Mieke from elements certain use we this, doing counter the which in ways predominant the and discourse the in themes predominant the capture to is data the of analysis the in focus important most Our Analysis 3.2 Data newspapers. the either in published been Deshabhimani already had anthology the from Mala in spectrum the across publications from of articles collection a gives us anthology the this, Supplementing topic. the on positions both map to opportunity an us beyond give therefore, newspapers, goes these in discourse the that Analysing readership a have newspapers these both However, supporters. and members party the among circulation wide a has mouthpiece party anti an have to acknowledged Manorama, Malayala -

‘counter . However, in such cases, reference is made only to the anthology and not to to not and anthology the to only made is reference cases, such in However, .

- icus’ eaain n h analysis. the in separation discourse’ hl big h ms wdl cruae ne circulated widely most the being while - communist outlook and editorial policy. policy. editorial and outlook communist (Verloo 2005) (Verloo yalam. Some of the articles that have been quoted quoted been have that articles the of Some yalam. ed as the problem and notice the ‘form’ ‘form’ the notice and problem the as ed 28 ular quote. As Verloo herself points out, “the “the out, points herself Verloo As quote. ular

:

- discourse responds to them. In In them. to responds discourse We also use the element of of element the use also We

their core constituencies. constituencies. core their Malayala Manorama Manorama Malayala wspaper, is also widely widely also is wspaper, Deshabhimani al frame analysis’ analysis’ frame al , the the , or CEU eTD Collection existence” its continues context social that way the to contributes social which and a context social within that by determined enacted are which are context, which statements sentences, or utterances of groupings but statements, of collection disembodied a not is discourse a “ that idea Mill’s on based term the Mills Sara by exercise impossible an be to shown been has ‘discourse’ term the define to Attempting our analys in achieve seek to frames” contradictory potentially and multiple, (Mills, 1997, 1 1997, (Mills, - 28) is. is. . Instead, in this project, we adopt an intuitive understanding of of understanding intuitive an adopt we project, this in Instead, .

(Mills, 1997,11) (Mills, 29

(Verloo, 2005, 21). This is exactly what we we what exactly is This 21). 2005, (Verloo, .

CEU eTD Collection recognition for strives it as violence of script’ interaction known ‘a following groups or group ‘ Firstly, ‘opportunism’. and rituals’ namely scheme, his in types two of combination a as Kerala North in violence the ( scheme Tilly’s in ‘type’ particular one into to difficult is It Manorama (T.P.Rajeevan, times the of most conflict the of side other the or one in appearing denominator, common a been almost has CPI(M) the specifically Left, Marxist the decades, etc group opposing the of property of destruction acts violent these In ibid). ( group opposing the of member single a targeting or organisations political between opposing to largely belonging been has Kerala North in violence the present, been have 343 (ibid, Kerala North in not d been have crowds India, of parts other in violence of forms other and communal in Unlike one become and merge to singularity their lose individuals which in crowds feature not does Kerala North in violence the 2008), ( Hansen B. Thomas as such Chaturvedi Ruchi nature of violence The 4.1 14 2003, interpersona of typology Tilly’s of use make we 2, chapter in mentioned as end, this To project. this in with dealing are we that violence’ of ‘kind the characterise accurately to important is it murder, TP the to response in discourse the analysing Before Analysis 4. riven to “devour all they can” and eliminate large sections of people in riotous violence violence people riotous in of sections large eliminate and can” they all “devour to riven - 16) , 6 . th

May 2012). May 2012). characterize these acts of violence in general, and the TP murder specifically, specifically, murder TP the and general, in violence of acts these characterize

observes that unlike other instances of violence in India studied by scholars scholars by studied India in violence of instances other unlike that observes - 46). She points out that although some elements of crowd violence violence crowd of elements some although that out points She 46).

violent rituals’, according to Tilly, “involve well defined defined well “involve Tilly, to according rituals’, violent –

murders, infliction of grievous physical injuries, injuries, physical grievous of infliction murders, Tilly 2003, 14 2003, Tilly 30

–

pnig o spanning - 16). At best, we can characterize characterize can we best, At 16). ver a period of three to four four to three of period a ver Cauvd 21,4 ) 2011,343 (Chaturvedi l violence violence l small groups groups small Malayala Malayala , ‘violent ‘violent , (Tilly (Tilly . CEU eTD Collection to according Events, case. the be not may this where instances also are there but ‘event’, an of conception Sewell’s with well fit that murder TP the following Kerala North of context noted be should it with, begin To analysis. detailed to subject while do wenot that murder TP the of contextdimensions other indicating the of grasp better a us give would it However analysis. our to integral not other the of an of characteristic some be to considers Sewell examine that features briefly us let closely, discourse this of themes predominant the at looking before inqu However, Kerala. North in our murder TP the of of aftermath the in produced site primary the this, exploring In sense. Sewellian the in ‘event’ transformational a become to murder TP the of failure the for reasons the explore to is project this in interest fundamental our chapters, previous the in mentioned been has As discourse than other aspects on remarks murder: TP 4.2 The ( assassinated Manorama is group opposing the of member(s) the the of and created case deliberately the in as Sometimes, Kerala. North acts violent the in opportunism revenge to strategy offrom range that reasons element for committed an also is There type. this of examples kil revenge piracy, rape, gang generally Looting, in (ibid). ends’ engaging forbidden collectives or ‘individuals as Tilly by described is ‘opportunism’ gradually of effect the Kerala North in violence had of script’ ‘interaction the have normalising and region particular a in power and influence gain to organiz political conflicting the between acts violent These acts. violent of operandi modus set even ‘condemnations’, and standard justifications involves that Kerala North in politics violent of life everyday There (ibid). area” certain a within priority or , 5 th

May 2012). May 2012).

ations ations –

ht hr ae tad i te socio the in strands are there that mainly the Hindu right and the Marxist Left Marxist the and right Hindu the mainly 31

is indeed a ‘known interaction script’ in the the in script’ interaction ‘known a indeed is TP murder, these opportunities are are opportunities these murder, TP

‘event.’ The following discussion is is discussion following The ‘event.’ –

in the everyday political life of of life political everyday the in (Chaturvedi 2011) (Chaturvedi ling etc, Tilly says, are the the are says, Tilly etc, ling -

political and cultural cultural and political iry is the discourse discourse the is iry – . Secondly, Secondly, .

are aimed aimed are Malayala Malayala

–

CEU eTD Collection 2012) commentators and a supporters TP’s as bymoral viewed as and was loyalists visit party the by the treachery Hence, party. the for one important very a was election The Kerala. of district 9 ( crowd large a mobilised spontaneously had media the by covered widely was which visit This ‘occurrence’. such one party the in faction ‘official’ the with odds at V.S.Achuthanandan powerful the of visit The 844). initial 1996, Jr, (Sewell transformation the structural to lead eventually and of ‘rupture’ impact the sustain will that occurrences’ of ‘chain a calls he what is ‘event’ essential considers Sewell that characteristic or criterion Another transformation. structural a begin essential to condemnation counter a of form the in response its and party the on pressure public the leaders, party of arrest the to leading investigation murder TP the with associated responses a Or, them. among least the being not discourse the of quantity and strength unprecedented the Kerala, North in violence political of instances with associated routine usual fromthe departures or ruptures several indeed were there murder, TP 843). 1996, Jr Sewell ( practice” routine with break surprising “ a as defines he which ‘rupture’, a in found be is to transformation a such of beginning The transformation. t are Sewell,

Mangalam

Ss ii t T’ hue a o te a o by of day the on was house TP’s to visit VS’s

, 6 , o be conceived as sequences of occurrences resulting in structural dislocation or or dislocation structural in resulting occurrences of sequences as conceived be o th –

June 2012). June

could all be construed as constituting the ‘rupture’ Sewell considered considered Sewell ‘rupture’ the constituting as construed be all could

9 t nhym ht a hgl eoinl n anti and emotional highly was that Onchiyam at

The highly controversial ‘Danke’ controversial highly The – -

di the mos the scourse and the general strength of public protest and and protest public of strength general the and scourse - t popular leader within the CPI(M) who has been been has who CPI(M) the within leader popular t lcin o Neyyattinkara to election –

32 the discourse, the swift conclusion of police police of conclusion swift the discourse, the –

to the slain leader’s house at Onchiyam was was Onchiyam at house leader’s slain the to lternatively, the several unfamiliar unfamiliar several the lternatively, 10

constituency in the Trivandrum Trivandrum the in constituency

remark made by VS in a a in VS by made remark

for something to be an an be to something for ( Mangalam Following the the Following , 6 , - CPI(M) CPI(M) th

June June CEU eTD Collection circles the party’s split in 1964. Comparing Pinarayi to Danke is demeaning as theis former a figure in hated party 10 further research. through answered be to needs that question another yet is ‘event’ transformational a become to ‘rupture’ a for conducive society ‘opportuni place in were there whether Also, 861). 1996, Jr, (Sewell question open an again, is, transformations’ ‘cultural in resulting ‘event’ the to contributed it whether but scheme, Sewell’s to conforms also ‘sacrifice’ and martyrdom’ murde TP the of interpretations symbolic The murder. the followed that discourse the in theme prominent very a been has Onchiyam’ of streets the on spilled ‘blood his of significance the and TP of martyrdom the discourse, the of analysis our in see will we As murder. TP the of case the in fulfilled largely been have to seems too This rupture. initial the following event the of unfolding the understand to is one if bloodshed”, of significance 844 1996, Jr (Sewell histori of characteristic Another 844). 1996, Jr, (Sewell research sociological through beto answered needs that question another is sanctions” and procedures “standard of effect accommodating rupture reinforcing and “consecutive produce to enough strong occurrences’ of ‘chain a was this TP Whether the murder. following days the in place taken had occurrences significant such other of series Mint ( murder the to connection ( conference press

S.A.Danke was a leader the of undivided communist party iswho supposed to have played a crucial role in (Johny 2012)(Johny .

aaaa Manorama Malayala

- 47) s” in other locations and whether it would have prevented the the prevented have would it whether and locations other in s” . He argues that it is quiet crucial to understand the “emotional “emotional the understand to crucial quiet is it that argues He . cal events as conceived by Sewell is ‘heightened emotion’ emotion’ ‘heightened is Sewell by conceived as events cal u P. Jacob, Jacob, P. u 13 ,

Malayala Manorama Malayala 33 th

May 2012), the CPI(M) leaders’ arrest in in arrest leaders’ CPI(M) the 2012), May ty structures’ (Tarrow, 1998) in the Kerala Kerala thein 1998) (Tarrow, structures’ ty

