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3 Pharmacological Potential of Trichosanthes Research and Review PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF TRICHOSANTHES DIOICA – AN EDIBLE PLANT Biren N. Shah1, A. K. Seth2 1.Vidyabharti Trust College of Pharmacy, Umrakh, Gujarat, India. 2. Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University, Piperia, Gujarat, India. E-mail of Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (family: Introduction Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as The Indian subcontinent represents one “Sespadula” in English and “Parwal” in of the richest diverse genetic resources. Hindi, is widely grown throughout India. Of the estimated 250,000 species of Fruits of this plant are used as vegetable flowering plants at global level, about in Indian traditional food system from 3000 are regarded as food source; out of time immemorial. Besides fruits, other which only 200 species have been parts of the plant, such as the leaves and domesticated. Global diversity in tender shoots, have also been used in the vegetable crops is estimated to be about traditional system of medicine since 400 species of which about 80 species of ancient times. Pointed gourd has been major and minor vegetables are reported used for overcoming problems like to have originated in India. However, constipation, fever, skin infection, with the advent of cut and burn wounds and also improves appetite and agriculture, green digestion. The immature fruits are used revolution/commercialized agriculture, as vegetable and as ingredients of soup, the area development projects and the stew, curry, sweet, or eaten fried and as related activities of these diverse dorma with roe stuffing. The present resources are declining at a fast pace. review describes the morphological and Overgrazing, deforestation and over pharmacological aspects of exploitation of native resources under Trichosanthes dioica and summarizes range situations have eroded the the most interesting findings obtained in biodiversity from this unique ecosystem. the preclinical and clinical research Moreover, our traditional knowledge related to the plant. about these important indigenous plant species has also decreased in the Key words: Trichosanthes dioica, younger generation influenced by Pharmacology, Cucurbitaceae. urbanization. Indigenous plant species provide a variety of products like food, medicines, raw materials and are also an 3 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 02 issue 7 July 2010 Research and Review important source of renewable energy. to anthesis time for pistillate flowers and The Indian subcontinent had been one of 10–14 days for staminate flowers. the rich emporia of 2500 plant species Stigma remains viable for approximately used in indigenous treatment and food 14 hours and 40–70% of flowers set sources1. fruit. Based on shape, size and striation, Pointed gourd (cucurbitaceae) is a fruits can be grouped into 4 categories: dioecious perennial herbaceous (1) long, dark green with white stripes, vegetable. The crop is of Indo-Malayan 10–13 cm long, (2) thick, dark green origin and distribution and is extensively with very pale green stripes, 10–16 cm grown in eastern India2 and to a lesser long, (3) roundish, dark green with white extent in other parts of South Asia3. stripe, 5–8 cm long, and (4) tapering, Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (family: green and striped, 5–8 cm long6. Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as “Sespadula” in English and “Parwal” in Hindi, is widely grown throughout India2. Fruits of this plant are used as vegetable in Indian traditional food system from time immemorial. Besides fruits, other parts of the plant, such as the leaves and tender shoots, have also been used in the traditional system of medicine since ancient times4-6. Some specific medicinal properties have been identified, viz., hypocholesterolemic, hypoglyceridimic, and hypophospholipemic when shade-dried fruits were mixed in the food of Figure 1: Trichosanthes dioica plant. nondiabetic animals4, 7. Most recently, its seeds and leaves have also been found as Pharmacological Property antidiabetic agents by our research Anthelmintic group8, 9. It also serves as a rich source The in vitro activities of defatted of vitamin C4. methanol (MeOH) extract of the leaves from Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Botany (Cucurbitaceae), and its ethyl acetate The plant is a perennial, dioecious, and (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) grows as a vine (Fig. 1). Roots are fractions was evaluated against tuberous with long taproot system. Vines Pheretima posthuma (Annelida) and are pencil thick in size with dark green Ascaridia galli (Nematoda). All the cordate simple leaves. Flowers are extracts demonstrated concentration tubular white with 16–19 days initiation dependent paralytic and lethal effects on 4 