Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49352-9 — Humanitarianism in the Modern World Norbert Götz , Georgina Brewis , Steffen Werther Index More Information

Index

Abdulmejid I (Ottoman Sultan), 34 earmarking, 217 absence of humanitarian action, 13 Ethiopian famine relief, 133, 191–213 abuse of aid, see misappropriation of aid Irish famine relief, 149–70 academics, aid appeals by, 114 priority regimes in, 19–22 accountability of aid, 219–24, 291–4 Soviet famine relief, 170–91 Ethiopian famine relief, 266–91 American Philanthropy Abroad (Curti), 25 Irish famine relief, 224–45 Amin, Mohamed, 63, 116–18, 137 moral economy of, 221–4 AMR (American Mennonite Relief ), 189 Soviet famine relief, 245–66 Anglican Church humanitarianism, 77 ad hoc humanitarianism, 4, 24, 28, 33, 302 anonymity of aid beneficiaries, 295–6 accountability of aid in, 293–4 anti-communism, Soviet famine relief affected limitations of, 170 by, 50, 96–8, 214 Addis Ababa, 192 anti-famine contracts, 11 adoption of children, symbolic, 48, 112 ARA (American Relief Administration), 29, 51 adult feeding programmes, 180–1 child-focused charity by, 48 advertisements, use of, 116, 121 professionalisation of, 55–6 in accountability of aid, 123, 231, 263 Soviet famine relief by, 52–3, 56, 95–7, 109, criticism on costs of, 250–3 179, 265 Africa, Western conceptions of, 129, 137 accountability of, 245–50, 256–7, 261–5 Aftonbladet (newspaper, Sweden), 120 allocation of aid, 172–3, 177, 183–4 AFSC (American Friends Service Committee, conflicts with other organisations, 188–90 USA), 49 food remittance programme, 46, 113–16, Soviet famine relief by, 51, 96 173–5, 180, 183, 185, 249 conflicts with ARA, 188, 190, 248 fundraising strategies, 100–2, 105 aggression, famines resulting from, 304 medical aid, 182 agricultural machinery, as famine relief, 186–7 overhead costs, 253–4 aid workers Special Funds for the Relief of Individual expatriate Cases of Suffering, 185 in Ethiopian famine relief, 193 ARC (American Red Cross), 28, 121 in Soviet famine relief, 249–50 fundraising campaigns by, 125 on gratitude of aid beneficiaries, 262 Soviet famine relief by, 182 idealism of, 218 archives of relief organisations, 308 in-group solidarity of, 15 Article 19 (human rights organisation), local, hiring of, 246 207 on misappropriation of aid, 287 Assab (Ethiopia), 191 sexual abuse by, 167, 175, 218, 306 asymmetric power relations, between donors working conditions of, 171 and beneficiaries of aid, 222–4, aid-in-kind, see in-kind relief 300–1 airlifting of aid, for Ethiopian Famine, 191–2, attacks on aid convoys, in famine relief for 201 Tigray and Eritrea, 201 allocation of aid, 144–5 ‘Austria für Afrika’ (song), 132 decision-making on, 145–7, 213–15 authoritarian regimes, and famine, 9

342

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49352-9 — Humanitarianism in the Modern World Norbert Götz , Georgina Brewis , Steffen Werther Index More Information

