The Shanghai No. 1 Subway Line Lu Jindong Chen Yixin

Urban Railways in China and India

The Shanghai No. 1 Subway Line Lu JinDong Chen YiXin

The Shanghai No. 1 Subway Line runs tion coming to a complete halt in the mid- Railway Station. north-south from Shanghai Railway Sta- 1960s in the chaos of the Cultural Revo- The proposal stated that the main objec- tion to Jinjiang Playground. The total lution. tive of the new subway would be diver- length of the line is 16.1 km servicing 13 After China's implementation of econom- sifying traffic flow. According to the stations. Construction commenced on 19 ic reform, and the policy of opening up proposal, Shanghai City alone would be January 1990 and was completed on 10 to the outside world in the early 1980s, responsible for raising the necessary cap- April 1995. The Line garnered the pres- the Shanghai subway construction plan ital through financing schemes and bor- tigious Gold Cup Highest Honors in the was put back on the agenda. On 14 rowing. category of metropolitan construction August 1986, China's State Council ap- The State Council gave its official stamp projects from the Construction Ministry. proved the Proposal Concerning Con- of approval on 19 January 1990, paving struction of Shanghai City Subway Line the way for the commencement of con- from Xin Long Hua Station to Shanghai struction. Project Background

Shanghai has 13 million residents with an additional transient population of ap- proximately 3 million workers and visi- tors. It is the industrial, economic and financial centre of China. The downtown area is characterized by overcrowding due to extremely high population densi- ty, narrow streets and back alleys, and inevitable traffic jams. In recent years, Shanghai's transportation problems have negatively affected the pace of economic development. A subway was first proposed for Shang- hai in 1956. On 8 December of that year, the initial Shanghai Subway Planning Report was presented by the City Admin- istration Transportation Office to the Shanghai City People's Council for con- sideration. An interesting point in the report mentioned that the subway would not only speed transportation but would be of strategic use in the event of war for evacuating the civilian population and for moving troops. In 1964, the Tunnel Engineering Bureau did some secret test of subway construction work for research and planning. The tests, carried out to examine design ideas and develop relevant construction techniques, were headquartered at Hengshan Road in downtown Shanghai. They included digging a 660-m tunnel. In addi- tion, a prototype station was built below Hengshan Park. The subway project was halted shortly afterwards with construc- Different Type of Traffic Congestion in Shanghai (EJRCF)

Directing Construction

Building a subway is a large-scale project involving complex considerations of design, traffic flow, traffic disruption, dislo- cation of residents, and relocation of businesses; it requires close cooperation with the city administration as well as ac- cess to vast amounts of power and utilities such as water, construction materials, construction equipment, and other re- sources. Thus, an undertaking of such large scale requires strong leadership and powerful direction. Shanghai created the Shanghai No. 1 Cut and Cover Construction of Shanghai No. 1 Subway Line (Author) Subway Line Construction Leadership Group led by the Vice-Mayor of Shang- technology arenas. hai City. The members of the small group Funding Germany, France, Japan and the USA included top officials of all relevant ad- were the main competitors; in the end, ministrative bodies impacted by the plan. Why did the plans to construct a subway Germany won the contract. The German The Shanghai City administration ap- in Shanghai meander back and forth for government put up DM460 million in pointed the Shanghai No. 1 Subway Con- over 30 years with no progress? The key loans (US$230 million) to be repaid at struction Board of Directors. The Board reason was lack of funds. This changed an annual interest rate of 0.75% over 30 was given responsibility for quality and in 1986 when Jiang Zemin, then Mayor years with a 10-year grace period. The safety, and to obtain capital for the con- of Shanghai, suggested borrowing foreign money was earmarked especially for struction. To facilitate development of capital to fund the project. A sum of buying 16 trainsets with a total of 96 cars, businesses related to the construction, the US$3.2 billion was earmarked for mod- electrical generators, transformers, com- Board of Directors created the Shanghai ernizing the Shanghai economy; part of munications equipment, station equip- Subway General Company. the funds would be used for investment ment, overhead power lines and The General Company was under the in industry, part would be used for city escalators. The American government supervision of the Shanghai City Engi- infrastructure development including the committed to loans totalling US$23 mil- neering Management Bureau, which in subway, airport, telecommunications, lion, 40% of which was an outright grant turn was under the Shanghai City Con- bridges and other projects. According to primarily for signalling systems, safety struction Committee Group. The Board this plan, profits garnered from the invest- and alarm systems, water-cooling equip- of Directors and the General Company ment in industry would service the inter- ment, waterproofing materials, etc. The were in fact two names for one body re- est and eventually repay the principle. French government provided US$21.5 sponsible for public bidding on projects, The subway was budgeted to cost US$300 million in funds of which 54% was in the signing contracts, and smoothing rela- million. Thus, participation was viewed form of a loan at 2% annual interest over tionships; this unitary group was divided by many countries as the ‘contract of the 40 years with a 10-year grace period. into two separate entities like two sides century’. Not only did participation rep- Export credits comprised the other 46% of the same coin to reflect both govern- resent a foot in China’s open door, but it and seven shield tunnelling machines ment and corporate functions. The Gen- also offered the lure of getting a head start were bought from FCB Corporation of eral Company brought together more on the competition in the Chinese mar- France. Shanghai City was to provide than 40 companies and construction ket. The project served as an investment capital for housing relocations, compen- units to work on the project through pub- magnet for more than 60 firms involved sation, restructuring utilities, and build- lic bidding. in subway construction from 12 countries ing and decorating stations. around the world. Bidding sparked fierce competition in the political, economic and

