DOCSLIB.ORG

Preliminary Study on Potency of Coprostanol and Coliform Bacteria in Semarang Coastal Area

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preliminary Study on Potency of Coprostanol and Coliform Bacteria in Semarang Coastal Area Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 6, Number 1, October 2002 : 47-54 Accredited: 69/Di ti/Kep/2000 Original paper PRELIMINARY STUDY ON POTENCY OF COPROSTANOL AND COLIFORM BACTERIA IN SEMARANG COASTAL AREA By: Tonny Bachtiar *) (1, 2, 3) (1) Oceanography Study Program, Department of Marine Science, (2) Center for Tropical Coastal and Marine Studies, Research Institute, (3) raduate School of Environmental Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50239, Indonesia Received: December 23, 2002 ; Accepted: January 26, 2003 ABSTRACT Feca co iform bacteria have been wide y used as a bio ogica indicator of sewage (domestic waste) po ution. (owever, as a bio ogica indicator in urban coasta waters, it has disadvantage, in particu ar because of increased vo ume of industria wastes that are to)ic and heated, increase of sa inity, and ow disso ved o)ygen. These conditions may affect the growth rate of most bacteria, inc uding feca co iform bacteria that becomes under representative in sewage po ution in urban coasta waters. It is necessary to find a ternative indicator that can be used to better understand the sewage po ution in urban coasta waters. Many researchers have proposed coprostano as a chemica indicator of sewage po ution. To understand the e)istence of coprostano and co iform bacteria, a pre iminary study has been done on water and sediment samp es from the river, river mouth, and seawater of Ban,ir -ana Timur .emarang coasta waters. The resu ts showed that coprostano cou d be detected in sediment from a sites, on the other hand co iform bacteria decreased with the increase of sa inity, and were not detected in the seawater. Key words: Coprostanol, co iform, coastal, pollution, sewage *) Correspondence: Phone/,a-: ./021.241 7474092, 2453035 Email: tonny_bachtiar5hotmail.com the environment 7uality. Pollution of INTRODUCTION organic substance, such as domestic Identification of sewage .domestic waste1 wastes, affects the dissolved o-ygen into pollution in the environment is important insufficient condition for the organism, as regarding health, esthetical, and other well as contains a lot of other materials ecological reasons. Increased intensity and that are hazardous wastes, such as variety of human activities in coastal pathogen organism. regions re7uire specific environment Co iform bacteria have been conditions. 8ased on particular conditions, widely used as a biological indicator of better understanding of the condition of sewage pollution. To determine each sewage pollution in urban coastal waters pathogen organism directly is not easy and become very important. The main problem sometimes is e-pensive, so that in the of pollution is not only based on the purpose of water 7uality management, it is to-icity of the pollutants .Alloway and necessary to have an indicator. Co iform Ayers 19941, but also the indirect impact to bacteria have been used as an indicator 47 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 6, Number 1, October 2002 : 47-54 Accredited: 69/Di ti/Kep/2000 because they are found abundant in the e-istence and persistence of coprostanol. It fecal of human and animal, and in general is because as organic material, coprostanol are relatively easy to determine. The will be degraded in the environment, occurrences of co iform bacteria indicate especially in tropical region. 8ased on that the contamination of domestic wastes, fact, the e-istence of coprostanol and therefore the e-istence of pathogen co iform bacteria in 8anCir Danal Timur organism should be concerned .Dutka et Semarang coastal waters was e-amined. a . 1974, Chapra 19971. However, using co iform bacteria as an indicator of domestic waste pollution in the environment with high environmental MAT RIAL AND M THODS stress, such as urban coastal waters, has created other problems that may be Sampling affected by several factors: these are a1 the increase of salinity from freshwater to Sampling of water and sediments were seawater, b1 increase of industrial wastes carried out at 5 stations in three that are to-ic and heated, and c1 low environmental conditions: namely a1 dissolved o-ygen .Walker et a . 1922, rivers, b1 riverEs mouth, and c1 seawater, of 8artlett 19271. These conditions may affect 8anCir Danal Timur Semarang coastal the growth rate of bacteria, so that the waters. There were three stations in the e-isting fecal co iform bacteria are under river environment: 8anCir Danal Timur representative in sewage polluted urban .8DT1, Dali Tambak Lorok .DTL1, and coastal waters. To solve these problems, Dali Tenggang .DT1G one station was in several researchers proposed coprostanol riverEs mouth environment, and one station as a chemical indicator of sewage pollution was in seawater environment. Si- liters of .Hatcher et a . 