, 14 ,

th

August 2012) and a a and 2012) August r as ‘courageous ‘courageous as r

CEU eTD Collection contestation. of realm familiar 1996) Jr (Sewell potentials transformational its reinforcing and murder TP the was that ‘rupture’ the sustaining counter forceful and opposing The discourse. critical the factionalism, of themes in the show that will analysis themes predominant the to respond which those we on here, focus strands many are there Although discourse. critical the against party the defend respo the show we section, second the In brutality. and ideology factionalism, of themes the are These party. communist the of critical are who commentators the of discourse the in present been have that themes predominant the examine and sec identify first the In 4.3.2. and 4.3.1 sections, two into divided broadly is analysis The in involved ‘voice’ the of instances particular identification our perfect further thereby and proceed, we as of spectrum political broad the in article and/or commentator each locate to try will We voices’. ‘mixed term, Verloo’s modify to of, possibility the out rule not does and one general a only be to meant is discourses the above the that mentioned be to needs also It crisis. itsof time the at party the defend to sought have who those by and years the over (M) CPI the towards two into categorised largely can be responses scheme Verloo’s in ‘voice’ of and editorials articles, commentaries responses, various the imply largely we discourses By it. around constructed discourses the by framed predominantly been has Kerala North in Onchiyam pag following the In discourses the analysing murder: TP 4.3 The

written in the aftermath of the violent act in question. To employ the element element the employ To question. in act violent the of aftermath the in written , the discourse ended up being deeply conflictual and relapsed into the the into relapsed and conflictual deeply being up ended discourse the ,

es we analyse the ways in which the murder of T.P.Chandrasekharan at at T.P.Chandrasekharan of murder the which in ways the analyse we es

- (Verloo 2005) (Verloo narratives from the defenders of the party. Thus, instead of of instead Thus, party. the of defenders the from narratives the Kerala society ranging from the far left to the far right right far the to left far the from ranging society Kerala the 34 -

na vrrhn mne tte outset, the at manner overarching an in by those who have maintained a critical stance stance critical a maintained have who by those

ideology and brutality ended up provoking provoking up ended brutality and ideology

categorisation of the ‘voices’ of of ‘voices’ of the categorisation nses of those who sought to to sought who those of nses tion, we we tion, these these CEU eTD Collection 12 persecutionStalin’s of Trotsky foryears long whichended the in bureaucratisation Soviet and Revolution ideologicalvisions and political of the both leaders, especiallymatters in such as the of evaluation the Bolshevik we there level,individual an at ambitions leadership of result a was this If VladimirLenin. ofBolshevik Russian thedeath in PartyStalinfollowingthe Joseph Trotsky betweenandLeon 11 the to responses how the below show We party. the in factionalism the highlights that critique unnecessary event the of description socio event violent the to referring by begin They trajectory. argumentative common less or more follow a to tend murder TP the of topic the on dwell that e and articles the However, murder. political the to led that cause direct the case, this n is There party. the of critical commentators by about talked been has murder TP the which in way predominant a been has factionalism of discourse or language the that show we pages following the In ever party has The 1964. in Party Communist undivided the in factionalism of result a was Introduction, the common. in had have to seem c one been has Factionalism Highlighting 4.3.1.1 factionalism party. communist the of indictment an of form the take they how and presented been has themes these of each themes major how below show the We murder. TP the on discourse their anchored mainly are have commentators brutality and ideology Factionalism, 4.3.1

For aFor detailed account of the factional tendencie One of the most famous instances of f ofmostinstances famous the ofOne - The discourse The discourse oiia mle i wih h wiig ae pae a al had place takes writing the which in milieu political

since had factional tendencies of various dimensions. various of tendencies factional had since

o explicit ‘diagnosis’ ‘diagnosis’ explicit o

haracteristic feature that communist parties across the world world the across parties communist that feature haracteristic 11

The very founding of CPI (M) in India, as we mentioned in in mentioned we as India, in (M) CPI of founding very The actionalism Tace 2003) (Thatcher –

s in the in CPI(M),s see Background chapter in 1. and/or discussion a to on move swiftly then and (Verloo 2005) (Verloo

within communistwithinparties 35

. The bitter culmination of this factionalism was was factionalism this of culmination bitter The . latter’s murderlatter’s Mexico. 1940 in in

of factionalism as the problem or, in in or, problem the as factionalism of –

often only in a few words as the the as words few a in only often re also substantial variations in the in variationssubstantial also re

undoubtedly has been the fallout fallout thebeen has undoubtedly ready rendered a detailed detailed a rendered ready 12

around which critical critical which around

ditorials ditorials CEU eTD Collection CPI(M). at Has been with odds the ‘official faction’ represented Pinarayiby long. for 14 afound new organization ( the part 13 of procession funeral the followed who M.P.Vireendrakumar (M) ( strikes angry.” CPI and sad seemed the [TP] of Chandrasekharan activists b ordinary two Although last Kumar [the Pradeep Britto V.S, were Simon exceptions only and The them. on smile faint if a hadas seemed even it faces times theirAt emotion. of lack and indifference was there instead, faces, their on co time fact long Pinarayi the [ people a these of none that slaughtered, fact the to responding In “ of another: insensitivity decay and moral contrasted are murder TP the to (M) CPI the within factions two the of responses the how shows below quote The strikes 51 M.P.Vireendrakumar ( TP” about opinion hold that doesn’t he that clear made no former, theof opinion personal a only is it that stated VS Kerala], in district [a Thrissur in expression tribe’ the to ‘traitor the repeated Pinarayi “After murder: VSTP the to Pinarayi and murder the mentions briefly Kerala in coalition political wing right the of member a and time long a for (M) CPI the VS. by Pinarayi’s that highlights author the tribe’, the to traitor a not VS: tribe; the to traitor a indeed : ‘Pinarayi titled article an In counter party and these i factionalism later, the show on discussions will we as Eventually, on. so and factions both of condemnation equal party, the within struggle factional the of highlighting other, the over faction one of merits facti of discussion a of form the take murder TP

VS VS Achuthanandan, the leader of opposition in the state legislature and the most popul Pinarayi Vijayan, , 23). y. y. Pinarayi had repeatedly referred to TP as ‘traitor to the tribe’ awayafter he broke the from party to 14

As mentioned above, the commentator commentator the above, mentioned As , 23).

the long time state thesecretary of CPI(M); allegedly represents the ‘official faction’ within - discourses would be framed. framed. be would discourses

in order to highlight the alleged righteousness of one faction and the the and faction one of righteousness alleged the highlight to order in Malayala Manorama

of TP and then contrasts the differences in the responses of of responses the in differences the contrasts then and TP of 13 n the party would be construed as right wing attack on the the on attack wing right as construed be would party the n

controversial controversial eing leaders who don’t belong to the official faction]. faction]. official the to belong don’t who leaders eing

, 13 th

May 2012). 36

reference to TP as the ‘traitor’ was opposed opposed was ‘traitor’ the as TP to reference – - activist and communist has been brutally brutally been has communist and activist

onalism within the CPI(M) ; the alleged alleged the ; CPI(M) the within onalism a detractor of the ‘official’ faction within within faction ‘official’ the of detractor a ion] had even a trace of sadness or anger anger or sadness of trace a even had ion]

t the opinion of the party. He also also He party. the of opinion the t

, The Politics of 51 51 of Politics The , ar leader the of , The Politics of Politics of , The –

CEU eTD Collection manner: retrospective a in (M) CPI faction in VS by the stran represented allegedly ideological the with organisation rebel his and leader slain the align to seeks then but has Onchiyam, at leader revolutionary and society”, communist the shocked true the TP, of murder brutal “The TP: of murder as begins, commentator wing right by another The article (K.Venu, VS’s knowledge without place taken have not would speech] the in mentioned violent acts thing [the such a that members party the the th regarding him, Pinarayi criticise supported to power speech] moral his lost controversial has former the made who that leader [the during Mani Party the because of and time Secretary District the was rea VS is Pinarayi Because (M) against factionalism]. CPI sharpening to within been [reference struggle has VS power that the spear into the brought made has has ] notable…..it speech [the it that change The “ party: the oth the over faction one of stature moral the of enforcing no is there above, commentator the Unlike other. the of critical be to right moral the has faction neither that out points and speech this to refers party its ( past murdered the in party opponents the political how revealed brazenly had M.M.Mani, Kerala, of district Idukki and of audaciously leader the was speech this (M) In light. to CPI come had of endorsed proudly culture somewhat political violent the which in (M) CPI the of leader another by made communist?’” speech controversial highly a a murder, TP’s as time or same the Around being human a you ‘are them, ask will people(M.P.Vireendrakumar when time a be Malayal will in phrase typical there death,then to reacts (M) CPI theof leadership [a the how is this society...If our of Kerala] sisters and mothers especially fear, the of atmosphere among an create only will organisation an leads who someone from statements Such righteousness. self and arrogance reflected They murder]. the to responding body his and Pinarayi by words used the seen have Kerala in people All“ the murder: TP the to responding while party, the of faction official the of representative the Pinarayi, of c the accentuate To

er here. However, the theme of discussion still remains the factionalism in in factionalism the remains still discussion of theme the However, here.er ontrast further, the commentator attempts a critique of the body language language body the of critique a attempts commentator the further, ontrast

, The Politics of 51 strikes Politics51 The of , Mathrubhumi 3 6 , 7 The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, Politics 51 of The , 23).

th

April 2013). Another ardent critic of the the of critic ardent Another 2013). April

usual, by referring to the ‘shocking’ ‘shocking’ the to by referring usual, am, the language spoken in in spoken language the am, e TP murder. It is known to to known is It murder. TP e 98).

language [while [while language the party in the the in party the

lly blunt blunt lly d CEU eTD Collection seems VS by adopted stand it...The with deals imperative discipline that organisational party considers the how seen be to needs it faction, official the and secretary party the against out VS “The as factionalism to due Kerala follows: in party the in disunity the focus to brings it finally, And TP the in role its [of allegations thecrisis” deeper deny to struggling between isbattle the murder], party the when time a “…at murder: of TP the wake the faces in party already the crisis that stresses It party. the within factionalism the on focuses then and murder TP the of fact the with begins (M)’ CPI in Battle land, the in ‘Mourning title the under newspaper prominent a in editorial An to and highlight, to order in the of murder use condemned widely the make after in itself found to has organisation be the that crisis to legitimacy seems idea The above. quoted been have which of some (M), of case the in so especially is This reasons. obvious for here them of each reproduce cannot we although murder, TP the of aftermath the in produced been has that discourse theof part prominent a forms and one isolated an isnot It Nasarudeen ( soil” this on spilled be Elamaram, should on communist now true call another the ofmake should blood who the VS whether is it Therefore topic…. this on speaks he when lot a has by saddened who very as seen been VS hasnow…he acts sacrifice. his through of sincerity his show act to has this right of in symbol the begins as himself VS appointed of responsibility moral the where is “This in faction organisation. corrupted communist’ ‘true the of role the highlight and define thereby and VS by led party the inside group specific the to now’ ‘act to plea a into turns it Finally, Elamaram, he for” ( Nasarudeen stood that supporters things same the exactly for party the inside fromfirm fighting the washad VS he that communist, belief staunch a as party the outside fight his leading was TP When “

- Pinarayi war is more than a deca a than more is war Pinarayi The Politi The

( Malayala Manorama Malayala the fact that the factional fight between VS and Pinarayi has deepened the the deepened has Pinarayi and VS between fight factional the that fact the cs of 51 strikes, strikes, 51 of cs

an extent, accentuate, the factionalism in the party. the in factionalism the accentuate, extent, an

VS and the state secretary Pinarayi is driving the CPI (M) into into (M) CPI the driving is Pinarayi secretary state the and VS

the event of the TP murder. It seems he represses himself himself represses he seems It murder. TP the of event the , 13 118 th ).