32 Japan Railway & Transport Review • Jaunary 1997 Copyright © 1997 EJRCF. All rights reserved. level was dug, and the roof, continuous walls and ceiling were built and covered. In the second stage, work continued underground on the intermediate structures and the base plate. The road closure was reduced from 18 months to less than 11 months by using this method. The two- stage process increased the construction pace, and limited business losses by al- lowing above-ground traffic to resume as soon as possible. The subway construction inconve- nienced residents and caused business losses due to road closures and changes Shanghai Railway Station (Author) in traffic flow in vital business areas. But considering the long-term interests of lo- Theory, survey measurements and expe- cal residents, it was possible to win wide- Construction rience were combined to solve problems. spread cooperation and support and The foundation subsidence was con- construction stayed on schedule. The Shanghai No. 1 Subway Line runs trolled to within 3 cm. The average underground station on the north-south through urban Shanghai. When construction reached the bustling No. 1 Line is 230-m long and between Most sections of the line were dug using business district of Huaihai Road, the city 20- and 24-m wide. Each station has two shield tunnelling machines through wa- government requested that construction levels. The upper level is devoted to the ter-saturated compressible and slippery be accelerated to shorten the road clo- station hall, with three to five entrances/ ground or soft, clayey soils. sure period. A reverse construction meth- exits leading to the street above. The hall The line cuts through a crowded down- od was used to dig the underground contains ticket machines, wickets and town area of small streets. At the nar- foundation. Work progressed in two stag- public telephones. The lower level is rowest point, the route was restricted to es: In the first stage, the upper station devoted to the platforms and tracks. The a width of 20 m, leaving little room to work around existing buildings at ground level, or to get past existing underground pipes and utility cables. Because of ground quality and environmental factors, all the subway stations have a continuous underground tunnel wall. The wall, which protected the structure during digging of the foundation, now serves as a permanent part of each structure. A cross section of each station shows the geometry of double pillars dividing the space into three sections and single pillars dividing the space into two sections. The spaces are connected by a rib-like structure. Ground settlement is dealt with in two ways: by anti-floating tendency, or by ground sta- bilization. Special techniques were used to control subsidence when digging the stations. Xin Long Hua Station (Author)

