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Nodding Syndrome Southern Sudan Medical Journal
Southern Sudan Medical Journal SSMJVolume 4. Number 1. February 2011 www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com Two children with Nodding syndrome and their father at Lui Hospital, South Sudan. (credit: Thomas Akim). Investigation into the NODDING SYNDROME in Witto Payam Malaria in South Sudan KAP of caretakers of malnourished children Vol 4. No 1. February 2011 Southern Sudan Medical Journal CONTENTS EDITORIAL The Southern Sudan Medical Journal is a quarterly publication intended for Healthcare Professionals, Nodding Syndrome: challenges for a bizarre both those working in the Southern Sudan and those in condition Edward Eremugo Luka ...................... 2 other parts of the world seeking information on health in the Southern Sudan. It aims to offer education and information in all specialities, and to identify research MAIN ARTICLES that will inform the development of Health Services in the Southern Sudan. We plan to include reports Investigation into the Nodding syndrome of original research, critical/systematic reviews, case in Witto Payam, Western Equatoria State reports, clinical photographic materials, letters to the in 2010 John Lagu Nyungura, Thomas Akim, Editor, use of drugs, medical news of public interest, and nutrition and public health issues. Anthony Lako, Abe Gordon, Lily Lejeng and Gibson William .................................................. 3 The Journal is published in mid-February, May, August and November and is free online at Malaria in South Sudan: 1. Introduction and pathophysiology Charles Ochero Cornelio and www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com Oromo Francis Seriano ........................................ 7 EDITORS Dr Wani Mena Malaria in South Sudan: 2. Clinical features Department of Ophthalmology and diagnosis David Attwood .......................... 10 Juba Teaching Hospital, Malaria in South Sudan: 3. Laboratory PO Box 88, Juba diagnosis Charles Ochero Cornelio Langoya ...... -
Nodding Syndrome in Ugandan Children—Clinical Features, Brain Imaging and Complications: a Case Series
Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002540 on 3 May 2013. Downloaded from Nodding syndrome in Ugandan children—clinical features, brain imaging and complications: a case series Richard Idro,1,2 Robert Opika Opoka,1 Hellen T Aanyu,1 Angelina Kakooza- Mwesige,1 Theresa Piloya-Were,1 Hanifa Namusoke,1 Sarah Bonita Musoke,1 Joyce Nalugya,3 Paul Bangirana,3 Amos Deogratius Mwaka,4 Steven White,5 Kling Chong,6 Anne D Atai-Omoruto,7 Edison Mworozi,1 Jolly Nankunda,1 Sarah Kiguli,1 Jane Ruth Aceng,8 James K Tumwine1 To cite: Idro R, Opoka RO, ABSTRACT ARTICLE SUMMARY Aanyu HT, et al.Nodding Objectives: Nodding syndrome is a devastating syndrome in Ugandan neurological disorder of uncertain aetiology affecting children—clinical features, Article focus children in Africa. There is no diagnostic test, and risk brain imaging and ▪ This paper offers detailed descriptions of the complications: a case series. factors and symptoms that would allow early diagnosis clinical features and complications of nodding BMJ Open 2013;3:e002540. are poorly documented. This study aimed to describe syndrome in Ugandan children and the electro- doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012- the clinical, electrophysiological and brain imaging physiological and brain imaging features. 002540 (MRI) features and complications of nodding syndrome ▪ It also proposes a clinical staging system for the in Ugandan children. disease. ▸ Prepublication history for Design: Case series. this paper are available Participants: 22 children with nodding syndrome Key messages ▪ online. To view these files brought to Mulago National Referral Hospital for Nodding syndrome is an epidemic neurological please visit the journal online assessment. -
Environmental, Dietary and Case-Control Study of Nodding Syndrome in Uganda: a Post-Measles Brain Disorder Triggered by Malnutrition?
