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Zoosystema 30 (3) Descriptions of two new endemic genera and four new species of Ceratocanthinae (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Hybosoridae) from Madagascar Alberto BALLERIO Viale Venezia 45, I-25123 Brescia (Italy) [email protected] Ballerio A. 2008. — Descriptions of two new endemic genera and four new species of Ceratocanthinae (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Hybosoridae) from Madagascar. Zoosystema 30 (3) : 605-628. KEY WORDS ABSTRACT Insecta, Two new endemic genera of Ceratocanthinae are described from Madagascar. Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Cryptosphaeroides n. gen. includes C. hystrix (Paulian, 1991) n. comb., C. tenrec Hybosoridae, n. sp., C. hippocrepis n. sp. and C. ankaranensis n. sp. Th e genus seems to be sexual dimorphism, mouthparts, restricted to the dry forests of North and West Madagascar. Pseudosynarmostes Nasutitermes nest, n. gen. includes P. mitsinjo n. sp. and P. perrieri (Fairmaire, 1898) n. comb. Madagascar, Th is genus is known from East and West Madagascar and shows a very unusual new genera, new species, morphology which makes its position very isolated within all other known new combinations. Ceratocanthinae. RÉSUMÉ Description de deux nouveaux genres endémiques et de quatre nouvelles espèces de Cera- MOTS CLÉS tocanthinae (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Hybosoridae) de Madagascar. Insecta, Deux nouveaux genres de Ceratocanthinae endémiques de Madagascar sont Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, décrits. Cryptosphaeroides n. gen. comprenant C. hystrix (Paulian, 1991) n. comb., Hybosoridae, C. tenrec n. sp., C. hippocrepis n. sp. et C. ankaranensis n. sp. Ce nouveau genre dimorphisme sexuel, pièces buccales, semble être répandu dans les forêts sèches du nord et de l’ouest de Madagascar. nid de Nasutitermes, Pseudosynarmostes n. gen. présente une morphologie singulière qui lui confère Madagascar, une position isolée au sein de la sous-famille Ceratocanthinae. Distribué à genres nouveaux, espèces nouvelles, l’est et à l’ouest de Madagascar, ce genre inclut P. mitsinjo n. sp. et P. perrieri combinaisons nouvelles. (Fairmaire, 1898) n. comb. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2008 • 30 (3) © Publications Scientifi ques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.zoosystema.com 605 Ballerio A. INTRODUCTION study of this interesting material, I informed Prof. Renaud Paulian about the exciting new discoveries Th e Ceratocanthinae Martínez, 1968 (Coleoptera, I was making and he suggested me to write a new Scarabaeoidea, Hybosoridae) are a group of small volume of the series Faune de Madagascar about oddly shaped beetles, characterized by the ability these beetles. Th e present paper is a preliminary to roll their body up in order to form a compact note to the Ceratocanthinae section of Faune de ball for defensive purposes. Previously treated as Madagascar, where two distinctive new genera are a separate family within the Scarabaeoidea, they described. Th is should result in new combinations are here considered as a subfamily of Hybosoridae for two species previously placed respectively in Erichson, 1847 following Ocampo (2006), due to Pseudopterorthochaetes and in Phiharmostes, as well the increasing evidence of paraphyly of Hybosoridae as in the description of four new species. (sensu auctorum) with respect to the Ceratocanthidae, a view supported by larval and adult morphology and molecular data (Nikolajev 1999; Grebennikov et METHODS al. 2004; Ocampo 2006; Ocampo & Hawks 2006). Th ese beetles, which are supposed to feed on soft I refer to Ballerio (2000a, b, 2001, 2004) for methods food, probably fungi, live in leaf litter, rotten wood, and terminological conventions. Label data are termite nests and in the forest canopy (Scholtz & presented in quotation marks, the “/” indicates a Grebennikov 2005). Th ey are mostly diverse in the diff erent label, author’s comments are in square forests of intertropical regions, where over 90% of the brackets, while depository collection acronyms are 340 known species occur (Ocampo & Ballerio 2006). in round brackets. Madagascar represents a hot spot of diversity for Micrographs were obtained with a Zeiss EVO 40 Ceratocanthinae, with a fauna comprising 21 species XVP Scanning Electron Microscope at the Museo divided in four genera. Paulian (1979) provided the Tridentino di Scienze Naturali (Trento, Italy), last existing revision of the group by recognizing after gold coating. Habitus photographs have all 20 species in three genera (Synarmostes Germar, been made using the auto-montage software by 1843, Goudotostes Paulian, 1979 and Philharmostes Syncroscopy with a Canon PowerShot S-40 digital Kolbe, 1895), the fi rst two genera are endemic to camera. Madagascar (Synarmostes extending to the Comoros) Th e aedeagus of the species of Cryptosphaeroides and the third is shared