platforms are 186-m long and 8- to 14-m niques were used to simultaneously en- charge of installing electrical systems and wide. The two levels are connected by sure a strict system of auditing and strong adjusting electrical equipment. escalators and stairways. The interior environmental protection. The line uses crossbow current collec- decoration of each station is unique, with The double-track tunnel was completed tors to draw power from overhead lines. wall paintings being the primary orna- on 25 May 1994, setting speed records Power monitoring and control equipment mentation. with a daily rate of 23.5 meters, a week- made by Siemens Corporation was in- ly average of 115 meters and a monthly stalled and put into operation by 1994. rate of 387 meters. Tunnels After successful completion of tunnelling, Telecommunications track laying commenced using pressur- The telecommunications system uses fi- Long tunnel sections connect the stations; ized welding to form seamless track. The ber optic cables, computerized switch- the line is composed of 10.02 km of dou- longest seamless track is 6.38 km, ensur- ing equipment, program controllers, ble track. Cylindrical tunnels are used ing a smoother journey, reducing noise, public address and broadcast systems, for 9.27 kilometers, and rectangular tun- and increasing stability, safety and com- surveillance TV cameras, and a radio nels for 0.75 kilometers. The tunnels fort for commuters. communications system. Most of the were constructed using pressure shield above-mentioned systems are already in tunnelling machines from FCB Corpora- operation. In 1994, the line underwent tion. Steel-reinforced slabs and concrete Electrical Engineering the first actual subway operation tests columns are used for support. The shield well ahead of schedule. The technicians has an inner radius of 5.5 meters, and an Power installed a temporary communications outer radius of 6.2 meters. The Shanghai No. 1 Subway Line has network to carry them through the inter- Various techniques were used to ensure two 110-kV transformer stations and sev- im period, making it possible for trains that ground subsidence stayed within the en 33-kV sub-stations. Principal equip- to run throughout the system. range of +1 to -3 cm during digging. ment was produced by Siemens Laser technology was used to direct the Corporation and AEG Corporation of Signalling flow of pressurized liquid concrete used Germany. Huadong Songbiandian Engi- The line relies on an automatic train con- in construction of the tunnel base plate. neering Company and the Railway Min- trol system (ATC) from GRS Signals Com- At the same time, state-of-the-art tech- istry Electrification Department took pany and Casco Signals Company of the USA. Signalling work involved three main areas: installing trackside equipment, installing equipment in cars, and setting up the signalling control centre.

Security Both the fire prevention and security systems were imported from two American companies. The 1,301 chemical-based fire extinguishing system was produced by Sinplex Corporation. It is a central system backed-up by peripheral systems at each dual-level station. The entire system is monitored and controlled by computer.

Environment Control The environment control system was fully installed, tested and fine-tuned by 12 De- cember 1994. It maintains the quality People’s Square Station (Author) of the environment in the tunnels and

