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Association Between Patterns in Agricultural Landscapes and the Abundance of Wheat Aphids and Their Natural Enemies

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Association Between Patterns in Agricultural Landscapes and the Abundance of Wheat Aphids and Their Natural Enemies European Journal of Environmental Sciences 101 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATTERNS IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND THE ABUNDANCE OF WHEAT APHIDS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES JUN-HE LIU1,*, MING-FU YU1, WEN-YI CUI1, LI SONG1, ZI-HUA ZHAO2, and ABID ALI3 1 Department of Biological Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, P.R. China 2 State Key CAS Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Effect of different landscape patterns on insect distribution and diversity was determined by studying wheat fields in complex and simple agricultural landscapes. We studied the influence of simple and complex agricultural landscapes on wheat aphids and their natural enemies in terms of the time of migration, abundance, population growth rate of the aphids and parasitoid abundance. The results indicate that the diversity of natural enemies is greater in the complex agricultural landscape and the effect of natural enemies on the abundance of wheat aphids was greater in the complex non-crop habitat. Wheat aphid hyperparasitoid populations differed in different agricultural landscapes with a greater number of parasites in complex agricultural landscapes. Resident times of predatory natural enemies differ in simple and complex agricultural landscapes. The number and types of predatory natural enemies are higher in complex than simple agricultural landscapes. Aphid population growth rates and the maximum population densities of wheat aphids differed significantly in simple and complex landscapes. Maximum population densities of different wheat aphids were very different in simple and complex landscape structures. The population growth rates and maximum population densities of the different predatory natural enemies and hyperparasitoids differed greatly. Keywords: landscape pattern, natural enemy, population dynamics, wheat aphid Introduction The pattern of agricultural landscapes greatly influ- Landscapes are composed of various types of habi- ences insects and their relationship to predators and tats that could potentially determine the abundance of parasites. There is little research on the effect landscape natural enemies (Bianchi et al. 2008). Natural enemies patterns on insect communities and interspecies rela- have the potential to control many insect pests and pre- tionships (Vollhardt et al. 2008) but recently it has be- vent outbreaks of insects in forests and agro-ecosystems come an important topic for ecologists (Andrén 1994; (DeBach and Rosen 1991) and ultimately contribute to Boutin et al. 2002; Haila 2002; Baguette et al. 2003; a reduction in the use of pesticides and their adverse Dauber et al. 2003). This study included both hetero- effects on the environment (Naylor and Ehrlich 1997). geneous and homogeneous landscapes with a gradient In all agricultural landscapes, there are habitats that from simple agricultural landscapes in which most of provide alternative food sources, hibernation sites and the land was cultivated (89.3% arable) to complex ag- hosts or prey for natural enemies (Landis et al. 2000) ricultural landscapes in which a high percentage of the and therefore the composition of landscapes has strong land was covered with non-crop habitats (39.6% arable). effect on the numerical responses of natural enemies In order to determine the relationships between wheat (predators and parasitoids) (Elliott et al. 2001). The aphids and their natural enemies in simple and com- mechanism that results in species responding differ- plex agricultural landscapes on the Yinchuang plain, we ently to landscapes composition is not the same for all studied the distribution of the natural enemies of wheat species. In order to understand the ecology of landscape aphids in different agricultural landscapes (Table 1). We one needs to understand the spatial and temporal dy- propose to test the following hypotheses: 1) the com- namics of organism (Wu and Hobbs 2002). Activity of plexity of the structure of a landscape and diversity of insect pests can be affected by many aspects of land- natural enemies of wheat aphids are positively correlat- scape composition (Tscharntke and Brandl 2004; Has- ed – the more complex the structure of the landscape, san et al. 2012) and movement of species in landscapes the greater the diversity of natural enemies. 2) struc- is determined by habitat specificity and dispersal ca- ture of the landscape affects migration of winged wheat pacity (Roland and Taylor 1997; Wanger and Edwards aphids and the numbers of parasites and predators re- 2001). Thus, the composition of landscapes is important corded in different agricultural landscapes. This paper in determining the movement of insect pests and natu- explores the effect of landscape on the numbers of nat- ral enemies in a landscape. ural enemies of wheat aphids. Liu, J.