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Journal of the Neurological Sciences 369 (2016) 191–203 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of the Neurological Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jns Environmental, dietary and case-control study of Nodding Syndrome in Uganda: A post-measles brain disorder triggered by malnutrition? Peter S. Spencer a,b,c,d,⁎, Rajarshi Mazumder a,1, Valerie S. Palmer a,b,d, Michael R. Lasarev c, Ryan C. Stadnik a,2, Peter King a,3, Margaret Kabahenda e, David L. Kitara c, Diane Stadler f, Breanna McArdle g, James K. Tumwine h, other Members of the Oregon-Uganda Nodding Syndrome Research Team 4: a Global Health Center (former), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA b Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA c Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA d Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda e Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda f Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA g Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA h Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda article info abstract Article history: Nodding Syndrome (NS) is an epileptic encephalopathy characterized by involuntary vertical head nodding, Received 5 August 2016 other types of seizures, and progressive neurological deficits. -
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol
Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 8, Issue 5 and Multireligious Understanding May, 2021 Pages: 238-259 Anthropological Narratives of Nodding Disease among the Acholi of Northern Uganda Alexander Paul Isiko1; Keddy Olanya Acayo2 1 Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Religious Studies and Philosophy, Kyambogo University, Uganda 2 Department of Religious Studies and Philosophy, Kyambogo University, Uganda http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i4.2554 Abstract Despite the scientific and specific medical interventions, nodding disease with neither a cure nor plausible explanation to its cause continues to affect the people of Acholi sub region. The disease continues to be a mystery to both the medical professionals and its victims. The World Health Organisation (WHO) affirms no known aetiology. It is so mystical that it affects only children between the ages of five and fifteen years; the disease has only been reported in Acholi sub region in Uganda without a previous history of existence in the area. In spite of the disease’s association to the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) war and Internally Displaced People’s (IDP) camps, other areas like Lango and Teso sub regions affected by the same have not experienced this disease. Nodding disease, therefore, seems to have defeated Western science of biomedicine and needs a different approach to explain its existence. Overtime, African societies, the Acholi inclusive, find solace in their cultural and religious beliefs to explain the existence and treatment of diseases. -
Nodding Syndrome: the Unresolved Mystery of a Pediatric Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa
HOT TOPICS FROM THE OXFORD INFECTION AND IMMUNITY IN CHILDREN COURSE Nodding Syndrome: The Unresolved Mystery of a Pediatric Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa Gasim Abd-Elfarag, MD and Michaël Boele van Hensbroek, MD, PhD are generally poor and often had a history of displacement as a Nodding syndrome is a mysterious neurologic illness of unknown result of civil conflict.1 etiology, presenting with distinctive clinical features often at early age. Currently, it affects children in restricted geographical areas in South Sudan, Northern Uganda and Southern Tanzania and is associated with CLINICAL PRESENTATION high mortality and morbidity, especially in the children with severe dis- The early stage of NS is often characterized by the occur- ease. In this paper, we will give an outline of what is known about nodding rence of a repetitive head nodding, with a frequency of 5–20 nods syndrome with respect to epidemiology, clinical presentation, etiology per minute, which is the result of a brief loss of neck muscle tone and treatment. In addition, a possible approach to resolving the mystery is due to generalized seizure activity recorded by electroencephalo- presented. gram.8,10,17,18 Nodding episodes may be provoked by food and cold weather8,10,17,18,20 and in 20% are preceded by prodromal symptoms, (Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019;38:S67–S71) including dizziness, inattention, excessive sleepiness or expres- sionless staring when food is offered.17 EPIDEMIOLOGY When the disease progresses, which occur in over 80% of Nodding syndrome (NS) poses a major public health con- cases, other types of seizures, including partial complex, generalized cern in parts of Tanzania, Uganda and South Sudan, with thousands tonic-clonic and atypical absence seizures may develop.10,12,15,17–19 of children affected.1–4 However, it is not a new disease. -
Situation Analysis of Newborn Health in Uganda Current Status and Opportunities to Improve Care and Survival