34 Japan Railway & Transport Review • Jaunary 1997 Copyright © 1997 EJRCF. All rights reserved. 24 September 1992 reaching Shanghai on 30 October. By the year end, a large number of carriages equivalent to nine full trains had been delivered, inspected and adjusted for operation. While construction of the line was underway, ground transport was disrupted causing numerous difficulties for commuters; the Shanghai City government requested putting the completed south- ern part of the line into operation as soon as possible and commercial operation started on 28 May 1993 over the south- ern section. The middle and northern sections started testing movement of Control Centre (Author) trains on 12 December 1994 as construction neared completion. Finally, the en- stations. Environment control means fled doors to stop cool air escaping to tire length was opened on 10 April 1995. complete control of temperature, humid- the street, saving electricity over the long The traffic pattern was set at six cars per ity, noise, air flow and air quality. The run while increasing fire safety. Forty- train with a top operational speed of 80 aim is to give people in the subway max- eight heavy-duty escalators were pur- kph, and a train leaving a station every imum comfort. In an emergency, the en- chased from OTIS of Germany. An 8 minutes. All the trains are conductor- vironment control system is designed to automatic ticketing system, including operated, and run for 17 hours each day. provide safe dispersion of smoke and ticket machines and wickets will be in- The ATC is undergoing adjustment and evacuation of people from the subway. stalled at an unspecified future date after more time will be required before it sat- The entire line is dotted with ventilation further tests. isfies operating requirements. and air-conditioning systems. The stan- dard climate control levels at each sta- Test Operations tion are at a temperature of 30°C in the The line began various test runs as early Development of Nearby Areas upper level of the station, and 29°C at as 1992, when the Shanghai City Sub- the platform level. The relative humidi- way Operations Corporation was formed. According to the original cost calcula- ty is 65%. The subway cars have air-con- Company subdivisions include a passen- tions, 5 billion Yuan (US$600 million) ditioning. ger section, electrical engineering sec- invested in building and development tion, signals section, construction and costs cannot be recovered from subway Water and Drainage Systems repair section, train carriage section and ticket sales alone. At present, a ticket to Three types of water system are used: wa- control centre. The train carriage sec- ride the entire length of the line is 2 Yuan. ter supply, water drainage, and fire sprin- tion later became independent and set (US24 cents) The daily passenger vol- klers. The total piping length is 20 km up its own factory. The Corporation sent ume is steady ranging from 240,000 to with 120 water pumps of all types, and over 100 people to Germany and other 260,000. Although all this income is 20 water cooling towers. countries for specialized training in op- used to service the loans, it is insufficient. erating a subway. Train dispatchers were Consequently, to pay back all the loans, Miscellaneous sent to various railway locations in Chi- the nearby areas, both underground and The equipment in the environment con- na for training, and the passenger service above ground, must be exploited by trol system and water supply and drain- personnel were sent to the Beijing Sub- opening profitable businesses, and by age system can be operated by an way General Company for training. selling real estate and advertising space. independent control system from Sauter The train carriages were designed and At present, there are 400,000 m2 of busi- Corporation of Switzerland and Intellisys produced by the Germany Shanghai ness and office space in buildings near Corporation of Canada. Metro Group (GSMG). The first sample the line. The space available includes The underground stations will have baf- carriage was shipped from Hamburg on independent business ventures devel-

oped by the line, and various joint ven- ern extension runs, is responsible for fi- the city and will service the Hong Qiao tures. Another 300,000 m2 of floor space nancing the macro-construction involv- Special Economic and Technology De- adjacent to the underground stations is ing obtaining and clearing land. The velopment Zone east of the airport. The slated for construction. General Company is responsible for rais- line will then continue east along Nan- Advertising revenue from let space in ing funds for the trains, track and me- jing West Road going right into the heart subway stations and from illuminated chanical equipment. of downtown Shanghai to People's panels will be used to support operations. The formal ground-breaking ceremony Square where it will meet the No. 1 Line. for the extension was on 24 October From People's Square, it will run under Extending No. 1 Subway Line 1994 and it is estimated to be completed the busy thoroughfare of Nanjing East and Building No. 2 Subway Line sometime in the first half of 1997. It will Road until it meets the Huang Pu River, have a positive economic impact on the passing under the river and entering the An extension to the No. 1 Line is under development of the business districts in Financial Zone in Pudong District on the construction from the southernmost southwest Shanghai. east bank. From Lu Jia Zui Road Station, terminus at Jinjiang Playground to Xin China's State Council approved construc- it will run to its terminus at Pudong Dis- Zhuang Station. It includes three above- tion of the Shanghai No. 2 Subway Line trict's Long Dong Road. The total length ground stations and runs 5.29 km. De- on 11 January 1995. of the No. 2 Line will be 27 km with 17 velopment is divided into two areas. The No. 2 Line will start at Hong Qiao stations. The Minhang district, where the south- International Airport on the west edge of The project is divided into two phases;

Zabei District Shanghai Railway Station S. Yangpu District Hongkou District Putuo District Han Zhong Road S.

Jingan District Zhong Shan Park S. Xin Zha Road S. Huangpu District Bei Xing Jing S. Xie He Road S. Shui Cheng Road S. Jiang Su Road S. Shi Men Road (1) S. Gu Bei Road S. Jing An Temple S. He Nan Road S. People's Square S. Lu Jia Zui Road S.