1977, Hatcher and water samples were collected for each Mc illivary 1979, 8rown and Wade 1924, station by using Niskin 8ottle water D?reth et a . 1920, Holm and Windsor sampler at 10 cm below the surface. One 1990, Coakley and Poulton 1991, Coakley liter was prepared for co iform analysis. et a . 1992, 8achtiar 1993, 8achtiar et a . Surface bottom sediment samples were 1990, Jeng and Hang 1994, Jeng et a . collected using van Ieen rab sampler, 1990, Chan et a . 19921. and sampled from the top to 2 cm of Coprostanol .5bAcholestanA3bAol1, surface sediment. The samples were a derivative of cholesterol by intestinal immediately put in dark bottle and stored microorganism, is dominant fecal sterol in in a cooler .5èC1 during the fieldwork. human faces .40A00 B of total sterol1, and ,urther all samples were immediately put was also detected in mammal and chicken, into cold storage at 5èC until analysis. but it was not produced by marine organism .Walker et a . 19221. The Coprostanol Analysis e-istence of coprostanol in coastal water environment indicates that domestic wastes Coprostanol analyses were done for both have reached that area. Coprostanol had sediment and water samples. ,ive liters of been used to indicate and to trace the water samples for each station were domestic wastes, and the results showed pumped through the glass fiber filter paper that coprostanol has a high performance as .2.0 mm, Ahlstrom1 using a hand vacuum an indicator and a natural tracer of pump to get the suspended material for domestic wastes However, all of the coprostanol analysis. The sediment and studies had been done in high latitude suspended materials were prepared for as regions. To use coprostanol in Indonesia, it Chromatography . C1 analysis as follows is necessary to well understand the .8achtiar 20021: 42 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 6, Number 1, October 2002 : 47-54 Accredited: 69/Di ti/Kep/2000 a. So-hlet e-traction chloroform, and fractions that contain Sediment and suspended sediment samples sterol were isolated with 10 B methanol in were dried using freezeAdried method. A chloroform. The fractions were collected in minimum of 5 gram dried sample was 9.5 dram vials, and stored in a fridge until needed for e-traction. The samples were preparation for as Chromatography . C1 e-tracted in benzene:methanol .1:1, v/v1 in analysis. so-hlet apparatus for 24 hours. f. Sample Preparation for C Heptadecanol was added as internal Sterol fractions were evaporated Cust to standard to the e-tract. E-tracted dryness, and later the samples were sediments were dried in the oven .00èC1 transferred to HP septumJcapped vial for several days. The weights were using 2 - 0.5 ml Heptane. 8ST,A continuously recorded until their values .8is.trimethylsilyl1Atrifluoroacetamide1 have no longer changed. 100 ml was added, and then the samples b. Evaporation were heated at 130 èC for 15 minutes to The e-tracts were evaporated until near make them more responsive on the C dryness by using rotary evaporator. capillary column. ,inally, the samples c. Saponification were allowed to cool. Once cooled, the The e-tracts were dissolved in samples were ready for C analysis. benzene:methanol .1:1, 2 ml, 3A4 times1 in g. as Chromatography a 50 ml centrifuge tube and were then Analyses of coprostanol were carried on saponified with 5 ml methanolic DOH .0.5 Hitachi 203A50 as Chromatography with N DOH in 95B methanol, 5 B H2O1. The an SEA30 column capillary, and standard tube was placed in boiling water bath for flameAionization detector .,ID1. Nitrogen 20 minutes and allowed to cool. was used as carrier gas .50 ml/minute1. d. E-traction The as Chromatography was The saponification was followed by programmed that the inCector and detector e-traction by using nAhe-ane .5 ml1 4 was 300èC, and the oven was 150èC J times. The tubes were centrifuged for few 220èC with increasing 5èC/minute. minutes. The top organic phase was Coprostanol concentration was calculated transferred into a pear shape flask .50 ml1 based on relative response factor .RR,1 using a long pipette. Methanol phase was from a reference solution containing discarded. coprostanol standard and reference e. ,ractionation standard. RR, was determined by using E-tract lipids were fractionated using silica the following formula .Telford et a . gel .deactivated with 5 B water1 in 19931: chromatography column. Less polar lipids were fractionated using 40B he-ane in mg coprostano l in standard Area reference standard RRF = x Area coprostano l in standard mg reference standard .11 8ased on formula .11, coprostanol concentration in samples was determined by using following formula: RRF x Area coprostano l x mg Internal Standard mg coprostano l = Area Internal Standard .21 The response of internal standard .IS1, reference standard, and coprostanol was the area of IS, reference standard, and coprostanol, that are determined from the C output. Total Coliform Analysis 49 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 6, Number 1, October 2002 : 47-54 Accredited: 69/Di ti/Kep/2000 Co iform analyses were done only for sterile metal loop 3 mm in diameter, one water samples.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Organic Matter Composition Related to Methane Ebullitive Flux of an Urban Coastal Lagoon, Southeastern Brazil