Situation analysis of newborn health in Uganda Current status and opportunities to improve care and survival MINISTRY OF HEALTH GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA The content of this publication and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of partner agencies or organisations. This publication may be used or reproduced for educa- tional or non-commercial purposes, provided that the material is accompanied by an acknowledgment. Suggested citation: Ministry of Health. Situation analysis of newborn health in Uganda: current status and opportunities to improve care and survival. Kampala: Government of Uganda. Save the Children, UNICEF, WHO; 2008. Photo credits: Save the Children. Photos on page 9 and 35 courtesy of Colin Walker. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6 ACRONYMS 7 Executive Summary 8 Chapter 1: Background and Research Methods 13 Chapter 2: Current Status of Newborn Survival in 19 Uganda Chapter 3: Maternal and Newborn Health Policies, 28 Strategies and Programmes Chapter 4: Newborn Care Practices at Household 35 and Community Chapter 5: Availability, Access, Utilisation and 45 Quality of Services for Newborn Health Chapter 6: Conclusions and Opportunities for Action 57 REFERENCES 65 APPENDICES 68 List of Figures and Tables: Tables: 1.1: Demographic and Socio-Economic Trends in Uganda 14 1.2: Structure and Scope of Health Centres 15 1.3: Study Districts 16 1.4: Category and Number of Key Informants 17 3.1: Uganda’s Targets Relating to Newborn Health 28 4.1: Newborn Signs and Symptoms -
Clinical Characteristics, Potential Causes, and Its Relationship with Recently Described Nodding Syndrome
Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin Comprehensive analysis of current knowledge of Nodding Syndrome Kathrin Maria Miehle Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Medizin der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Medizin (Dr. med) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Ernst Rummeny Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hemmer 2. Priv.-Doz. Dr. Jan St. Kirschke Die Dissertation wurde am 25.01.2018 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Medizin am 20.02.2019 angenommen. Table of contents Table of contents ......................................................................................................................... 1 Directory of abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 5 1. Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 6 3. Methods ............................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Search results for Nodding syndrome .................................................................................... -
Nodding Syndrome-A Mysterious Disease Affecting Children
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Review Article Nodding Syndrome - A Mysterious Disease Affecting Children Arun Kumar VN Assistant Professor, Rama Nursing College, Kanpur, UP. Received: 19/07/2016 Revised: 14/08/2016 Accepted: 16/08/2016 ABSTRACT Nodding Syndrome is a disorder of brain that affects children and adolescents in African countries. It is characterized by episodes of repetitive dropping forward of the head, often accompanied by other seizure-like activity, such as convulsions or staring spells. Studies have suggested that the head nods are due to atonic seizures. Since the cause is not known cause, symptomatic treatment was given. The objective is to relieve symptoms, and to provide primary and secondary prevention for disability and to improve function. The most important aspect of treatment was seizure control, management of behavioral and psychiatric difficulties, nursing care, nutritional and physical and cognitive rehabilitation. Key words: Nodding Syndrome, Seizure, Convulsions. INTRODUCTION are investigating to find out the exact cause Nodding Syndrome is a neurologic and pathophysiology for nodding disease. disorder of unknown etiology that affects The cause for the nodding is a children and adolescents in some parts of special seizure called an atonic seizure. Africa. There are probably between 5000 - Associations of the disease with 10,000 affected children in East Africa. This malnutrition and with onchocerciasis was first reported in Tanzania in 1960’s and (parasitic infection) later from Liberia, South Sudan and Signs and symptoms Northern Uganda where there are several Head Nodding is defined as thousand affected individuals. The repeated, involuntary drooping of the head syndrome is characterized by head nodding on two or more occasions. -
Nodding Syndrome—We Can Now Prevent It
International Journal of Infectious Diseases 44 (2016) 61–63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Infectious Diseases jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijid Editorial Nodding syndrome—we can now prevent it On Monday December 21, 2015, an information session was infected patients presenting with an ocular form of onchocercia- 10 organized by the Ugandan Health minister Dr Elioda Tumwesigye sis. Patients with O. volvulus infection receiving diethylcarbam- in Pader district, northern Uganda, to explain the results of the azine have also been reported to develop optic atrophy, probably investigations performed in Uganda to identify the cause of because of a Mazzotti reaction caused by the death of microfilariae 1 11 nodding syndrome (NS). present in the optic nerve. O. volvulus microfilariae have been 12 NS was first reported in Uganda in the districts of Kitgum, Pader, detected in the optic nerve and optic nerve sheets, but so far not and Lamwo in 2009. Retrospective studies would suggest cases as in the brain. Recently, functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural 13 early as 1997. By May 2014, a total of 3320 cases of NS had been sinuses were discovered; could these vessels be an entry point registered and treated, as well as 5185 cases of epilepsy in the for microfilariae? 2 affected districts. NS is a form of atonic epilepsy. Patients with Brain samples from NS patients who died in Uganda were flown NS present with episodes of uncontrollable nodding of the head to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the USA for (the head drops forward), mental retardation, and stunted growth, analysis. -