May 2012). May

de old. However, now that VS has publicly lashed lashed publicly has VS that now However, old. de

articles and responses by the critics of the CPI CPI the of critics the by responses and articles 38 The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, Politics 51 of The

118 ). side the current current the side

and his his and CEU eTD Collection TP the about demarcation: clear such a sure of seemless murder speaking while factionalism of theme the employing commentaries Some TP the in role its investigatio about doubts murder ongoing the his one, final the as make touted been has that will war factional this In VS public. murder whether about anxious is party “…the isfaction referred official the Sometimes point. the stress further to war and battle of metaphors the employ and party the in lines factional the demarcate clearly below quoted one the like commentaries the of Some doi so in dangers the out itdisregarding battle to decided be has notand again faction may his and there Pinarayi factdominate to opportunity the good a such realizes …VS it. disowned VS after even struggle this continued a decay ideological its against struggle a as this took values communist old the from deviations its by disillusioned were who party the of supporters The factionalism. into turned later that leadership (M) CPI the among power for fight the was “It st of ideological colours with the it imbued later that party, TP, thelike of supporters disenchanted the was it that argue and politics’ ‘power by exclusively driven So play political his with continue to VS for impossible ( anymore” it made has murder…But, TP the of in murder hand brutal its has the leadership (M) CPI the that believe who those with stand fav in sloganeering for Onchiyam in party the from expelled faction too: VS of the critical righteo the and party the inside faction official insensitive corrupt, allegedly the between contrast a drawing to resort commentaries all not factionalism, of frame the within operating Although justif to out faction” ( official come have leaders few a only murder, TP the following public the of eyes the in doubt of shadow the under come has (M) CPI the that now that mentioned be to needs par the ‘if be to “Even after four years, VS has not been able to do anything for those who have been been have who those for anything do to able been not has VS years, four after “Even me of the commentaries attempt to cast the factional fight within the party as something something as party the within fight factional the cast to attempt commentaries the of me us and morally superior faction led by VS. Some, like the one quoted below, are are below, quoted one the like Some, VS. by led faction superior morally and us Malayala Manorama Malayala n seems to be VS’s decisive weapon” ( weapon” decisive VS’s beto seems n ty is complicitous in the murder, let those responsible for it save it now’. It It now’. it save it for responsible those let murder, the in complicitous is ty Malayala Manorama Malayala

to as the party itself and pitted against VS, the individual: the VS, against pitted and party itself the as to , 13 th

May 2012). May , 13 ng” ( ng” th

Malayala Manorama Malayala May 2012). May 39

Malayala Manorama, Manorama, Malayala

nd joined VS. People such as TP TP as such People VS. joined nd our of him…VS has decided to to decided has him…VS of our , 13 th ruggle:

May 2012). May 24 th

May 2012). 2012). May

y the the y

CEU eTD Collection the in noted. be to needs that murder discourse of TP the aftermath the of theme major a as factionalism of emergence the is it words, other becom it that above, shown party been has as the murder, TP of the on leadership stances divergent the the of when acknowledgement is mere it a But beyond party. moves the discourse of responses official the with contrast stark in been have the that fact the given surprising entirely not this Now murder. TP the of aftermath the in produced discourse the in one predominant a becomes factionalism of theme ar and unsympathetic allegedly the against VS by adopted positions the the pitting in by party eye public the of image the jeopardising of function the serve largely discourses These politic ofresult a as not and politics’ ‘power of outcome the as factionalism treat who commentators also are there commentaries, the of majority the with case the be to seems this While right. and Simultane them. on murder TP the of responsibility the of attribution implicit an also is There (M). CPI the with wrong is that everything for responsible are and represent who those as party the in faction official called Thi party. the in factionalism the the accentuate, Firstly, even cases way. following the in largely functioned commentators has murder TP the of context facti on discourse the quotes, above the of light the in up sum To party.” ( faction of the official the to even acceptable become thus has and murder former’s the in party the “ By paying tribute to TP as a ‘brave communist’ ‘brave a as TP to tribute paying By “ rogant positions adopted by the ‘official faction’. The point to be noted here is how the the how is here noted be to point The faction’. ‘official the by adopted positions rogant Malayala Manorama, Manorama, Malayala – al disagreements (as in in (as disagreements al

majority of them detractors of the CPI (M) (M) CPI the of detractors them of majority ously, the VS faction is cast as the upholder of morality morality of upholder the as cast is faction VS the ously, 12 Malayala Manorama Malayala th

August 2012). 2012). August 40

, VS has implicitly mentioned the role of of role the mentioned implicitly has VS ,

s is often done by casting the so so the casting by done often is s , 13 –

seek to highlight, and in some some in and highlight, to seek th

May 2012, cited above). above). cited 2012, May onalism generated in the the in generated onalism es important for us. In In us. for important es responses of VS VS of responses

CEU eTD Collection statement available is at 2000). Thiruvananthapuram, Programme, (CPI[M] India in framework its foundin as the people the objective before immediate puts party the However, objective. its statehood proletarian under society socialist viewsIndian the state as dominated bythe big bourgeoisie and themakes feudalclass and establishment the a of Thiruvananthapuramheld at (October 20 theupdated SpecialCommunist1964and ConferenceIndiaatin theParty (Marxist) ofCalcutta of at India held Party the of level at adopted programme highest party The the times. multiple including Congress levels organisational various at on dwelled themselves have (M), democracyInd persistent has one a been in 15 and ideology, of terms in solely TP by Party Marxist Revolutionary of founding the frame 2005) (Verloo ‘voice’ the say, to Needless Party. Marxist the of structure organisational of and/or theme ideology the with deal murder TP the on commentaries the which in ways two are There and ideol ‘ideological’ as rebellion The in Parties Communist of particular. in (M) CPI the general and intolerance ideological alleged the of indictment an into turns an TP of murder organi and ideology party the organisational and ideology communist anti as the structure of indictment an to leads often movement a moorings the ideological and the activist of political critique a of murder brutal the of reality overwhelming and immediate the between swiftly move commentators The murder. TP the of event the around generated (M) CPI the of ideology the of critique The Party 4.3.1.2 ideology problemtheas

The question of compatibility between the ideological and organisational structure of communist parties and communistparties of structureorganisational and ideologicalcompatibilitybetween the of question The

evaluation of this proposition. Instead, we show how the discourse around the TP murder murder TP the around discourse the how show we Instead, proposition. this of evaluation (Verloo 2005) (Verloo

here is again largely that of those who are critical of the party. Firstly, they they Firstly, party. the of critical are who those of that largely again is here - democratic. Furthermore, this allegedly intrinsic anti intrinsic allegedly this Furthermore, democratic. www.cpim.org

g of a ‘people’s democracy’ by remaining within the current democratic democratic current the within remaining by democracy’ ‘people’s a of g . It is to be noted that we do not, at least in this section, attempt attempt section, this in least at not, do we that noted be to is It .

sational structure is ‘diagnosed’ to be the force that led to the the to led that force the be to ‘diagnosed’ is structure sational .

- 23, 2000) demonstrates matter. onthis 23, 2000) I the prolong party’s reflection ia. In aia. is which question fact,this afterand the the CPI, CPI the split

nd organisational structure of the CPI (M). This This (M). CPI the of structure organisational nd ogy as ‘problematic’ as ogy 41 15

forms an important theme in the discourse discourse the in theme important an forms the Seventh the

h pry rgam ad ideological and programme party The Congress of the Communist Party of of Party Communist the of Congress

- democratic quality of of quality democratic t CEU eTD Collection organization (V.V Dakshinamoorthy, agreements in certain Panchayaths in the district Kozhikode hadof played a role in founding TP’s breakaway 16 by was initiated that rebellion ideological the how mentions ‘Sacrifice’ titled editorial an above, the noting ( region the in panchayaths other in support a with RMP village martyrdoms. party of heritage a Onchiyam, in elections India) in government local of tier (lowest panchayath the in organisation TP’s to power lost had party the history in time first the For the formed and ideology of reasons for leadership ( T. RMP” party the with ways of middle parted the TP in was that It this party. the of Committee Area Onchiyam the of member a been also positions held had “TP one: ideological exclusively an was RMP the founding of act the that convinced fully is below commentator the Again, May 2012). ( threat” under was life his Onchiyam in RMP the founded he since the ideological of its criticising eyes publicly the party thein of enemy out camethe he become since ever had party faction VS the of supporter firm a was who “TP here: ideological T murder. the of day next very the on published murder, is TP the whaton written from pieces first is the of one below perhaps quote The quotes. following the at look us let action, ideological t i.e., point, first the illustrate To times. recent in instance prominent most the TP of murder the which of Kerala, North in politics of nature violent the behind problem an ideological rebellion. of practical of mention any ovoid

The disagreementsThe between a section t of P.Rajeevan, P.Rajeevan,

16 d organisational structure in general and that of the CPI (M) in particular as the the as particular in (M) CPI theof that and general in structure organisational d

he reason behind TP’s departure from the party is clearly identified as as identified clearly is party the from departure TP’s behind reason he Secondly, these commentaries ‘diagnose’ ‘diagnose’ commentaries these Secondly, TP had led to his murder: his to led had TP

Malayala Manorama Malayala in both SFI and DYFI [ student and youth wings of the party] and had had and party] the of wings youth and student [ DYFI and SFI both in

The politics of hack51 or political reasons that may also have played a role in this act act this inrole a played have also may that reasons political or had also managed to overtake the party in terms of popular popular of terms in party the overtake to managed also had he framing of the political rebellion by TP as an exclusively exclusively an as TP by rebellion political the of framing he he he party and the party leadership regarding coalitional

,6 42 th aaaa Manorama Malayala

May 2012). May 2012). s, s, 49) .

Vro 2005) (Verloo Malayala Manorama Malayala 6 , th

May 2012). After After 2012). May

deviations. Ever Ever deviations. the Communist Communist the , 5 , th

CEU eTD Collection (K.Venu readers general the for written articles in even lengths considerable at approaches Leninist and Stalinist and struggle class of effects corroding the of discussions had TP that organisation founded, the RMP, of position ideological the exactly what of no is mention there ubiquitous, quite is committed had TP that departure ideological of theme the communi of critique 1997,63) (Mills, which discourse’ omission to essential of is exclusion act of process crucial ‘the that very notion Foucauldian a the to out conforms point to here digression brief a make us Let a the RMP. of instance one of founding only the in involved was aspect political and practical there above the mentioning reviewed, commentary we that party the towards voices critical which party ( the TP of included section one antagonising in role significant a played had of district Kozhikode the in Azhiyoor and Eranmala of panchayaths the in Kerala) in coalition Front CPI the between arrangements coalition the surrounding controversies The RMP. found and time long a had such he for party worked the from away break to decision TP’s to contributed have may that reasons reb the founding by committed had TP that departure ideological the to referring in editorial above the follow investigation murder write all almost and discourse, the con a is This ideological. as exclusively construed are party, the for raised it challenges the and RMP, of founding the i.e. rebellion, of act the how Note ( one” small a by party the of deviations ideological the to by TP raised challenge public TP. The by raised questions ideological the to have notanswers did who those by assassinated was he that believe thought of system TP’s share who Those “ is. This is surprising since commentators have dwelled on the relatively ‘serious’ ‘serious’ relatively the on dwelled have commentators since surprising is This is.