-H. et al.: Association between patterns in agricultural landscapes and the abundance of wheat aphids and their natural enemies European Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 101–108 102 J.-H. Liu et al. Table 1 Species composition of wheat aphids, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids and predators collected in spring wheat fields and reared in the laboratory. Pest group Species Complex agricultural landscape (CAL) Simple agricultural landscape (SAL) Macrosiphum avenae 1757 ± 235 2376 ± 428 Insects Schizaphis graminum 1318 ± 152 1790 ± 192 Rhopalosiphum padii 416 ± 75 598 ± 83 Aphidius avenae 311 ± 36 447 ± 51 A. gifuensis 147 ± 35 214 ± 44 A. sichuanensis 15 ± 4 8 ± 3 Parasitoids Trioxys asiaticus 7 ± 2 8 ± 3 Lysiphlebus confusus 4 ± 2 9 ± 3 Praon volucre 6 ± 3 9 ± 4 P. rhopalosiphum 3 ± 1 6 ± 2 Tetrastichus sp. 2 ± 1 8 ± 3 Asaphes vulgaris 49 ± 17 35 ± 13 Asaphes suspensus 78 ± 28 68 ± 23 Hyperparasitoids Pachyneuron aphidis 170 ± 39 119 ± 34 Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus 13 ± 2 7 ± 3 Dendrocecrus carpenter 9 ± 3 8 ± 3 Alloxysta sp. 1 175 ± 42 131 ± 36 Hippodamia tredecimpunctata 8 ± 3 5 ± 2 Hippodamia variegata 6 ± 2 11 ± 4 Coccinella septempunctata 2 ± 1 5 ± 2 Harmonia axyridis 3 ± 1 4 ± 2 Propylea japonica 12 ± 4 7 ± 3 Chrysopa sinica 7 ± 3 8 ± 3 C. formosa 4 ± 1 6 ± 2 Sympetrum croceolum 3 ± 1 2 ± 1 Chlaenius pallipes 19 ± 8 59 ± 15 Pterostichus gebleri 4 ± 1 13 ± 3 Cymindis binotata 3 ± 1 21 ± 6 Cymindis daimio 4 ± 1 19 ± 5 Calosma maderae 5 ± 2 13 ± 4 Scarites terricola 6 ± 1 18 ± 3 Harpalus crates 9 ± 2 6 ± 4 Predators Harpalus salinus 7 ± 1 4 ± 2 Staphylinus maxillosus 17 ± 5 21 ± 7 Erigonidium graminicolum 19 ± 6 27 ± 8 Pardosa astrigera 23 ± 8 39 ± 12 Lycisa coelestris 10 ± 3 13 ± 4 Theridionocto macutatum 5 ± 2 9 ± 3 Misumenops tricuspidatus 11 ± 3 19 ± 5 Pardosa laura 8 ± 3 5 ± 2 Tetragnatha shikokiana 9 ± 3 7 ± 2 Xysticus ephippiatus 18 ± 5 12 ± 4 Erigone prominens 14 ± 5 11 ± 2 Agelena opulenta 8 ± 2 3 ± 1 Scaeva selenitica 3 ± 1 5 ± 2 Syrphus corollae 9 ± 3 21 ± 4 Syrphus nitens 8 ± 3 19 ± 5 European Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2 Abundance of wheat aphids and their natural enemies 103 Materials and Methods 20 June). The aphids and natural enemies were counted at intervals of 10 days from 15th April to 20th June. Study region and experimental design The study was conducted in Yinchuan (38°26΄05N, Monitoring of arthropods / Insect Sampling 106°22΄04E) in Ningxia Province, PR China. The areas Method used to survey wheat aphids: At each point studied were assigned to the following categories of land- on the grid 100 representative wheat plants were ran- scape: (1) complex agriculture (CAL hereafter) or highly domly selected. Each of these plants was examined over heterogeneous agricultural areas, (2) simple agriculture a period of 15–20 min and any M. avenae, S. graminum (SAL hereafter) or homogenous agricultural areas (Zhao or R. padi and wingless aphids present on the plants Zihua 2010). There were three study areas: I – Xixia army were recorded thereby generating five sets of data for horse ranch in Yinchuan, Ningxia (complex landscape); the grid (Table 2). II – Zhangzheng Bridge in Xingqing district (complex Method used to survey parasitoids: Using the grid de- landscape); III – Zhangzheng town in Xingqing district scribed above, 100 wheat plants were randomly selected and (simple landscape). In all the regions studied no pesticides visually examined for 15–20 min. The number of mummi- were applied and they were managed according to the rec- fied aphids, S. graminum and R. padi and wingless aphids ommended production technology for that area and crop. were counted. Mummified aphids were taken to the labora- They were studied from May to July in 2009, 2010 and 2011. tory and placed in a Petri dish labeled with the date of col- Wheat aphids generally tend to stay and increase in num- lection and a sample code number and kept under the fol- bers in a field before flying away. A five-point (East, South, lowing conditions (16 : 8 L : D, 20 ± 1 °C, RH = 65 ± 3%) in West, North and Center) sampling grid was established, an incubator. Over a period of more than 40 days we record- depending on the local characteristics. A total of 70 wheat ed whether parasitoids had emerged from mummies every fields of different sizes in different landscapes were studied. day at 5:00 PM. These parasitoids and the aphid mummies were stored in 90% alcohol prior to identification. Wheat aphid populations recorded in different periods Net method: Predators were surveyed using the same Three important factors in the population dynamics of checkerboard 5 point random sampling grid described aphids were recorded on different dates throughout the above. Each position on the grid was swept 10 times. Ten sampling period in 2009, 2010 and 2011: (1) appearance adult insects from each sweep of the net were collected in the fields (10 April – 15 May), (2) period of population and together with debris placed in a poison bottle, with growth (16–30 May), and (3) peak numbers (30 May – a total of five bottles collected at each position.
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