with continental Africa. n. gen. is strongly twisted and parameres are very Subsequently Paulian (1991) described one further asymmetrical, therefore the appearance of these species by placing it in a genus known up to then structures may change dramatically with small only from the Guineo-Congolian rainforest block changes of the angle at which the object is viewed. (Pseudopterorthochaetes Paulian, 1977). Paulian’s Because of this, it is also arbitrary to state which revision was mainly based on the material preserved side is dorsal or ventral. In order to cope with this in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, problem I strove to provide drawings showing the particularly copious for the genus Philharmostes. aedeagus from diff erent angles, without stating From 1992 to the present, an intensive sampling whether ventral or dorsal, therefore caution must eff ort done by Brian L. Fisher (California Academy be exercised when making use of them. of Sciences) and collaborators, who mainly aimed to collect ants, ended up also providing a large ABBREVIATIONS amount of leaf litter beetles, many of which were EL maximum elytral length; Ceratocanthinae. Th e study of the rich material EW maximum total elytral width; collected in this way is still in progress, although it has HL maximum head length; HW maximum head width; become obvious since the beginning that the number L length; of species of Ceratocanthinae from Madagascar is PL maximum pronotal length at middle; destined to more than double. Soon after starting the PW maximum pronotal width at middle; 606 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2008 • 30 (3) New Malagasy Ceratocanthinae (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) W width; apical acute process), both sides of the angle smooth coll. ABCB collection A. Ballerio, Brescia, Italy; and almost rectilinear, not refl exed upward; genae CASC California Academy of Sciences collection, San Francisco, USA; almost aligned with fore margin, although a lit- MNHN Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle col- tle more prominent forward (Fig. 4D), forming lection, Paris, France; a right angle with genal canthus; genal canthus MZUF Museo Zoologico “La Specola” collection, acutely protruding outwards, completely fused with Firenze, Italy. occipital area; dorsal ocular area extremely small, reduced to a circle made of less than 10 ommatidia SYSTEMATICS (Fig. 4D), next to the hind angles of head, ventral ocular area narrow, only slightly visible from above; Family HYBOSORIDAE Erichson, 1847 head surface almost plane, with variable punctures, Subfamily CERATOCANTHINAE Martínez, 1968 transversal striae and pubescence. Tribe CERATOCANTHINI Martínez, 1968 Pronotum distinctly wider than long (W/L ra- tio = 1.6-1.8), very slightly wider than elytra; fore Genus Cryptosphaeroides n. gen. margin feebly bisinuate; fore angles distinctly pro- trudent forward, sexually dimorphic, subtruncate TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudopterorthochaetes hystrix Paulian, at apex; sides obtusely rounded; the whole pronotal 1991. margins completely beaded by a shallow narrow con- ETYMOLOGY. — After the ancient Greek κρυπτός (hidden) tinuous stria; pronotal surface regularly convex. and σφαιροειδής (subspherical). Th e name refers to the Scutellum wider than long (W/L ratio = 1.4), subspherical appearance typical of the Ceratocanthinae sides proximally subparallel and distinctly notched once they assume the rolled up posture, while at the same by elytral articular process, then convergent to time highlighting the diffi culties of detecting such small beetles in the fi eld. Th e gender is masculine. form a triangle with elongate, acute apex and sides slightly curved inward. Surface slightly depressed in DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. — Seemingly restricted the middle. Apical portion of mesepisterna hardly to northern and western Madagascar, where all known visible from above, distinctly smaller than elytral species have been found by sifting leaf litter in dry seasonal forests. For more details see under individual species. articular process. Elytra slightly longer than wide (W/L ratio = 0.93), DIAGNOSIS. — Th e genus can be easily identifi ed among apical 4th regularly rounded (dorsal view), apex all other Malagasy Ceratocanthinae genera because of the slightly re-entering inward (lateral view); elytra following combination of characters: 1) body covered by sparse long erect clavate setae; 2) body lacking carinae convex, with maximum convexity at distal third; or tubercles and microsculpture made of large, very elytral suture raised only apically, sutural stria sparse punctures; 3) pronotum posteriorly with surface extremely fi ne and usually limited to distal third; gradually declivous toward posterior margin; 4) sexual inferior sutural stria present, reaching humeral area, dimorphism involving the
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