Malayala Manorama Malayala Malayal . This is something that in a way delegitimizes the entire discourse of the the of discourse entire the delegitimizes way a in that something is This . st ideological and organisational structure delineated above. Although Although above. delineated structure organisational and ideological st Manorama, a

(M) and the Janata Dal (a former member party in the Left Left the in party member former (a Dal Janata the and (M) - , 6 ups including day to day reports on the progress of the the of progress the on reports day to day including ups

th 6

th el organisation. There is no mention of the practical practical the of mention no is There organisation. el 2012). May

May 2012). In the entire discourse composed of of composed discourse entire the In 2012). May

forming the Revolutionary Marxist Party was not not was Party Marxist Revolutionary the forming 43

stant theme in many instances of of instances many in theme stant , The Politics of of Politics The CEU eTD Collection Malayala Manor 2012; (Johny, position communist radical more a advocated and predecessors political rebelling wi right the joined never He politics. Communist of version his to adhered or party the from expelled either been have who leaders other many Unlikefurther Thus, left.movement the was to aspectrum;political anything, it the ifofright the movement to discourse. their through up build 17 to strived painstakingly commentators these purity ideological versus deviation ideological righteousness, moral versus decay moral have would importantly, more latter, the and time, long a for held party had Marxist the of detractors these positions well known the completely against been have would choice former The them. of critical be or practice, and preserve to sought organisatio rebel the which principles Marxist foundational the endorse Either choices. two only with commentators the left therefore, have, would RMP the of moorings an rebel the of righteousness the of edifice the upon built been had discourse entire the that fact the given to, adhered supposedly TP that premises ideological ‘pure’ or core hard the towards ‘deviated’. had party a communist dominant presumably the which and from principles of, Marxist fundamental explication of, justification an been have eventually would organisation his and various for Marxism and (M) CPI the towards stance critical their for known well are above quoted commentators the of Most this? explains What absent. has been it that discourse reveals the closer look at a yet, and beyond goes that ideology RMP’s of descriptions strikes, 51 of Politics The strikes, 51

t s ut cer that clear quite is It d the decay of the party from which he had broken away. An explication of the ideological ideological the of explication An away. broken had he which from party the of decay the d ama, 6 96; Archbishop Mar Joseph Powathil, Powathil, Joseph Mar Archbishop 96; th

May 2012). 17

hr wo There unlike past breakaways from the CPI (M), the founding of RMP by TP was not a a not was TP by RMP of founding the (M), CPI the from breakaways past unlike

44 and so on). Therefore, it is only reasonable to expect specific specific expect to reasonable only is it Therefore, on). so and 44 uld not have been any room for the commentators to be critical critical be to commentators the for room any been have not uld

reasons. An explication of the ideological moorings of TP TP of moorings ideological the of explication An reasons. 44

The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, 51 Politicsof The terminologies such as ‘‘true’ Marxism’, Marxism’, ‘‘true’ as such terminologies

part ed ways with it in the past, TP strongly strongly TP past, the in it with ways ed broken down the dichotomies dichotomies the down broken ng coalition in Kerala like his his like Kerala in coalition ng 62; M.Leelavathi 62; n allegedly allegedly n –

that that – , , CEU eTD Collection and practice violent current the signify structure to organisational order in murder TP the to response the into di history much infamous their weaving and Hitler Potand not Pol Stalin, such figures infamous Invoking is there names, their in Except religion. 26 Manorama, (Malayala a second the and party anti of victims of punishment the deserves (murthad) who i religion It individual death. the the of that laws believe the disobeying who by by Muslims Islam are party leaves There the killed. was leaves TP who that ideology this individual the that believe leadership the who disobeying communists some are “There itself’: death is for rebel a punishment ‘the namely, position, ideological intolerant same theof results ago years Kerala in place took that murder profile high equally of an to TP murder the Comparing of iota an even remain not ( does there where situation a democracy to led has This murder]. TP the to [reference it of victims the become have they now and past the in practice this to objected ‘professional app of Stalinist been has this alternatively power using organisations in been has that Kerala oriented in (M) CPI The Stalin. under cadre anybody kill to license how a into turned power centralised on based Lenin ofby developed system party one examples up, built Lenin of one the like revolutionaries’, full is “History Kerala: in practice political its and (M) CPI onthis the espe parties, communist anti allegedly and rigid the to refers commentator A the theme. of aspect another been has Party Communist the of structure organisational and ideological disc the in with dealt been has ideology party of theme the which in way one was act ideological exclusively an as TP of ‘rebellion’ the construing If discourse the of efficacy for the option viable only the probably exactl what about silence pregnant a maintaining Malayala Manorama Malayala –

that of a Muslim dissident cleric dissident Muslim a of that s in accordance to this ideology that Chekannoor [the cleric] was killed. Both were were Both killed. was cleric] [the Chekannoor that ideology this to accordance in s

in the lower levels of the party like the branch, local and area committees.” committees.” area and local branch, the like party the of levels lower the in

- democratic ideologies, the only difference being that the first was a political political a was first the that being difference only the ideologies, democratic , 13 roach to deal with its opponents outside. The VS camp has never never has camp VS The outside. opponents its with deal to roach cially as employed by Stalin in Russia, and then swiftly superimposes superimposes swiftly then and Russia, in Stalin by employed as cially of the CPI (M) is another strategy adopted by the commentators. In In commentators. the by adopted strategy another is (M) CPI the of th th (renegade) deserves the punishment of death. It is in accordance to to accordance in is It death. of punishment the deserves (renegade)

May, 2012). May, 2012). May, May, 2012). –

anoth

45 turn invariably anti invariably turn er commentator points out how both were both how out points commentator er

y TP and his organisation stood for was was for stood organisation his and TP y -

democratic organisational structure of of structure organisational democratic the on attack open more much ourse,a

- democratic in the end. The The end. the in democratic fference.” fference.” CEU eTD Collection 18 strikes, Politics 51 of ‘materialisms’ Capitalism nor Communism neither is it that concludes characteristically Bishop The dialectical is it if even strikes, 51 materialism, no this h is it … long as thandone be can anything say ideology? to more their nothing has in materialism, compassion and love t Is of? speak materialists these can morality [ Study way’ useful every use will sides both power, seize to oppressed the and power non place take will revolution and Marxist the what this isn’t al], et struggle class of process Stalin this that think to foolishness is of : here? ‘…it has taught cruelties E.M.S teacher [the above the all forget we if Even “ below: values of devoid and violent inherently is ideology Communist the that point the make to strives Bishop The point. EMS, India, in leaders Communist greatest the Co first the of writings the from quotes Bishop The way’. their lose ‘Ideologues titled piece a in ideology its and party the into tears Kerala ( above Syro the ofhead influential the Powathil, Mar Joseph Archbishop as al et Stalin After about Church. trope the same of the head repeating a from come most has the ideology perhaps party’s that the surprising of not criticism is vehement it Church, the with had have general in parties particula in (M) CPI the that relationship antagonistic the given However, Hitler” ( and Stalin Pot, Pol like sadists demonic are better world the make to order in opponents your believe who Those parties. these of goals the in believe firmly they murdered using although parties in left the with stand and not do opponents intellectuals many why end is This martyrs. to as activists murder using in believe who parties left the is “It here: politics Left the to distance her justifies critic also literary a and language Malayalam on expert prominent a is who author the below, quote the

E.M.Shankaran Namboothirippad E.M.Shankaran ]. Isn’t the summary of the above ‘the end shall justify the means’? In fact, which which fact, In means’? the justify shall end ‘the above the of summary the Isn’t ]. M.Leelavathi 62). 62). –

u te hr wy f h Ctoi cuc ta te oit nes o ( now needs society the that church Catholic the of way third the but

63). 63). , The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, 51 Politics of The ,

elpful” (Archbishop Mar Joseph Powathil, Powathil, Joseph Mar (Archbishop elpful”

- ilnl. hn h oppres the When violently. here any mention of the eternal values of truth, truth, of values eternal the of mention any here 46

mmunist chief minister of Kerala and one of of one and Kerala of minister chief mmunist 18 44). –

in the following passage to illustrate his his illustrate to passage following the in whether murder or lying through teeth, teeth, through lying or murder whether

h Politics The sing class tries to retain its its retain to tries class sing - Malabar Catholic church in in church Catholic Malabar

that it is all right to kill kill to right all is it that

of 51 strikes, strikes, 51 of r and communist communist and r The Politics of Politicsof The Marxism: A A Marxism: –

both both 61), 61), The

CEU eTD Collection here remain to going is it Anyway Santhoshkumar, E. ( years.” hundred for another only it. Let apart. the fall of interrogation organisation an the that make possible might is ideology It itself. ideology the doubt to time is it “Therefore, content: ideological its of because extinction invariable its facing is organisation and ideology Communist the that implying by closes It direction their lose people good even that of ideolo the shadow the in when it Isn’t ideology? the of is be problem it core Could the organisation? that the of hinterlands the of light weak the in standing are they when thi people in do Stalin today….why comrade even about moments emotional weak become their might they that possible is it However, face. to viole their about had have people fondly these that brutality state the ofjustify these none although past, the in actions reminisce ‘revolutionaries’ these today Even “ Communist of influence corrupting the of follows: as goes commentary ideology. The critique the in appearance their make al et bei human ‘good even turns se per that ideology Marxist the about corrupting something is there if wonders below quote next The K.Venu, ( sympathisers” and supporters its among but also democracy, towards respect of lack general a to led has co temporary or “…strategic preventing democracy: with incompatible of name the In furthe And activism. party them calling of etc], [picketing K.Venu, ( stylestruggle” parliamentary extra activities unlawful encouraged secretive also they the parliamentarianism, wil they with that them ensuring continue by intentions revolutionary their of supporters their reassured they However, 1951. in route parliamentary the of adoption their declared Communists The “ party. political ‘str their to (M) CPI the of violence of origins ideological the traces one first The structure. organisational and/or ideology party communist the of indictment of instances other two quoting by section this conclude will We r that the very nature of the communist organisation and politics has led it to being being to it hasled politics and organisation communist theof nature very the that r

-

operation of the communists with the democratic framework framework democratic the with communists the of operation gy?” ategic’ co ategic’

ngs’ into bad ones. Again, the figures of Stalin, Pol Pot Pot Pol Stalin, figures of Again, the ones. bad ngs’ into The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, Politics 51 of The

47 - operation with the democratic framework as a a as framework democratic the with operation

The Politics Politics of The nk about the value of democracy only only democracy of value the about nk

not only within the communist party party communist the within only not The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, Politics 51 of The 95). 95).