    Quim. Nova, Vol. 42, No. 6, 619-627, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170373 ORGANIC MATTER COMPOSITION RELATED TO METHANE EBULLITIVE FLUX OF AN URBAN COASTAL LAGOON, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL Alessandra da Fonseca Vianaa,*, , Marco Aurélio dos Santosa, Marcelo Corrêa Bernardesb and Marcelo Amorima aInstituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-450 Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brasil b Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói – RJ, Brasil Artigo Recebido em 25/04/2019; aceito em 04/06/2019; publicado na web em 26/06/2019 In 2016, Brazil emitted 18.25 Tg of methane. Some of these emissions occur through continental aquatic ecosystems, locations of fate and accumulation of organic and inorganic matter. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the origin of organic matter in Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, an eutrophic, coastal and chocked lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, through the determination of n-alkanes and sterols compounds in the upper two centimeters of sediment and compare these data with methane ebullitive flux. The concentrations of n-alkanes varied between 2.43 and 25.82 µg g-1. C29 was predominant compound in most sites, but also with important petrogenic source evidenced by the occurrence of Unresolved Complex Misture. The total concentration of sterols ranged from 2.76 to 56.01 µg g-1. β-sitostanol was the most abundant compound and coprostanol was the most relevant at the sites under -2 -1 -2 -1 influence of domestic effluents. 4CH ebullitive flux averaged 199 mg m d in the dry period and 9.3 mg m d during the wet season.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Derivatization Process Using NO-Bis-(Trimethylsilyl)
    World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering Vol:4, No:1, 2010 Study on the Derivatization Process Using N-O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide, N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroace tamide, Trimethylsilydiazomethane for the Determination of Fecal Sterols by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Jingming Wu, Ruikang Hu, Junqi Yue, Zhaoguang Yang, and Lifeng Zhang Abstract—Fecal sterol has been proposed as a chemical indicator I. INTRODUCTION of human fecal pollution even when fecal coliform populations have O protect public health, it is important to monitor drinking diminished due to water chlorination or toxic effects of industrial effluents. This paper describes an improved derivatization procedure Twater and recreational water bodies to ensure the for simultaneous determination of four fecal sterols including pathogens are not present. Recently, various chemical coprostanol, epicholestanol, cholesterol and cholestanol using gas compounds have been used for identifying human sewage chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), via optimization study contamination in water bodies [1-3]. Coprostanol, formed on silylation procedures using N-O-bis during catabolism of cholesterol by indigenous bacteria present (trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and in the gut of humans or animals, is the primary fecal sterol N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), which lead to the formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and detected in the domestic wastewater or sediment samples [1-3]. tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) derivatives, respectively. Two It has been proposed as a chemical indicator of human fecal derivatization processes of injection-port derivatization and water bath pollution even when fecal coliform populations have derivatization (60 oC, 1h) were inspected and compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Conversion of Cholesterol to Coprostanol and Cholestanol in the Estuary Sediment
