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Sixth Edition Notter's Essentials of Nursing Research Jacqueline Rose Hott, RN, CS, PhD, FAAN, is Dean and Professor Emerita of Adelphi University School of Nursing and was Co-Director of the Project for Research in Nursing, Adelphi Univer- sity, 1977 to 1982; Executive Director, Mid-Atlantic Regional Nursing Association (MARNA), 1982 to 1985; and Chair, American Nurses Association (ANA) Council of Nurse Researchers, 1985 to 1987. She was elected to the American Academy of Nursing in 1978 and nominated for the Excellence in Research Award, National Founders Award of Sigma Theta Tau in 1983. Dr. Hott was named a "Women with Clout" by The Women's Record in January 1986 and received the First Mentor Award from Sigma Theta Tau, Alpha Omega Chapter, and the Distinguished Alumni Award from the New York University Division of Nursing Alumni in 1987; she was most recently honored by Soroptimist International of Nassau County with the "Women Helping Women" Award. She served as a member of the New York State Nurses Association Council on Nursing Research, 1990 to 1994. She serves as a distinguished lecturer for Sigma Theta Tau International. She also serves on the Advisory Board for the Adelphi University School of Nursing and for the Center for Nursing Research and Scholarly Practice at Molloy College. Dr. Hott is certified by the ANA as a clinical specialist in adult psychiatric mental health nursing and is certified in sex therapy by the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (AASECT). She holds postdoctoral certification in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy from Adelphi University Derner Institute and has served as president of the Northeast Psychological Associates. She is a sex therapist on the staff of New York University Behavioral Therapy Program. Wendy C. Budin, PhD, RN,C, is Assistant Professor of Nursing and Program Director of the Lamaze International Childbirth Educator Certification Program at Seton Hall University. She received one of the first NJ Breast Cancer Visiting Research Scholar Fellowships, awarded by the NJ State Commission on Cancer Research, 1996, to work with Dr. Carol Noll Hoskins, Professor of Nursing, New York University (NYU), on research dealing with adjustment to breast cancer. Dr. Budin's research "Psychosocial Adjustment to Breast Cancer in Unmarried Women" was funded by a grant from the American Nurses Foundation, and she was named the 1994 ANF Barbara A. Given Scholar. For this research, she also received the 1997 Sigma Theta Tau International Regional Research Dissertation Award. Other awards include the Distinguished Alumnus Award, Nursing Alumni Council, Seton Hall University, 1998; the NYU Arch Award, 1996 and Division of Nursing, Rudin Award, 1995; Excellence in Research Award, Sigma Theta Tau, Gamma Nu Chapter, 1991; and Faculty Role Model from the graduating class of Seton Hall College of Nursing, 1996, 1997. Dr. Budin is certified as a perinatal nurse by The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). Dr. Budin was appointed to the Joint Nursing/ Psychosocial Advisory Group to the NJ State Commission on Cancer Research, the Education/Research Committee and Certification Council of Lamaze Inter- national and is a consultant for Regents College, The University of the State of New York, in the content area of Research in Nursing. Sixth Edition Notter's Essentials of Nursing Research Jacqueline Rose Hott RN, cs, PHD, FAAN Wendy C Budin, PHD, RN, c Springer Publishing Company Copyright © 1999 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Springer Publishing Company, Inc. 536 Broadway New York, NY 10012-3955 Cover design by Janet Joachim Acquisitions Editor: Sheri W. Sussman Production Editor: Pamela Lankas 00 01 02 03 / 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Hott, Jacqueline Rose. Notter's essentials of nursing research / by Jacqueline Rose Hott and Wendy C. Budin. — 6th ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Essentials of nursing research / Lucille E. Notter, Jacqueline Rose Hott. 5th ed.c!994. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8261-1599-3 1. Nursing—Research. I. Budin, Wendy C. II. Notter, Lucille E. (Lucille Elizabeth), 1907-1993. Essentials of nursing research. III. Title [DNLM: 1. Nursing Research. WY 20.5H834n 1999] RT81.5.N67 1999 610.73'07'2—dc21 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 98-39259 CIP Printed in the United States of America Contents Foreword by Joyce J. Fitzpatrick vii Preface ix Aknowledgments xi I Introduction to Research 1 Evolution of the Research Movement in Nursing 3 2 The Meaning and Purpose of Research 20 II The Research Process 3 Selecting a Problem 53 4 The Literature Search 61 5 The Hypothesis 72 6 The Research Method 79 7 Data Collection 96 8 Analysis of the Data 123 9 Discussion of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations 143 10 Use of Computers in Nursing Research 149 11 The Research Report: Communicating the Findings 