51 strikes, strikes, 51

nt and destructive destructive and nt 110). 110). 96). 96).

l CEU eTD Collection hacks, fifty one those of Each them? of whymany so Then finished been TP, have he, Couldn’t 4.3.1.3 . Condemnation of brutality thi from derived being is Kerala North of culture political violent the that argue and CPI(M) the of position (M). CPI the particularly ideolog the of critique the to ( today (M) CPI bankrupt Manorama ideologically and opportunist the to opposed as have organisation his and TP words, other In party. Marxist dominant the of ‘deviations’ the against and ideology of act an as only construed is RMP the founding in TP by committed been have to supposed is that departure an political practical, of combination a by about brought Amma K.R.Gauri Kerala in organisations rebellion of act (M) CPI this the of in activist play erstwhile this to by undertaken role a had also have might that reasons political and/or practical theof mention any barely is There departure. ideological exclusively an be to shown t (M) CPI the from away breaking of act the TP’s Firstly, of around TP. of constructed critique murder been the have of that structure instances organisational above and the ideology from communist emerging narrative a be to seems There with a single hack? withhack? single a , 19 , th s ideological and organisational structure of the party. the of structure organisational sand ideological May 2012). Once this has been established, the discourse swiftly moves on on moves swiftly discourse the established, been has this Once 2012). May (Johny 2012) (Johny

–

The commentators emphasize the intolerant and flawed ideological ideological flawed and intolerant the emphasize commentators The parties hoisted by former communists such as M.V.Raghavan and and M.V.Raghavan as such communists former by hoisted parties

– ical and organisational structure of communist parties, parties, communist of structure organisational and ical

and indeed in other parts of the world, these are always acts acts always these are world, of the parts other in indeed and

been elevated into symbols of a ‘pure’ communist past past communist ‘pure’ a of symbols into elevated been 48

. Given the history of such breakaway breakaway such of history the Given . d ideological reasons. However, the the However, reasons. ideological d

o found the RMP is is RMP the found o Malayala Malayala CEU eTD Collection 19 this that and too past the in politics CPI(M)’s the of part been has violence brutal that readers pressure. under CPI(M) involv brutality the emphasize commentators critical the how at look us let first, But former. the of force the blunt to order in past the in violence counter a provokes brutality of discourse violence of history long a with Kerala North like an unintended have can condemnation evoke to order in act violent a of brutality the emphasizes that discourse a how show to attempt we pages, following the in However, Kerala. in did surely it as society, beyond 6 hacked was face The ( brain the to damage swords. revealed report mortem post and the and recognition hatchets with made all wounds, one fifty ma that for or Kerala, in occurred ever have to murders political brutal most the of one was Chandrasekharan T.P. of murder The hackway’, ‘The ( K.G.Shankarappilla, wasthat him… in letter each blowto out An editorial subtitled ‘Would the Party bid adieu to the politics of murder?’ reminds the the reminds murder?’ of politics the to adieu bid Party the ‘Would subtitled editorial An th

There are fifty one letters the in Malayalamalphabet.

the language of justiceof language the a 21) Sc voec shoul violence Such 2012). May

d even undesirable consequences, especially in the context of societies societies of context the in especially consequences, undesirable even d

19

d evoke wide spread condemnation in any democratic democratic any in condemnation spread wide evoke d Mathrubhumi Mathrubhumi tter, even in India. The dead body was found to have have to found was body dead The India. in even tter, - 49 discourse that highlights instances of brutal brutal of instances highlights that discourse

ed in the murder of TP in order to put the the put to order in TP of murder ed the in weekly, 27 weekly, Cauvd 2011) (Chaturvedi th

May May - Malayala Manorama Malayala

2 . We show how the the how show We . nd

June, 2012). June, 2012).

, CEU eTD Collection ( forums network social in responses of quoting selective the from ways various in conveyed is murder the in involved brutality the of unacceptability ( discourse entire the throughout one consistent a (Appukkuttan Laden” bin Osama or t it Suffice Husein Saddam towards even Vallikkunnu, show to afraid been had imperialism US T the that Kerala. demonicity of kind in Malayalam…the of language murders the failed political cruel most the in even seen been not has that demonicity of kind the shows TP of head and face lethal the the on left that had weapons marks the place]… took murder blood the ofwhere pool Onchiyam the in place in [the falling Vallikkad by him befitting was party, his of name the to be happens also which revolutionary, name the that proved He hacked. …he death being to was pain his land, even hisgave for dreams with filled brain, his when even hacks; the with up split being were people, the for always open ears, and eyes his when even out scream notdid He people. gather to shout not did he bombs exploding by terror spread they when Even m thewhen Even “ bit lengthy: be a has to below quote the martyr, the of ‘bravery’ the and murder the of brutality the on puts it emphasis the clear make To lines. few a in martyrdom courageous commen another murder, the ( reconstructs imaginatively somewhat ‘strangers’” and retrospectively that those passage emotional highly of a In hacks the from disfigured much that Manorama was TP of face The T.P.Chandrasekharan. Onchiyam of leader rebel (M) CPI the indeed was person murdered the realise could people that card’ ‘identity his from only was it believed, be to are reports newspaper cruel?…If so death a deserve to fault TP’s was What “ full has that society commentat another murder, TP the cruelty of Kerala the people and its literacy among ‘enlightened’ the of image the between contrast a Drawing ( point” that at defend itself to forward pa entire the today unlike that notable is it However, then. kids criticised the much before was death to Jayakrishnan hacking of act demonic room…the class a in students [the YuvaMorcha the when before once only yout criticism such under been has (M) CPI “The murder: TP the case of the in party the inside of actions its defense h ad brought it under criticism. But unlike in the past, the editorial argues, there is no unified unified no is there argues, editorial the past, the in unlike But criticism. under it brought ad h wing of the Hindu Right] leader and teacher K.T.Jayakrishnan was killed in front of of front in killed was K.T.Jayakrishnan teacher and leader Right] Hindu the of wing h o say that the theme of outrageous brutality involved in the murder of TP has been been has TP of murder the in involved brutality outrageous of theme the that say o , 6 th The

May, 2012). May, 2012).

Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, Politics 51 of urderers struck him down the revolutionary called TP refused to run away. away. run to refused calledTP revolutionary the down him struck urderers

tator weaves in the narratives of brutality and the glory of of glory the and brutality of narratives the in weaves tator 65 Malayala Manorama Malayala - 66). 50

Malayala Manorama Malayala , 13 his was a demonicity that even even that demonicity a was his th

ever pleasant and energetic energetic and pleasant ever May 2012). May 2012). Malayala Manorama Malayala , 18 , th

May, 2012). The The 2012). May,

on the street of of street the on or says: or

rty had come come had rty

Malayala Malayala

ranging ranging

, 18 , th

CEU eTD Collection the brutality. against on discourse the counter order in party Communist brutality the of activists past of account an produce they how Secondly, and above. analysed articles we the how Firstly, themes. to seek party two the of defence in only written commentaries focus will we Here detail. in frames ( hand” upper permanent gain can the that so society Kerala theof orientation leaning left the destroy to capital of forces established the by “ ploy a is murder TP the regarding allegation whole party the destroy to fo wing right the of conspiracy the against party the defend to masses the and supporters members, party the exhorts secretariat state CPI(M) the by produced statement lengthy The me wing right the of propaganda “ as murder TP the for party the criticising discourse entire the construes author the itself’, party is aim ultimate ‘The titled article an In party. the on attack organised societ the of sections other from as well as critics its facefrom to had party the that indictment the and criticism The it. in strands several o counter wake the in detractors its of pressure relentless the against party counter a of form the assume that party the of spokesmen and leaders the by written commentaries and articles the analysis our into introduce we Here, The counter 4.3.2 ( is unacceptable brutality such that emphasize murder and the of details vividness the same the de first TP’s of day the on published features Special 2012). May ( detail vivid in murder the of reporting repetitive the to 2012) May Malayala Manorama Malayala - discourse that has been produced to defend the party, much like the discourse, has has discourse, the like much party, the defend to produced been has that discourse dia to destroy the left front” ( Prabha Varma Prabha ( front” left the destroy to dia -

discourse discourse Deshabhimani ( , 4 th

May 2013; 2013; May

Deshabhimani 6 , Mathrubhumi, th

May 2012). Another commentator argues that the the that argues commentator Another 2012). May y in the wake of the TP murder is portrayed as an an as portrayed is murder TP the of wake the in y 51

, 6 , th

4

May). We will not go into each of these these ofeach into go not will We May).

th counter the discourse on ideology that that ideology on discourse the counter

May 2013). 2013). May - discourse and attempt to defend the the defend to attempt and discourse , Deshabhimani , ath anniversary repeats with with repeats anniversary ath

vested right wing interests interests wing right vested

Malayala Manorama Malayala te P murder. TP the f

, 26 , th

May 2012). 2012). May rces rces The The , 6 , th

CEU eTD Collection party fromthe TP of departure the to led that reasons political and practical allegedly the delineates a the repeat spokesmen, party by ideology of theme the on written pieces 16 dated ( CPI(M) the of secretariat State theof press release The anti all align to tried he then And ideology. ofw along but issue party, the an left into TP it why made is he That later comrades. his and TP by suggested as betrayal political to ready wasn’t CPI(M) “The political: putdifferently, it to or practical, was purely that act people an ofas mobilisation subsequent his and TP of departure the characterise to proceeds then author The strikes, Politics51 The of tribe” the to traitors and people the of betrayers be toThey them sure. judge surely will for enemies class the of stooges the become to party the cheated have who those The “ comrades: his and designate TP to employed tribe’ the to phrase ‘traitor the justifies Kerala, in CPI(M) the of leader prominent a be to happens whoalso commentator the Below, organiz rebel the delegitimize and detractors counter its simultaneously to seeks party the TP, of actions rebellious the about ideological nothing was there that asserting By 2012). coali the per as Dal Janata the to panchayat Eranmala the of post president the over handing against was of panchayaths CPI( the that agreement sharing power the regarding levels different at leaderships they party between disagreements the Specifically, highlight reasons. political and practical certain on based completely was TP by opposite. exact the do it to response in party the by act an as TP produced been of have that commentaries the rebellion convictions, ideological by the exclusively motivated frame to seemed above analysed we that discourse the If 4.3.2.1 –

phrase has been subjected to a lot of discussion in the media. The people will judge judge will people The media. the in discussion of lot a to subjected been has phrase

The rebellion The ‘nonas the disagreement between TP et al and the party leadership over the former’s demand demand former’s the over leadership party the and al et TP between disagreement the ith class enemies against the party” ( party” the against enemies class ith tion agreement made earlier ( V.V.Dakshinamoorthy, V.V.Dakshinamoorthy, ( earlier made agreement tion

Eranmala and Azhiyoor at Onchiyam. One faction of the party including TP TP including party the of faction One Onchiyam. at Azhiyoor and Eranmala 52). - ideological’ the and

break the principles of coalition politics and adopt a position of of position a adopt and politics coalition of principles the break M) had with its former coalition partner the Janata Dal at the at Dal Janata the partner coalition former its with had M) M.V.Jayarajan, M.V.Jayarajan, 52

correctnessofparty the

They argue that the founding of the RMP RMP the of founding the that argue They The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, 51 Politics of The th

May 2012), like almost all all almost like 2012), May Deshabhimani

bove position. It It position. bove ( M.V.Jayarajan, M.V.Jayarajan, ( - communists communists , 11 ,

ation. ation. th 52).