    Conversion of Cholesterol to Coprostanol and Cholestanol in the Estuary Sediment 著者 "TESHIMA Shin-ichi, KANAZAWA Akio" journal or 鹿児島大学水産学部紀要=Memoirs of Faculty of publication title Fisheries Kagoshima University volume 27 number 1 page range 41-47 別言語のタイトル 海底堆積物におけるコレステロールからコプロスタ ノールおよびコレスタノールへの変換 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10232/13110 Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 41-47 (1978) Conversion of Cholesterol to Coprostanol and Cholestanol in the Estuary Sediment Shin-ichi Teshima* and Akio Kanazawa* Abstract This paper deals with the conversion of cholesterol-4-14C to radioactive coprosta nol, cholestanol, and cholestenone in the estuary sediment from Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima, Japan. The incubation of cholesterol-4-14C with the sediment and sea water gave radio active coprostanol, cholestanol, and cholestenone. The identification of these radio active compounds was performed by thin-layer chromatography and preparative gas- liquid chromatography followed by radioactive measurements. However, the incu bation of cholesterol-4-14C with sterilized sediment and with sea water (or sterilized sea water) produced extremely small amounts of the above mentioned conversion products. These results indicated that the conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol, cholestanol, and cholestenone is effected by the action of microorganisms in the sediment. Several workers have attempted to use coprostanol (5^-cholestane-3y?-ol) as an indicator of fecal pollution in water1"7*. Since the feces of human and mam mals are regarded as the only source of coprostanol in natural environments, the occurrence of coprostanol has been conceived to be indicative of water pol lution in the cause of human life. As to the marine environments, the authors have pointed out the presence of coprostanol in both sea water and the sediments in Ariake Sea, indicating that the concentration of coprostanol was markedly high in the sediments as com pared with that of sea water7).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Analytical Methods for Detecting Unknown Chemicals in Recycled Water
    PROJECT NO. 4992 Evaluating Analytical Methods for Detecting Unknown Chemicals in Recycled Water Evaluating Analytical Methods for Detecting Unknown Chemicals in Recycled Water Prepared by: Keith A. Maruya Charles S. Wong Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority 2020 The Water Research Foundation (WRF) is a nonprofit (501c3) organization which provides a unified source for One Water research and a strong presence in relationships with partner organizations, government and regulatory agencies, and Congress. The foundation conducts research in all areas of drinking water, wastewater, stormwater, and water reuse. The Water Research Foundation’s research portfolio is valued at over $700 million. The Foundation plays an important role in the translation and dissemination of applied research, technology demonstration, and education, through creation of research‐based educational tools and technology exchange opportunities. WRF serves as a leader and model for collaboration across the water industry and its materials are used to inform policymakers and the public on the science, economic value, and environmental benefits of using and recovering resources found in water, as well as the feasibility of implementing new technologies. For more information, contact: The Water Research Foundation Alexandria, VA Office Denver, CO Office 1199 North Fairfax Street, Suite 900 6666 West Quincy Avenue Alexandria, VA 22314‐1445 Denver, Colorado 80235‐3098 Tel: 571.384.2100 Tel: 303.347.6100 www.waterrf.org [email protected] ©Copyright 2020 by The Water Research Foundation. All rights reserved. Permission to copy must be obtained from The Water Research Foundation. WRF ISBN: 978‐1‐60573‐503‐0 WRF Project Number: 4992 This report was prepared by the organization(s) named below as an account of work sponsored by The Water Research Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • View Data Sheet
    PRODUCT DATA SHEET Coprostanol Catalog number: 1116, 1116-k Molecular Formula: C 27 H48 O Common Name: 5-beta -Cholestane-3-beta -ol Molecular Weight: 389 Source: semisynthetic Storage: -20°C Solubility: chloroform, ethyl ether, warm, Purity: TLC >98% methanol TLC System: hexane/ethyl ether, (85:15 by vol) CAS number: 360-68-9 Appearance: solid H H H HO H Application Notes: Coprostanol is formed via the biohydrogentaion of cholesterol in many animals by intestinal bacteria. It is widely used as a biomarker for human fecal matter in the environment, especially in regards to sewage pollution of water sources. 1 Coprostanol can be converted to coprostanone, another important fecal biomarker. Whereas many sterols are found esterified in vivo rather than as free sterols, coprostanol is not usually found esterified and is absorbed through the intestine as a free sterol. 2 After absorption through the intestine a small amount of coprostanol is converted to acidic, neutral, and water soluble compounds. 3 This product is a high purity sterol that is ideal as an analytical standard. 4 Selected References: 1. P. Nichols et al. “Comparison of the abundance of the fecal sterol coprostanol and fecal bacterial groups in inner-shelf waters and sediments near Sydney, Australia” Journal of Chromatography A , vol. 643(1-2) pp. 189-195, 1993 2. R. Rosenfeld, B. Zumoff, and L. Hellman “Metabolism of coprostanol-C14 and cholestanol-4-C14 in man” Journal of Lipid Research , vol. 4(3) pp. 337- 340, 1963 3. R. Bell et al. “Bile Acids” Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 240(3) pp.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Review of Synthetic Chemicals in Surface Waters of the US, the EU and China