159 v VI Contents III Evaluation of Research 12 The Evaluation Process 171 Appendix A: Useful Reference Sources on Writing and Presenting Research 177 Appendix B: Useful References for Finding Funds for Nursing Research 179 Appendix C: Writing a Research Abstract 183 Appendix D: Overview of Research Serials in Nursing 186 Appendix E: Selected Internet Web Sites for Nursing-Research -Related Activities 190 Glossary of Selected Terms 195 Index 205 Foreword This new edition of Notter's Essentials of Nursing Research provides a contemporary explanation of the basic knowledge and skills that form the foundation of nursing research of clinical practice. The authors, Hott and Budin, expand the original work with examples of nursing research that enrich the text and, in particular, clarify the essential content. This book thus serves as an excellent introductory text for students in their first professional degree program and for beginning graduate students in nursing. Further, this publication is timely in that nursing research has come of age. Research courses are part of the curricula of all educational pro- grams. Clinical nurse researchers are employed by many health care agencies and systems; the nursing research budget within the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Nursing Research has grown steadily, and evidence-based practice is the expectation within nursing and health care. All professional nurses are now expected to be famil- iar not only with the language of research, but also with the underlying rationale for integration of research findings into professional practice. This book provides the important introductory information. There are many attractive features of this new edition that will con- vince the student to continue to use the book throughout his or her career. For example, the authors include a glossary of research terms and useful references for obtaining funds for research, from small pilot funds to sources of major support. Other major components of this text that will be of great interest to both novice researchers and teachers of beginning researchers are the references on presenting and publishing research, including how to write a research abstract. Basic facts about key nursing research journals also are presented. And for the newly ini- tiated into the communication age of the Internet, the authors provide a comprehensive list of Web sites for nursing-research activities. All of these special touches, combined with the basics of nursing research, help to make this book a complete resource for the beginner. vu viii Foreword Dr. Lucille Notter, the original author of this research text for nurses, would be proud of this newest edition. The straightforward writing style and excellent examples of today's leading nursing research make this an important work for the discipline. But, most especially, it is an important resource for nurses everywhere who are just being intro- duced to the scientific values that serve as the foundation for profes- sional practice. JOYCE J. FITZPATRICK, Editor Annual Review of Nursing Research Series Encylclopedia of Nursing Research Preface Nurses are assuming increasingly demanding professional responsibil- ities in the health care system, and with this responsibility comes the expectation that they will take a more active role in improving the delivery of health care. What nursing techniques work best for patients? What new procedures are most effective? Research can help us find sci- entific answers to these questions and other problems in nursing. This book is intended as an introduction to nursing research. Every nurse has a part to play in nursing research, whether it be as a participant in the research itself, as a user of the products of research, or as someone who identifies problem areas needing research. The research nurse and the practitioner have a common goal: to provide the best nursing care possible. Ideally, they join forces to work toward that goal. Therefore, all professional nurses should be familiar with at least the essentials of nursing research. Clinical studies (called applied research) aimed at improved practice and better patient care and basic research aimed at expanding the frontiers of knowledge are needed for the development and testing of nursing theories. Although an increasing number of specially qualified nurses are engaged in both clinical and basic research, it is important for all nurses to be aware of this need and to participate to the extent that they can. Many nurses in clinical practice are becoming interested in doing their own research. In addition to participating in research by keeping abreast of new studies, identifying clinical problems for future research, and cooperating and collaborating with research projects ini- tiated in their institutions, these nurses are seeking help in developing the skills required to carry out their own simple but carefully designed studies in the clinical setting.

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