May May

CEU eTD Collection right theto deviation ideological an it Is president. panchayath mere a of post the to on hold to just was It principles? organisational party’s challenging publicly they were claim ideological what On “ involved: above mentioned agreement party the to according rebellion TP’s for reason real the explaining After party. the from departure TP’s behind reasons practical strikes, K.K.Rama, ( party the leave and leadership party the condemn to party the of supporters all to martyr” communist a of widow communist “a of name the in plea a lett The murder. TP’s for party the indicted she which who in humanity’ lost their haven’t comrades Marxist the To ‘ titled letter open an written had widow, TP’s K.K.Rama, so did Onchiyam at party Vijayan, the th left because not who misunderstandings, people of because wrong…most is This huge on issues. based something ideological as interpreted being now is Onchiyam at RMP of founding The “ refutes the mouthpiece party the in wrote he that Chandrasekharan’ of murder brutal the on stand CPI(M)’s ‘The titled article an in himself, CPI(M) of the secretary state the were, Pinarayi, there if Even here. ideology themselves call people these that communist of issues see to pathetic It’s evident. very is communism from no separatists these of deviation ideological were There will of wasn’t politics. lack leadership and district ambition party the parliamentary because power, for craving Party Marxist Revolutionary the founded and party the etleft al] naked [TP They values. communist but nothing was “…this following play the in into come on so and deviation’ ‘ideological , ambitions’ ‘parliamentary of terminologies Marxist standard The party. the of detractors the by TP to attributed rationales ideological the away the in principles coalition violate allegedly to 13). Responding to this article, another leader of the CPI(M the of leader another article, this to Responding 13). Deshabhimani

ideological rationale of TP’s rebellion: of TP’s rationale ideological if the party took a firm position to enforce the unity of the left coalition? Could an an Could coalition? left theof unity the enforce to position firm a took party the if ,6 th quote from the press release: release: from press the quote

June 2012). 2012). June -

in detail, the author ar author the detail, in

revolutionary Marxists” ( Marxists” revolutionary

-

the disagreements regarding the power sharing sharing power the regarding disagreements the 53 ey had ideological disagreements” ( Pinarayi Pinarayi ( disagreements” ideological had ey

panchayaths at Onchiyam Onchiyam at panchayaths

ing to violate the principles of coalition coalition of principles the violate to ing gues that there were no ideological issue issue ideological no were there that gues

The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, 51 Politics of The ) repeats the ‘base’ and and ‘base’ the repeats ) The Politics of 51 51 of Politics The –

and then strips strips then and Deshabhimani 182). 182). er makes makes er

, CEU eTD Collection ma to closest comes that discourse counter party’s the of part as produced article an is it Interestingly, commentators. critical the for posed have might explication an such difficulties the of terms in this for explanation wer RMP the of moorings ideological the what specific made commentaries critical an the of none party, as Communist dominant the RMP from departure ideological the of founding the of framing consistent their despite that noted we Earlier, universal. assume sometimes we that categories and concepts of quality the contextual and is ‘situated’ shows surely it what however, investigated; further be to have will this for reasons certain imparts therefore, ideological’, ‘Being a for legitimacy analysis. our in revealed been has that ‘non its rebelli TP’s of status legitimate hence and ‘ideological’ of the assert act to tried the constantly to commentators critical legitimacy the While impart ‘rebellion’. to used being ideology term the of instance interesting is today even ‘ideology’ term the of ‘scientific’ or not ‘true’ is that something meaning general the such, as invoked hardly is meaning Marxist original the Although 32). 1997, Mills, ( ‘truth’ realize to ideology beyond crit ‘scientific the only that argued and to subjected been have people which consciousness false the mean to ‘ideology’ used Althusser Loius like theorists Marxist later even and Marxists Classical themselves. positions Marxist basic the to traced ‘ideological’ as touted is that anything towards attitude critical a such of origins The it. about connotation negative distinctly a has science, social in extent large a to and parlance b a make we Here, at struggle Kareem, ideological ( Elamaram all?” as construed be issue local a of basis the on party the split to attempt - ideological’ nature. Indeed, this was one of the most important points of contention contention of points important most the of one was this Indeed, nature. ideological’

ctions in the social milieu of North Kerala. The historical and socio and historical The Kerala. North of milieu social the in ctions rief digression once again. The term ‘ideological’, as used in common common in used as ‘ideological’, term The again. once digression rief Deshabhimani, king the ideological position of the RMP clear, but for for but clear, RMP the of position ideological the king on, the party’s response to this was to repeatedly stress stress repeatedly to was this to response party’s the on, (Guha 2008) (Guha

6 th

May 2012). May 54

. How

ever, we have in our analysis, the the our analysis, in have we ever, e. We also attempted to give an an give to attempted also We e. ique’ based on Marxism can go go can Marxism on based ique’ - cultural cultural

can be be can

to be be to - CEU eTD Collection Communist Party Kerala in betrayedwhobetrayedLikehasBlancLouisParis Commune,Blanc.Louis theRMP the goes, argument the the Leninism. and Marxism of principles the against is party call RMP the supporters, and Blanc Louis citizens. of Parisian 30,000 murder helparound could Commune the the ofenemies to with that argues He 1871. of Commune Paris the defeating 20 the updating that states they RMP what the RMP…when of is founding thisthe behind And reason the be revolution. to claim the betrayed have party) the of secretary national current three [all Karat Prakash and Basu Jyoti Surjith, Singh Harkishan that is establish to trying is RMP the what is, “…that former: the of claims the delegitimize to and party the of correctness ideological position ideological the party the although addresses the article Thus, updated circumstances. it international and as national choice changed right the to the programme was question in amendment the that argues of leaders communist tallest essentially the be that to saying group rebel the of party claim the this amending interprets author by The party 2000. in revolutionary programme a being of claims its up given had CPI(M) wh statement ideological RMP’s from quotes author The to was aim main Their virtues. ideological and principles no ( ofR.S.Babu, possible” much as as CPI(M) the destroy estab impression had an they They gain to later RMP. order but the in ideology initially, found who party the Dal with Janata disagreements to post president by principles the coalitional the follow giving to decision party’s the against rebelled who those is “It the in principles coalitional the by panchay abide to decision CPI(M)’s was the rebellion the against that essentially argument familiar the repeats He with. begin to all at ideological ‘revolutionary’ the delegitimize to order in only but RMP, the of stance ideological the address to begins Blanc’, Loius of copy A ‘RMP: titled article an In altogether. reasons different

19 th

century aths at Onchiyam: at aths -

whichmerely the in author’s is group opinion a trying the wing right help to forces French socialist. French credentials of the organisation and to prove that the rebellion wasn’t wasn’t rebellion the that prove to and organisation the of credentials

to helpto the right wing forces belong to the first rung of CPI(M)’s leadership, Prakash Karat is the the is Karat Prakash leadership, CPI(M)’s of rung first the to belong

Here the author of the articleHere the thewho author characterizes someonerole of ain as played him

of the rebel group partly, it is only to assert the the assert to only is it partly, group rebel the of 55

( He revolution. the betrayed had country the R.S.Babu, R.S.Babu,

h RP s iee t h btaa cmitd by committed betrayal the to likened is RMP The Deshabhimani Deshabhimani ich, to put briefly, alleges that the the that alleges briefly, put to ich, T lished a different position on on position different a lished he article begins by claiming that to to claimingthat bybegins article he , 6 , 6 th th

June 2012). 2012). June June 2012) –

20 a revolutionary a .

the author author the

CEU eTD Collection and party the by legislations as rulers that gaveKerala the society current led its progressive shape. struggles historic several in participation their through est in instrumental were leaders These Kerala. in communism 21 eve Almost lore. party the in etched been have and martyrs become now have who past, the in activists its of murders the up bringing repeatedly by done is This perpetrator. the not and brutality party the of discourse counter The past. the in activists own its to out meted been has that violence the invoking by defence a up builds party the murder, TP’s of brutality the emphasized that discourse a with Faced An 4.3.2.2 inventory of brutality contestation. of realm the into relapse themselves victim of the significance the and murder the of meaning the making eventually and conflictual, murder TP the on discourse counter the by refuted extent large a to and contested strongly being up ended ideology the communist of intolerance the and rebel the of id departure’ ‘ideological no of had discourse The and moorings. ambitions political and practical of out purely was organisation rebel the of founding the that argue They position. party’s the of correctness ideological the a constructing spokesmen and leaders counter party the quotes above the in see we up, sum anti To is pathway supporters his and TP’s that (R.S.Babu, out pointed the rightly not has was but brother’s his that out pointed p itsmade has CPI(M) the also Similarly, for revolution. of path he correct brother But his hanged Tsar. the government assassinate Tsar to the when attempting angst strong his expressed had Lenin “ party’s posit the of correctness the make to Lenin, to and Russia to time this history, world to turning again yet by ends article The Nayanar” EMS and such as leaders party

h lt ES n Nynr hgl pplr leaders popular hugely Nayanar, and EMS late The

programme is anti is programme - - icus o te at. hs i rtopc, ae a the had have retrospect, in This, party. the of discourse di scourse that contests the meaning of TP’s rebellion while simultaneously asserting asserting simultaneously while rebellion TP’s of meaning the contests that scourse ry article written in defence of the party goes back to these martyrdoms somehow somehow martyrdoms these to back goes party the of defence in written article ry Deshabhimani

- revolutionary, they are actually denying the greatness of communist communist of greatness the denying actually are they revolutionary, , 6 th

June 2012). June emphasizes that it has always been the victim of violence and and violence of victim the been always has it that emphasizes andassertion of revolutionarylegacy 21

ion apparent: ion

56 of the party in the past, belong to the ‘golden era’ of of era’ ‘golden the to belong past, the in party the of

ablishing the revolutionary legacy of the party party the of legacy revolutionary the rotest clear on the TP murder, murder, TP onthe clear rotest

had

effect of making the the making of effect implemente - revolutionary.” revolutionary.” ln mark land d

eological eological CEU eTD Collection strikes, Varma, Prabha ( alone? murder Onchiyam the on tears shed murders these during hermits like behaved who people do backbone…why his on stab a with martyrdom of o left was Britto Simon twenty. turned they before death to hacked of beenAll had them them. like kids other many so and College Pattambi of at Musthafa day and Saithali the Chittar; on friends his with playing was Thiruv he while killed was who M.S.Prasad College; Catholicate Pathanamthitta in killed was C.V.Jose eighteen. only turned had kid the College, begun. com had of they forces before even out and activists burned Congress by twenty turned been they before even were havekilled who people were These that lives many so been have There “ below: quote we which from party, of the defence Manorama ( party the defending for magazine Malayalam prominent a from boycotted was poet, a be to happens also who below Lef quoted commentator the the Varma, ofPrabha Incidentally, activists young of murders the to attention draws commentator another Kerala, in murder political first the not was murder TP’s that fact the out Pointing t of most that seen The be evening. can the It in body. activists” (V.V.Dakshinamoorthy, city his on the hacks of seventy middle than the in killed more were There parents. his of wasfront in home own his in waskilled Binu K.V.Sudheesh youngster Kallachi, In city. the of brutal fea create to bombs The the exploding after Kunjali. done was Ibrayi killed remember young very who the of murder should activists Congress we was It leader]. However, party [a opinions. Azheekkodan of different murder have who those murder to the of policy the not is It cruel. extremely was TP of murder the that doubt no is There “ supporters: or members party been have victims the which in violence political of events past to referring by brutality of genealogy a almost Deshabhimani in published been have articles these of Most party. the of defence in arguments into diverge then and murder, of TP’s condemnation ‘mandatory’ the with start these articles of all Almost party the of discourse counter the in done this is how of show instances we Below socio the in victimhood its of case a makes and other the or onam [an auspicious day in the festival of Onam in Kerala]; Anil, the school kid in in kid school the Anil, Kerala]; in Onam of festival the in day auspicious [an onam 79). 79). 18 ,

munalism. When G.Bhuveneswaran was hacked to death in Panthalam N.S.S N.S.S Panthalam in death to hacked was G.Bhuveneswaran When munalism. , the party mouth piece. Here, we look at how the the how at look we Here, piece. mouth party the , th

a, 02. h byot f i pe cm atr n art an after came poem his of boycott The 2012). May, The Politics of 51 strikes, strikes, Politics 51 of The 57