Dong Chang Road S. Changning District Huang Pi Nan Road S. Wen Deng Road S. Shan Xi Nan Road S. Yang Gao Road S. Hong Qiao Airport S. Chang Shu Road S.

Heng Shan Road S. Nanshi District Central Park S. Xu Jia Hui S. Luwan District Long Dong Road S.

Xvhul District Shanghai Indoor Stadium S.

Cao Bao Road S. Depot

Xin Long Hua S. Pudong New District

Jin Jiang Playground S. Minhang District

Lian Hua Road S.

Er Huan Road S. MAP OF SHANGHAI METRO LINE NO.1 & 2. Completed No. 1 Line No. 1 Line Extension under Construction Xin Zhuang S. Eastern Phase of No. 2 Line Final Phase of No. 2 Line

36 Japan Railway & Transport Review • Jaunary 1997 Copyright © 1997 EJRCF. All rights reserved. form a cross-shaped rail network with the No. 1 Line. When the city bus loop is taken into account, the transportation system will be shaped like a box, criss- crossed by the subway system. This con- figuration should be most beneficial to the transport flow in Shanghai. Feasibility studies on the No. 2 Line began in 1988. At that time, the Pudong District was not considered in the plan; The original plan called for the line to run from Hong Qiao International Airport to northeast Shanghai reflecting the stress of heavy passenger traffic at that location Shanghai No. 1 Line Depot (Author) and time. However, in April 1990, Pre- mier Li Peng announced the opening of the first Eastern Phase will construct the ration will provide about DM730 million the Pudong District to rapid economic line from Zhong Shan Park in downtown worth of loans. Germany was also suc- development. As a result, the No. 2 Line Shanghai to Pudong District on the east cessful in becoming involved in con- was re-routed to take the Pudong District bank of the river. It is expected to cost struction of the Guangzhou (Guangdong into account. News of the future sub- US$1.5 billion, all of which must be re- Province) No. 1 Subway. way service dramatically improved the paid by the City. Shanghai City will At the same time, the No. 2 Line also at- attractiveness of the Pudong District in repay domestic costs by letting land, by tracted loans at favourable rates from the terms of investment. (Pudong is already fund-raising foundations, and by devel- governments of America and France. building an international airport, con- oping peripheral areas benefitting from Two shield tunnelling machines were nected by road to the No. 2 Line.) The proximity to the new line. purchased for US$9 million from Fram- rapidly developing Pudong District is Zhu Rongji, China's Vice-Premier paid an atome, a French company. Signal sys- poised to become a brilliant new win- official visit to Germany on 8 February tems, signal boxes, and ticket-vending dow to the world. 1996 and signed an intent to enter a bi- and ticket-collecting equipment were Shanghai may have as many as nine sub- lateral agreement concerning coopera- purchased from America for more than ways in the not-too-distant future; full- tive financing of the Shanghai No. 2 Line. US$50 million. scale feasibility studies are already The final contract was signed by late July. Six stations on the No. 2 Line are already underway on the No. 3 Subway Line. We The carriages, electrical generators, elec- under construction in the Pudong Dis- believe that the 13 million people of trical power equipment, telecommunica- trict. Construction of most of the stations Shanghai, the city government and for- tions systems, etc., will be provided by will begin during 1996. The Eastern eign investors will all benefit from con- German companies. ABB Daimler-Benz Phase is slated for completion in 1999. struction of the subway system. I Transport Company and Siemens Corpo- After the Line is fully constructed, it will

Lu JinDong Chen YiXin

Lu JinDong studied at Tongji University where he received Chen YiXin studied at the Shanghai Railway University where he Bachelor's and Master's degrees. In 1992, he took charge of op- received a Master's degree. Since 1988, he has worked at the eration of the Shanghai No. 1 Subway Line. In 1996, he was ap- Shanghai Metro Corporation playing a role in the construction and pointed professor of Shanghai Railway University, and Deputy management of the Shanghai subway system. Manager of Shanghai Metro Corporation.