    Environment International 131 (2019) 104994 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environment International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envint Review article A critical review of synthetic chemicals in surface waters of the US, the EU T and China ⁎ Wendi Fanga, Ying Penga, Derek Muirb,c, Jun Lind, Xiaowei Zhanga, a State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China b Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada c School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China d Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Handling editor: Adrian Covaci There is a wide concern that emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) in surface water could adversely affect human Keywords: health and wildlife. However, the geographic distribution, exposure pattern and ecological risk of emerging Chemical pollution organic pollutants are poorly understood at a global scale. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the Risk assessment exposure level of EOPs in China, the US and the EU based on the published literature. The hazard level of three Pesticide categories of EOPs, namely pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides and industrial Industry chemicals was further evaluated by adopting a novel Aquatic HazPi index that jointly accounts for the persis- Pharmaceutical and personal care products tence, bioaccumulation, toxicity and bioactivity. Furthermore, a correlation analysis of land use with the surface Land use water exposure status regarding the synthetic chemicals was conducted. According to the published data re- ported between 2010 and 2016, the concentration of pesticides in the US was higher than in the EU and China.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Assembly of Helical Ribbons
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 7883–7887, July 1999 Biophysics Self-assembly of helical ribbons YEVGENIYA V. ZASTAVKER*, NEER ASHERIE*, ALEKSEY LOMAKIN*, JAYANTI PANDE*, JOANNE M. DONOVAN†, JOEL M. SCHNUR‡, AND GEORGE B. BENEDEK*§ *Department of Physics, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, and Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307; †Department of Medicine, Brockton͞West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Roxbury, MA 02132; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and ‡Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio͞Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC 20375-5348 Contributed by George B. Benedek, May 7, 1999 ABSTRACT The self-assembly of helical ribbons is exam- absence of the phosphatidylcholine, only needle-like crystals ined in a variety of multicomponent enantiomerically pure form (4, 21), whereas without the bile salt only stable plate-like systems that contain a bile salt or a nonionic detergent, a crystals are produced (24). Konikoff et al. (4, 21) also argued phosphatidylcholine or a fatty acid, and a steroid analog of that phosphatidylcholine was necessary only for the initial cholesterol. In almost all systems, two different pitch types of stages of helix formation, because its removal did not affect helical ribbons are observed: high pitch, with a pitch angle of preformed helical structures. Helix formation was also unaf- and low pitch, with a pitch angle of 11 ؎ 2°. Although fected by the specific identity of phosphatidylcholine and bile ,2° ؎ 54 the majority of these helices are right-handed, a small pro- salt used, although the kinetics of helix formation was affected portion of left-handed helices is observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Influence Ofdietary Cholesterolon Cholesterol
    Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 44, No. 11, 1965 Studies on the Influence of Dietary Cholesterol on Cholesterol Metabolism in the Isotopic Steady State in Man * JEAN D. WILSON t AND CHARLES A. LINDSEY, JR. (From the Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas) The relation between dietary cholesterol and it can quantitatively account only for a degree of the concentration of cholesterol in serum has been protection equal to that amount ordinarily syn- the subject of intense interest since the original thesized in the liver, whereas the serum choles- demonstration that both hypercholesterolemia and terol remains virtually stable despite the in- atherosclerosis could be induced in the rabbit by gestion of quantities of cholesterol many times the feeding of diets rich in cholesterol (2). On this value. Second, the ingestion of cholesterol the other hand, in man virtually all studies have could cause an increase in the rate of degradation demonstrated that rather wide variations in the of cholesterol to bile acids. This phenomenon cholesterol intake result in less marked effects has been clearly documented in the rat (12, 13); on the serum cholesterol (3-8). Even when the in this species increased bile acid production oc- intake of dietary cholesterol greatly exceeds the curring with very effective cholesterol absorption normal turnover rate, the concentration of choles- is the major means by which serum cholesterol terol in the serum almost never rises more than is stabilized. Finally, it is obvious that any effect 100 mg per 100 ml (8), and indeed, in careful of exogenous cholesterol on cholesterol metabo- balance studies it is necessary to compare cho- lism is dependent on its rate of absorption.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin
    A Report of the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board to the International Joint Commission February 2010 GROUNDWATER IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION JOINT MIXTE COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE Canada and United States Canada et États-Unis Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin A Report to the International Joint Commission from the IJC Great Lakes Science Advisory Board February 2010 The views expressed in this report are those of the individuals and organizations who participated in its compilation. They are not the views of the International Joint Commission. i Citation: Great Lakes Science Advisory Board to the International Joint Commission (IJC), 2010. Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin, 2010. IJC, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within the report or its appendices. ISBN 1-894280-97-0 International Joint Commission Great Lakes Regional Office 100 Ouellette Ave., 8th Floor Windsor, Ontario N9A 6T3 Canada Telephone: (519) 257-6700, (313) 226-2170 World Wide Web: http://www.ijc.org This report is available in English in pdf format at: http://www.ijc.org/en/reports/2010/groundwater-in- the-great-lakes-basin This report, minus the Appendices, is available in French in pdf format at: http://www.ijc.org/fr/ reports/2010/groundwater-in-the-great-lakes-basin ii Contents Commissioners’ Preface v Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin 1 Letter of Transmittal 8 Acknowledgements, Activities and Meetings, and Membership 10 Appendices 12 Appendix A Progress on Understanding Groundwater Issues in the Great Lakes Basin 13 Appendix B Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin — Pathogens 22 Appendix C Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes -St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence of Coprostanol, an Indicator of Faecal Pollution in Sea
    OCEANOLOGICA ACTA 1978 -VOL. 1 - No 1 ~ -----~- Coprostanol lndicator Faecal pollution The occurrence Se a Coprostanol Indicateur of coprostanol, Pollution fécale Mer an indic ator of faecal pollution, in sea water and sediments Akio Kanazawa, Shin-lchi Teshima Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kagoshima, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima City, 890 Japan Received 26/7/77, in revised form 27/9/77, accepted 4/10/77. ABSTRACT The present study deals with the concentration of coprostanol and other sterols in sea water and sediments from the Ariake Sea and in water from the Anraku River. After extraction of lipids with hexane, coprostanol and other sterols were isolated by column chromatography on alumina with hexane-benzene. The quantitative determination of sterols was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography on 1.5% OV -17, using cholestane as an internai standard. Sea water and sediment samples from the Ariake Sea contained substantial amounts of coprostanol and a large amount of cholesterol. Coprostanol concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 1.05 j.tgjl of sea water, and from 0.02 to 1.77 j.tg/g of dry sediment, respectively. Coprostanol was also detected in the water of the Anraku River, polluted with the sewage from swineries upstream. These data show how coprostanol may be used as an indicator for the detection offaecal contamination in marine environments. Oceanol. Acta, 1978, 1, 1, 39-44. Le coprostanol, indicateur possible de la pollution fécale dans l'eau de mer et les sédiments · RÉSUMÉ La présente étude concerne l'analyse de la concentration du coprostanol et d'autres stérols dans l'eau et les sédiments de la mer d'Ariake et dans les eaux de la rivière Anraku.