48). 48). - political space of North Kerala. Kerala. North of space political

he victims were CPI (M) (M) CPI were victims he commentators construct construct commentators The Politics of 51 51 of Politics The icle he wrote in in wrote he icle r in the middle middle the in r t in the past. past. the in t .

n the verge verge the n Malayala Malayala party party CEU eTD Collection for anti party the from expelled been have who those and anarchists intellectuals, pretentious wingers, right anti communists, former that see we party, the destroy to move this culprits….in the into victims the turning of art the is This murderers. of party the as victims the of party the portray to attempt organised an nowis on going is “What anti by the campaign organised an brutality as of discourse entire the construes culprit’ the into victim the turning of art ‘The titled article An 2012). there Kerala, of history entire the In death. to burned and pieces to hacked out got who those and suffocation of died comrades of the Many was torched. office party The hands. their in paper pen and but nothing com our attacked had a activists Congress Chimeny, of group injured…In were meal K. their kill having were to who Kannur people inmany attack restaurant this Ina Nanu. bombed activists Congress that daylight broad in was It “ discour the counter to past the in activists party on attacks the describes graphically article Another CPI(M) prominent murdered ( murdered” leaders prominent itsof many brutally have who those is It that leaders hunted. the of but hunters, of party a not murdered; are who those of party a is it murderers, of party a not is CPI(M) “The an years the over victimised been has that CPI(M) the is it that out points commentator Another 179). strikes, 51 unity’, with conspiracy the ‘Face ( Congress” the of rule demonic the during wereki them of two comrades; our of murders the for history in murder remembered is to Onchiyam that together relevant also joined is Raghavan…it had Azheekkodan terrorists and activists Congress movement. Communist the the death to beat Moyarat brutally historian who Congress and they fighter was freedom brave It reason. any without Chimeny in comrades five death to burned who activists Congress the was It violence. (M) CPI of smokescreen a create thein party [the Congress skinned thick the see how to is amazing It “ to martyrdoms, it: against levelled allegations present the counter especially it, against committed violence past of evocation the to resorts of form the in party the of communiqué official The d that even its prominent leaders have been brutally murdered: brutally beenhave leaders evenprominent its that d

se of brutality as follows: as brutality ofse

now assume the form of angels of humanity. No other party in Kerala has had so so had has Kerala in party other No humanity. of angels of form the assume now - party activities have all joined hands” ( Deshabhimani, 6 hands” ( Deshabhimani, joined all have party activities

has not been an incident as brutal as this” ( this” as brutal as incident an been not has

Deshabhimani 58 lled in police custody and eight were shot dead dead shot were eight and custody police in lled -

communists, naxal communists, -

communists to destroy the party: the destroy to communists rades in the party office. Our comrades had had comrades Our office. party the in rades press release (dated 16 (dated release press h Shankaran when he decided to join join to decided he when Shankaran h , 6 th

July 2012). 2012). July

s, former naxals, hardcore hardcore naxals, former s, Deshabhimani th opposition] attempts to to attempts opposition]

July 2012). 2012). July

th

May 2012) also also 2012) May The Politics of of Politics The

, 6 , th June June CEU eTD Collection imperceptive discourse a here have we that shows above analysis The of thesis. the chapter final the in consolidated be are to that section this in conclusions preliminary some make we analysis, above the of light the In comments Analytical 4.3.3 ( politics…” 2012). Indian of sky dark the in dispossess lining silver the only of the remains favour in productions and system of caste relations the that eradicated the that altered party party the is country…it this the of to is sovereignty trying the imperialism destroy of it forces the resists because, and exposes that forces; is communal disruptive societ thethe This protected that today; see generations. we that society modern future a into Kerala transformed the to offence unpardonable Anyo “ here: entirely reproduced be long to too is that party the of contributions revolutionary and progressive of list a enumerates and below argument same the repeats commentator Another are who Those ( of destroy it. terms essentially are in implement today to party India the conviction in destroy to political state trying the model had a CPI(M) become the has because Kerala welfare society. li their secular forsake a to is willing today were Kerala activists party the because is “…it Kerala: of society oriented welfare and secular progressive, the of source the been has that party the destroy to constructed been has discourse the that argues below article The of couple th a quote only We party. of the legacy this on attack an as construed is murder TP the on discourse The legacy. progressive counter party’s the in major theme Another P.M.Manoj, 2012; and members P.Karunakaran, its ( activists against brutality and violence past of themes the evoke forums party in in written articles all Almost Deshabhimani, Deshabhimani,

ne who supports this organised discourse to destroy the party will be committing an an committing be will party the destroy to discourse organised this supports who ne ly slides into conflict, contestation of meaning and an infinite regression of of regression infinite an and meaning of contestation conflict, into slides ly 6 th Deshabhimani, Deshabhimani,

June 2012). June Deshabhimani, Deshabhimani,

Deshabhimani Deshabhimani

13 th

June, 2012 and so on). soand 2012 June, em here. em 6 - th discourse is the emphasis on its revolutionary and and revolutionary its on emphasis is the discourse an June, 2012; R.Ranjith, 2012; June, 59 d other party mouthpieces and speeches done done speeches and mouthpieces party other d

ing the force behind social change” change” social behind force the ing –

counter

ed…it is the left front that that front left the is ed…it -

discourse continuum that that continuum discourse , ves for secularism that that secularism for ves Deshabhimani Deshabhimani Deshabhimani, Deshabhimani,

6 6 th y from from y th June, June,

July July

CEU eTD Collection defeat not if stalemate, moral violence. of cycle’ a ‘vicious proverbial sustain the eventually to lead invariably would this And present. the in condemn to seeks one that act the to comparable or than brutal more either was that past the of discourse counter a to susceptible is murders, political with chequered history a has that Kerala North like society a in especially involved, brutality the emphasizing by violence political cease to is history whose Kerala, in Left mart the and struggles of of history a invariably world symbolic the in and sense literal the in counter the in quoted martyrdoms and events discou the of themes the as legitimate as least at be to seem brutality of suffering and victimhood ‘our’ martyrdom, sacrifices, past of narratives discourse counter the surface, the on least At it. in flawed seriously something be to seems there that counter the of terms in we evoked has when it response the is analyse it However, been. has murder TP the that violence of kind the to responding on emphasis the as such discourse s is brutality the in themes the that is note to interesting is What was that meaning a ‘positive.’ and transformational murder TP the by signified Kerala North of culture political violent creativity’ ‘cultural of form Sewellian the to rise give to failed discourses The . party the of legacy revolutionary and brutality past ‘non the brutality and ideology sense Sewellian the in interpretation ‘transformational’ a to contribute not did discourses These victimhood. - ideological’ status of the rebellion, assertion of the party’s correctness, victimhood, victimhood, correctness, party’s the of assertion rebellion, the of status ideological’ omething that initially appears to be a fully legitimate and even natural way of of way natural even and legitimate fully a be to appears initially that omething the above form. In plain speak, there will always be one instance of violence in in violence of instance one be always will there speak, plain In form. above the (Sewell Jr 1996 Jr (Sewell –

were confronted with forceful and persuasive counter narratives narratives counter persuasive and forceful with confronted were

) . The narratives that were constructed constructed were that narratives The . Swl J 19, 845) 1996, Jr (Sewell yrs. Hence, any discourse that strives to indict and and indict to strives that discourse any Hence, yrs. 60 - discourse narrative are very much ‘real’, both both ‘real’, much very are narrative discourse

- discourse that has been gener been has that discourse rse. This is because almost all the the all almost because is This rse.

that gave the reality of the the of reality the gave that –

of factionalism, factionalism, of , and and , ated ated –

of of - - CEU eTD Collection consequences. a played have to structural with ‘event’ seen historical a become to be murder TP the of failure can the in role significant retrospect, in This, society. forcefully the contested in is elements reality conflicting the of meaning very the where space discursive 1997) Mills conflictual more the all society Kerala the of space discursive the have about talked predominantly been has murder TP the which in ways the Moreover, ‘outside’. the and ‘inside’ the between communications of ‘severing a is there where space 1995, Porta politics and society of radicalization the about argument Porta’s Della Confirming

. Instead of interpreting the reality in transformational manner, this has led to a a to led has this manner, transformational in reality the interpreting of Instead . 139

- 49) te icus hs hw isl t b eegn fo a socio a from emerging be to itself shown has discourse the , 61

(Pecheux 1982, cited in in cited 1982, (Pecheux - political political by the the by (Della (Della made made CEU eTD Collection theto TP murder, by published in Books DC June 2012). 22 formed. been has murder TP on the discourse which the foci around 2005) (Verloo frames it, call would Verloo as or themes, predominant three emerged has there analysis, our discourse theFrom themes predominant its and 5.1. Discourse our of basis the on spokesmen an party the from provoked it responses the and the discourse in themes predominant the perspective, and clarity for summarize, briefly first us Let of scope‘rupture’ the the limiting rol its so that discourse thisof nature the comprehend to been has attempt Our murder. TP the on discourse the of themes predominant the analysis to subjected have we project, this In cha first the in mentioned society the of culture political the transform to potential u an in society Kerala the of sections different from responses vociferous evoked that murder 4 the on murder TP the to react to before never like the just not was It boundaries”. generational sans sensibility responsive a of was sharing There a written… Conclusion 5. “ In my memory, never never memory, my In “ peeetd anr ( manner nprecedented

(P.N.Gopikrishnan, poet, in the in (P.N.Gopikrishnan,poet, alysis in Chapter 4. Chapter in alysis an electric impulse seemed to have been transmitted through so many of our poets. our of many so through transmitted been have to seemed impulse electric an . These are the themes of factionalism, ideology and brutality brutality and ideology factionalism, of themes the are These . poets in Kerala who ‘shared a responsive sensibility’ amongst themselves themselves amongst sensibility’ responsive a ‘shared who Kerala in poets –

articles, editorials and commentaries in print in commentaries and editorials articles, before has there been an event upon which so many poems have been been have poems many so which upon event an been there has before pter, this potential does not seem to have been fulfilled after a year. year. a after fulfilled been have to seem not does potential this pter, aaaa Manorama Malayala Preface

–

to ‘ Hackway‘ to the TP murder murder TP the 62

Poems’, an anthology of 46 poems written in response written in poems 46 anthologyof an Poems’,