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 02 issue 7 July 2010 Research and Review P. posthuma and lethal effects on A. Antioxidant galli. The EtOAc fraction was found to Antioxidants protect the body against be the most potent followed by the oxidative stress by neutralizing free defatted MeOH extract and its n-BuOH radicals. Plants contain rich amount of fraction. A. galli was found to be more polyphenols which are very potent sensitive than P. posthuma against all natural antioxidants. The study was tests extracts indicating T. dioica as an designed to evaluate the relative effective nematocide10. contribution of different polyphenols such as total phenolics, flavonoids and Antihyperglycemic flavonol contents and their antioxidants The study deals with the effect of a activities. For this purpose the total single oral dose of the aqueous extract of phenolics, flavonoids and flavonol Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. contents of some medicinal plants were (Cucurbitaceae) seeds in different determined in the aqueous extracts of diabetic animal models. Evaluation of leaves of Trichosenthes dioica, fruits of the antihyperglycemic effect in normal, Moringa olifera and Ficus bengalensis subdiabetic, and mild diabetic animal as well as seeds of Emblica officinalis. models is based on fasting blood glucose Total antioxidant activity of these (FBG) and glucose tolerance test (GTT) extracts was monitored by Free Radical studies. The graded doses of the extract, Absorbing Power (FRAP) assay. In this viz., 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mg/kg paper, those parts of the plants are used body weight (b.w.), were administered for the analysis of aforesaid parameters orally. It was found that the blood which are normally overlooked. The glucose concentration decreased in a total phenolic content of T. dioica leaves dose-dependent manner. The dose of was about two times more than that 1000 mg/kg b.w. was found to be most obtained from the fruits and seeds of M. effective with a maximum fall of 30.4% olifera and E. officinalis, respectively. at 6 h during FBG studies in normal rats. However, the aerial roots of F. However, the GTT studies showed the bengalensis registered presence of least maximum reduction of 26.6% at 5 h in phenolic content. The aqueous normal rats. Moreover, in case of sub preparation from E. officinalis exhibited diabetic and mild diabetic rats, the total flavonoid content twice as high as observed reduction in blood glucose that of the other three plants. The extract levels was 32.8% and 35.9%, from seeds of E. officinalis was found to respectively, at 3 h during GTT. The contain highest antioxidant activity as data clearly reveal the significant compared to the preparations from other antihyperglycemic profile of plants. The high antioxidant activity and Trichosanthes dioica seeds8. flavonoids contents in E. officinalis seeds indicated that it could be exploited 5 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 02 issue 7 July 2010 Research and Review as an ingredient in developing a potential cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and antioxidant supplement11. increased the high density lipoprotein In another study, antioxidant activity of cholesterol, phospholipid and faecal fruits of Trichosanthes dioica sterol levels. Such effects are manifested (Cucurbitaceae) was evaluated and from the very first week of feeding and compared with ascorbic acid (Standard). are statistically significant13. Anti-oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Trichosanthes dioica (TSD) fruits was Cholesterol-Lowering Activity studied for its free radical scavenging This study was to examine the effects of property in different in vitro methods as single and repeated oral administration 1, 1 diphenyl-2- picryl hydrazyl, nitric of the aqueous fruit extract of oxide, reducing power assay and Trichosanthes dioica (TD) at a dose of hydrogen peroxide radical method. 50 ml/kg b.w in normal and Different concentrations of aqueous streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The extract of TSD were prepared and aqueous fruit extracts of TD (50 ml/kg) evaluated by standard methods. The were administered orally for 15 days, to IC50 values of aqueous extract of TSD normal and diabetic rats. The effect of were compared with ascorbic acid the fruit extracts on cholesterol and (Standard) and it was noted that, the triglycerides, were studied. The body extract showed significant concentration weights of the rats were observed. The dependent free radical scavenging effect of the fruit extract was compared property in all the methods. Results from with vanadate, a reference drug. In the study showed that aqueous extract of normal rats, the aqueous fruit extract of TSD possess in vitro free radical TD induced significant decrease of scavenging activity. The findings could
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