Harnessing Genomic Technologies Toward Improving Health in Africa: OPPORTUNITIES and CHALLENGES
JANUARY 2011 Harnessing Genomic Technologies Toward Improving Health in Africa: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Recommendations for the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Initiative to the Wellcome Trust and the National Institutes of Health Harnessing Genomic Technologies Toward Improving Health in Africa: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES January 2011 This white paper is a community-generated document outlining the opportunities and challenges for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Wellcome Trust (WT) in creating a genomics-focused, population-based research initiative in Africa. This document discusses problems and solutions for the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Initiative identified by senior African scientists and others that have worked extensively on the continent. The document was prepared by the H3Africa Working Group, with editing and composition provided by Emmanuel K. Peprah, Ph.D., and Charles N. Rotimi, Ph.D., M.P.H., both of the Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH. Harnessing Genomic Technologies Toward Improving Health in Africa OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES CONTENTS I. Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................................................................1 � Background ........................................................................................................................................................................1 � -
Investigation Into the Nodding Syndrome in Witto Payam, Western
MAIN articles Investigation into the Nodding syndrome in Witto Payam, Western Equatoria State, 2010 John Lagu Nyunguraa, Thomas Akimb, Anthony Lakoc, Abe Gordond, Lily Lejenge, Gibson Williamf Introduction community leaders, administrators and families at Witto IDP camp, Lui town and Jambo town. ‘Nodding syndrome’ is found in South Sudan mainly in Western Equatoria where it was first reported in the 1980s At Witto IDP camp the community leader explained the (1) and where WHO did a series of assessments in 2001, purpose of our visit (the first government-led delegation 2004 and 2006 (2). It has also been described in Western to investigate the mysterious nodding phenomenon) to Uganda (3) and Tanzania (4). a large crowd of affected children and their parents. We then had a one-hour brainstorming session with a focus Nodding syndrome is a progressive condition characterised group of 25 parents, elders of the community and church by head nodding (hence the name), mental retardation and leaders. We used unstructured questions and answers to stunted growth (4) affecting mainly children and young find out: adults. • when the community noticed the first case of nodding Some reports suggest that the episodes of nodding occur syndrome when the child begins to eat food or feels cold (1, 4). These episodes are said to be brief and disappear when • events that happened, including eating habits, during the child stops eating or feels warm again. the civil war and Little is known about the prognosis of the nodding • what the community thinks causes the disease. syndromebut it is thought to be a very debilitating We asked individuals to give a history of the syndrome physically and mentally. -
Maternal Education Is Associated with Vaccination Status of Infants Less
Nankabirwa et al. BMC Pediatrics 2010, 10:92 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/10/92 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Maternal education is associated with vaccination status of infants less than 6 months in Eastern Uganda: a cohort study Victoria Nankabirwa1,2*, Thorkild Tylleskär2, James K Tumwine1, Halvor Sommerfelt2,3, Promise-ebf Study Group2 Abstract Background: Despite provision of free childhood vaccinations, less than half of all Ugandan infants are fully vaccinated. This study compares women with some secondary schooling to those with only primary schooling with regard to their infants’ vaccination status. Methods: A community-based prospective cohort study conducted between January 2006 and May 2008 in which 696 pregnant women were followed up to 24 weeks post partum. Information was collected on the mothers’ education and vaccination status of the infants. Results: At 24 weeks, the following vaccinations had been received: bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG): 92%; polio-1: 91%; Diphteria-Pertussis-Tetanus-Hepatitis B-Haemophilus Influenza b (DPT-HB-Hib) 3 and polio-3: 63%. About 51% of the infants were fully vaccinated (i.e., had received all the scheduled vaccinations: BCG, polio 0, polio 1, DPT-HB- Hib1, polio 2, DPT-HB-Hib 2, polio 3 and DPT-HB-Hib 3). Only 46% of the infants whose mothers’ had 5-7 years of primary education had been fully vaccinated compared to 65% of the infants whose mothers’ had some secondary education. Infants whose mothers had some secondary education were less likely to miss the DPT-HB-Hib-2 vaccine (RR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8), Polio-2 (RR: 0.4, 95%CI: 0.3, 0.7), polio-3 (RR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.7) and DPT-HB-Hib-3 (RR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.7).