    [Show full text]
  • Milk Polar Lipids Reduce Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors In
    Nutrition ORIGINAL ARTICLE Milk polar lipids reduce lipid cardiovascular risk Gut: first published as 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318155 on 12 June 2019. Downloaded from factors in overweight postmenopausal women: towards a gut sphingomyelin-cholesterol interplay Cécile Vors,1,2 Laurie Joumard-Cubizolles,3 Manon Lecomte,1 Emmanuel Combe,1 Lemlih Ouchchane,4,5 Jocelyne Drai,1,6 Ketsia Raynal,7 Florent Joffre,8 Laure Meiller,1,2 Mélanie Le Barz,1 Patrice Gaborit,7 Aurélie Caille,9 Monique Sothier,2 Carla Domingues-Faria,3 Adeline Blot,9 Aurélie Wauquier,10 Emilie Blond,1,6 Valérie Sauvinet,1,2 Geneviève Gésan-Guiziou,11 Jean-Pierre Bodin,12 Philippe Moulin,1,13 David Cheillan,1,14 Hubert Vidal,1 Béatrice Morio,1 Eddy Cotte,15,16 Françoise Morel-Laporte,9 Martine Laville,1,2 Annick Bernalier-Donadille,10 Stéphanie Lambert-Porcheron,2,17 Corinne Malpuech-Brugère,3 Marie-Caroline Michalski 1,2 ► Additional material is ABSTRact published online only. To view, Objective To investigate whether milk polar lipids (PL) Significance of this study please visit the journal online impact human intestinal lipid absorption, metabolism, (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ What is already known on this subject? gutjnl- 2018- 318155). microbiota and associated markers of cardiometabolic health. ► Dietary synthetic emulsifiers alter drastically For numbered affiliations see gut microbiota and promote inflammation and end of article. Design A double-blind, randomised controlled 4-week study involving 58 postmenopausal women was used to metabolic syndrome in rodent models. ► Polar lipids are natural emulsifiers widely Correspondence to assess the chronic effects of milk PL consumption (0, 3 or 5 Dr Marie-Caroline Michalski, g-PL/day) on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibition of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coa
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 81, pp. 2538-2542, April 1984 Medical Sciences Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by mevinolin in familial hypercholesterolemia heterozygotes: Effects on cholesterol balance (cholesterol balance/low-density lipoprotein receptors/fecal neutral and acidic steroids) SCOTT M. GRUNDY AND DAVID W. BILHEIMER Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235 Communicated by Michael S. Brown, January 9, 1984 ABSTRACT Patients with heterozygous familial hyper- through endocytosis mediated by a specific LDL receptor cholesterolemia (FH) have a deficiency of receptors for plasma (8). low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that impairs removal of LDL When human fibroblasts or cultured liver cells are incu- from plasma. In these patients, mevinolin, an inhibitor of 3- bated with compactin or mevinolin, HMG-CoA reductase is hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase [mevalonate:NAD' competitively inhibited, and the de novo synthesis of choles- oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.88], increases re- terol is blocked (9, 10). This block triggers a dual regulatory ceptors for LDL and decreases LDL concentrations. To deter- response that seems designed to provide more cholesterol mine whether mevinolin also causes severe decreases in total for the cell: there is a simultaneous increase in HMG-CoA body synthesis of cholesterol, fecal excretions of neutral ste- reductase and in the number of LDL receptors (9, 11, 12). roids and acidic steroids were determined in five FH heterozy- In dogs, mevinolin has been shown to decrease plasma gotes before and during treatment with mevinolin.
    [Show full text]