13 ,

–

th becomes apparent. apparent. becomes

May 2012), a ‘rupture’ that had the the had that ‘rupture’ a 2012), May th

of May in 2012. It was a political political a was It 2012. in May of Swl J 1996) Jr (Sewell –

that has been subjected to to subjected been has that

. And yet, as we we as yet, And . – 22

three central central three e in in e CEU eTD Collection of notion Foucault’s to true ‘exclusion’ However, Kerala. in party the of practice political violent the subject to point vantage a ideologi as used been has TP of murder the anti effect, inherently In corrupting. is ideology party the that argue and Kerala P and Stalin of legacies ‘diagnosed’ ‘true’ preserve the to Secondly, values. order communist in and latter the of ‘deviations’ ideological the to due was party the from departure TP’s that argued is It considerations. ideological by exclusively motivated party the from away breaking of act TP’s construe they Firstly, ways. two in prominently murder TP the about talking in ideology of theme the Ideology the accentuate, not if highlight, the party in the in factionalism to seems party the of detractors the the factions, the of both strategy of general critical are commentaries the of some While party. the in right le VS the portray and party the affected has that ‘diagnose’ commentaries Most party. mo and ethical an frame to seek commentaries these event, violent VS by represented one the and one ‘official’ the discussion a in factions warring the of engage responses the evaluating By detail. commentaries in party the within factionalism these TP, of murder the mentioning briefly After argumentation. of pattern similar less or more a follow to tended have commentators hi In hihig the ghlighting cal content of the party to criticism and to indict the communist ideology for the the for ideology communist the indict to and criticism to party the of content cal

has been the second predominant theme of the discourse. The critical voices employ employ voices critical The discourse. the of theme predominant second the hasbeen Mls 19, 63) 1997, (Mills, Vro 2005) (Verloo atoa tendencies factional ol Pot on the ideological and organizational structure of the CPI(M) in in CPI(M) of the structure organizational and ideological onthe Pot ol

as the problem. Commentators superimposed the infamous infamous the superimposed Commentators problem. the as , the critical voices largely shun making explicit the exact exact the explicit making shun largely voices critical the , wake of the TP murder. of TP the wake

Communist ideology and organizational structure itself is is itself structure organizational and ideology Communist Vro 2005) (Verloo

that has allegedly plagued the CPI(M), the critical critical the CPI(M), the plagued allegedly has that 63

– d faction as the only remaining source of of source remaining only the as faction d

within the party to the widely condemned condemned widely the to party the within

and subsequently founding the RMP as as RMP the founding subsequently and

the ‘official’ faction as the ‘problem’ ‘problem’ the as faction ‘official’ the - democratic, materialist and and materialist democratic, ral dichotomy within the the within dichotomy ral

of of –

CEU eTD Collection reasserted. is ideology pretext group rebel the of differences ideological The followers. his were who those and TP of part the on power the and involved disagreements pu was ‘rebellion’ ideological no The were dimensions. there political that and emphasizes practical merely spokesmen of act an as it showing by emphasized The party. the of legacy revolutionary and progressive the v the statusas party’s the and brutality non the counter The themes. above the to response in been mainly has counter The Counter 5.2 The retrospectively and imaginatively is TP reconstructed. of martyrdom ‘courageous’ and ‘sacrificial’ with the Along describe crime. to employed frequently are ‘barbaric’ and ‘demonic’ ‘brutal’, terms the and times many reproduced vividly are murder the of details The act. the of brutality sheer the the of condemnation mobilize to of theme the Thirdly, discourse. the in constructed been have that dichotomies the the of position ideological non - -

- ideological nature of TP’s rebellion, asserts the party’s correctness, evokes past past evokes correctness, party’s the asserts rebellion, TP’s of nature ideological if at all, are brushed aside as right wing deviations and the correctness of the party’s party’s the of correctness the and deviations wing right as aside brushed are all, at if ideological – - party the by produced been has that discourse which according to the party commentators form merely an afterthought and a and afterthought an merely form commentators party the to according which

rely pragmatic and was a result of parliamentary ambitions and craving for for craving and ambitions parliamentary of result a was and pragmatic rely -

discourse emphasizing the allegedly unprecedented brutality of the violence, the the violence, the of brutality unprecedented allegedly the emphasizing

character of the act of ‘rebellion’ ‘rebellion’ of act the of character brutality

rebel organization, as it may have had the effect of jeopardizing jeopardizing of effect the had have may it as organization, rebel

figures prominently in the discourse. The critical voices seek seek voices critical The discourse. the in prominently figures murder of TP and protest against the party by emphasizing emphasizing by party the against protest and TP of murder ictim and construes the entire discourse as an attack on on attack an as discourse entire the construes and ictim 64

–

leaders, spokesmen and supporters supporters and spokesmen leaders, h fudn o RMP of founding the

- discourse in turn emphasizes emphasizes turn in discourse –

has been been has

CEU eTD Collection Ke North in The project. our in demonstrated eminently been has discourse’ of circulation and maintenance so that observation Mill’s Sara contestation. and implies familiar the Kerala North of case the in politics, violent of history peculiar revea is discourse the of analysis what creativity, cultural of Instead party. the of legacy revolutionary counter forceful ‘non provoked of narratives narratives these and ‘positive’, ‘rupture’ the something reinforcing into of it Instead transforming defeating. self to proved in have brutality, and retrospection, ideology factionalism, of themes the on based narratives The party. the TP the and Kerala North in culture political violent the of reality the interpreting of instead discourse, i creativity’ ‘cultural of absence the revealed has murder TP the of aftermath the in Kerala North in space discursive the of analysis An ‘transformation’ of instead 5.3 ‘Contestation’ for. stood it values progressive and the revolutionary party and destro to interests vested by attack an as construed is murder TP the on discourse entire The highlighted. is involved brutality the and reproduced are lives their lost have activists past the in martyrdoms by enriched party the of legacy revolutionary and progressive the this, with Along around. way other the not and activists party the been always have argued, spokesmen the victims, brutal past of inventory an called be can what constructing by countered forcefully was murder TP the of brutality of discourse The self defeating narratives/themes of the discourse have meant that the violent political life life political violent the that meant have discourse the of narratives/themes defeating self

murder in a transformative manner, provoked a powerful counter powerful a provoked manner, transformative a in murder rala remains largely unaltered. Mills’ reference to Michel Pecheux’s emphasis on on emphasis Pecheux’s Michel to reference Mills’ unaltered. largely remains rala

- ideological’ stature of the rebellion, past brutality, victimhood and and victimhood brutality, past rebellion, the of stature ideological’

is carefully delineated. Instances of political violence in which party party which in violence political of Instances delineated. carefully is –

counter cial context plays an important role in the ‘development, ‘development, the in role important an plays context cial -

discourse structure is a relapse in to the familiar. familiar. the to in relapse a is structure discourse t i h socio the in ity n the Sewellian sense Sewellian the n 65

- political life of North Kerala. The The Kerala. North of life political

(Sewell Jr, 1996,845) Jr, (Sewell - discourse from from discourse led in our our in led

With its its With conflict conflict . The The . y the the y -

CEU eTD Collection discourse theof nature contested counter powerful a was arose there discourse ideology, the because brutal that factionalism, of is themes ‘controversial’ note the around constructed to predominantly important is What import. less relatively wh not, or brutality its in unprecedented was murder TP’s whether not, or ideological was RMP of spokesmen Hence 18). 1997, Mills, multiple of virtue by its truth, there of regime produced its has is society it constraints…each world; the of is truth “ that argues Foucault of meaning the process, this In pragmatic. and political exclusively as it portrayed which rebellion, the rebellion TP’sof character into of regression infinite Instead an past. for the in activists own occasion an into turned therefore ‘rupture’ its the by presented opportunity the ‘transformation’, by suffered brutality and victimhood own where situation to led murder TP the in involved – brutality of theme The murder. TP the about ‘talking’ critical forceful rather present the and present, to party it communist which the madefor convenient They in ways. ‘wrong’ ways the were murder The TP the about analysis. ‘talk’ to our chose commentators in demonstrated is that discourse the of Mills in (cited groups other more to opposition and contrast in often, more or, to relation discourse of nature conflictual the

is an example. Instead of sustaining the impact of the ‘rupture’ the of impact the sustaining of Instead example. an is ether the factionalism in the party was of any consequence or not not or consequence any of was party the in factionalism ether the

represented the reality in its true and accurate form. Thus form. accurate and true its in reality the represented the TP murder itself happened to be contested. contested. be to happened itself murder TP the 1997,11)

– the question is not whether whether not is question the

is extremely relevant for us. It is indeed the conflictual the indeed is It for us. relevant isextremely

ended up being forcefully countered by the party’s own version of of version own party’s the by countered forcefully being up ended – victimhood. Similarly, a discussion of the ‘ideological’ ‘ideological’ the of discussion a Similarly, victimhood.

- in the attribution of meaning (of the TP murder) and in the the in and murder) TP the (of meaning of theinattribution

“ discourses do not occur in isolation but in dialogue, in in dialogue, in but isolation in occur not do discourses “ - discourse from the party under pressure. This This pressure. under party the from discourse 66

the party could easily do an inventory of its its of inventory an do easily could party the the ( truth…” of politics ‘general’ -

a predominant frame in the discourse discourse the in frame predominant a critical

omnaos or commentators , a discussion of brutality brutality of discussion a , -

whether the founding founding the whether –

are all questions of of questions are all ly, other ‘ways’ of of ‘ways’ other ly,

character of of character utterances” utterances”

h party the cited in in cited ity and and ity

CEU eTD Collection violence in communications ‘outside’ of the and severing ‘inside’ a the between and systems value alternative networks, social dense of long. so for violent been has life political whose Kerala North like society for a is valuable violence 1985) (Scott atte such one as seen is that violence violence, James ‘acceptable’. even of and ‘ordinary’ forms everyday to society the of realms political not was needed was what Perhaps result. different a had have may justice and citizenship plurality, democratic as such frames notable. is space discursive ‘non and subordinated these of lack the fact, reflection. further of worthy matter a is spokesmen party the of frames counter the and ideology and brutality factionalism, of frames dominant the fr by invisible these relatively rendered way the However, analysed. we that commentaries various the in figured had justice even and freedom democratic legality, of Frames it. from far analysed, we that discourses the in present ones only the were themes above the that say to not is This socio the influence to the lackedability that ‘rupture’ mere a into murder TP the limiting process the in contestation, and conflict of above, mentioned themes the privileging transformation. structural to eventually lead and ‘rupture’ a of out ‘event’ an make would that creativity’ ‘cultural of kind the prevented have to seems o culture political violent the (of reality the of interpretation In the the In new way new radicalized world of the violent actors in North Kerala “ North in violent actors the of world radicalized . communities of life everyday of mechanisms the towards sensitive be to mpt The very process of searching for alternate frames to talk about political political about talk to frames alternate for searching of process very The s

could lead to a de a to lead could Resituating the discourse around more tangible and ‘positive’ ‘positive’ and tangible more around discourse the Resituating

a gradation of brutality, but a re a but brutality, of gradation a - - ” political structures of North Kerala. North of structures political escalation of conflict and violence. violence. conflict ofand escalation

C. C. the discourse failed to rise above the familiar realms realms familiar the above rise tofailed discourse the Dla ot, 1995,139 Porta, (Della Scott - partisan’ v partisan’ 67

’s work, although dealing with resistance, is is resistance, with dealing although work, ’s oices in significant proportions in the the in proportions significant in oices f North Kerala), in retrospection, retrospection, in Kerala), North f To put it rather simply, by by simply, rather it put To - 9 ) 49 marked by the emergence emergence by the marked - sensitising of the socio the of sensitising eve ,

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