Index 343

Baker, George B. (ARA head of public BRA (British Relief Association), 40 relations), 253 founding of, 75 Band Aid (Trust), 59 Irish famine relief by accountability of aid by, 266, 276, 278–82, accountability of aid, 226–8, 231–2, 244 286, 290, 294 allocation of aid, 149–55 allocation of aid by, 133, 195–6, 199, fundraising campaigns, 78 211–13 Scottish famine relief by, 226 and resettlement programme, 210 Bradish, David, 127 underspending accusations, 284 Brand Aid, 136 fundraising by, 270, 283 Brandt, Willy, 199 launching of, 65 Braskén, Kasper, 113 success of, 67, 127–30, 134–6 Brauman, Rony, 286, 290 banks, role of Brewis, Georgina, 29 in Irish famine relief, 165 Bruch, Ricky, 129 Barder, Sir Brian, 135 Buerk, Michael, 63, 116–18, 137 Barnes, Julius H., 110 Bulletin de la Société de Saint-Vincent de Paul, Barnes, Nicoll, 104 241 Barnett, Michael, 25 Burritt, Elihu, 93 BBC television broadcasts on Ethiopian businesslike humanitarianism, 302 Famine, 116–18 criticism of, 101, 251 Belafonte, Harry, 130, 210 in Ethiopian famine relief, 276, 291 Benedict XV (pope), 48 in fundraising, 48, 60, 72 beneficiaries of aid in Soviet famine relief, 104, 142, 183, 251–2 accountability towards, 290 agency of, 309 Caffin, James Crawford, 150 anonymity of, 295–6 Calcutta, Irish Relief Fund in, 78 asymmetric power relations with donors of Callaghan, Luc, 165 aid, 222–4, 300–1 Canada direct contact with donors, 113, 262–4 Ethiopian famine relief by gratitude of, 110, 220, 295, 300 accountability of, 278 evidence in accounting reports of, 246–8, fundraising, 119, 131, 270 261–6 resettlement programme support, 205 repayment offers, 115–16 famine-related Irish emigration to, 169 use in fundraising campaigns of, 259 Irish diaspora in, 88 registration of, 217 capitalism selection of, 20–1, 184–5 and humanitarianism, 299–300 suspicions of donor motivations of, 214, rise of, 26 306 CARE, 118–19, 286 symbolic empowerment of, 73 Ethiopian famine relief by, 194, 199, 203, voices of, 245, 301, 303 281 Biafra crisis (1960s), 59–60 accountability of, 277 international relief effort for, 31 and celebrity humanitarianism, 212 origins of expressive humanitarianism in, 58 fundraising for, 125, 272, 277 bills of exchange, use for monetary donations, and resettlement programme, 209 164–5 cash donations biscuits, Oxfam, 202 versus in-kind relief, 146, 215–16, 306 Bitter Harvest (film, Gill), 118 in Irish famine relief, 153–5, 160–6 Blue Peter Appeal (UK), 133, 280 Catholic Church Boltanski, Luc, 18 Irish famine relief by, 40–3, 82–8 bookkeeping, moral, 221 accountability of, 235–44, 293 Borton, John, 309 allocation of aid, 161–3 Boston, Irish famine relief from fundraising for, 78, 80–8 accountability of, 235–8 Soviet famine relief by, 51 fundraising for, 91–2 Caulfield, Charles, 75–6 Boston Repeal Association, 90 causal contribution appeals, 69, 142

344 Index

causes of famine, 7–9 Comic Relief, 135 Sen’s theory of, 7–14 Comité de secours pour l’Irlande (France), 41, criticism on, 10–14 88, 163 Soviet Famine of 1920s, 97 Commercial Bank, 165 targeting of relief towards, 185 committees for humanitarian aid, 33 CDAA (Churches Drought Action for Africa/ in Irish Famine, 37, 42–3 Ethiopia), 194, 201 in USA, 233 Cecil, Lord Robert, 105 in Soviet Famine, 176–7 celebrity humanitarianism, 65, 138 communication strategies in fundraising in accountability of aid, 273–4, 277, for Ethiopian famine relief, 127–36, 210–13 293–4 for Soviet famine relief, 112 in fundraising campaigns, 71, 138–41 persistence of, 306 for Soviet famine relief, 100–2 reduced impact of, 303 social media use, 305 Chanteurs sans Frontières, 131 communist relief organisations, 53 Chapin, Harry, 130 in-group solidarity appeals by, 110–13 charity, 1, 26, 298 Soviet famine relief by, 185–8 child-focused, 47–8 compassion, 17–18 Christian obligation of, 81 conditionality of, 15 consumerism in, 136, 143 obstacles to, 299 humanitarianism based on, 73 Concern Worldwide, 209 inﬂuence through use of, 141 conditionality of compassion, 15 social psychology of, 73 consortia of aid organisations, emergence of, ‘charity begins at home’ slogan, 70, 95, 139 194 charity shops, 126, 277 constraints children supply-side, 18–20 charity/aid focused on, 47–8, 216 constraints of humanitarian aid, 15 in Ethiopian famine relief, 122, 202 consumerism, in charity, 136, 143 in Irish famine relief, 232 conversion, relief conditional upon, 80 in Soviet famine relief, 97–101, 106, 112, Cork 176–7, 179–81, 186 famine relief in, 243–4 fundraising activities aimed at, 133–4 famine-related migration to, 166 images of suffering of, used in fundraising, Cork Examiner (journal), 241 30, 100 corn, as famine relief symbolic adoption of, 48, 112 in Irish Famine, 234 Chouliaraki, Lilie, 32, 307 in Soviet Famine, 179 Christian Aid, 124, 135 costs Ethiopian famine relief by of fundraising, 109, 277 and relief for Tigray and Eritrea, 198, 274 of humanitarian aid, see overhead costs, and resettlement programme, 207 accounting for Christmas, charity appeals linked to, 124 in Irish Famine, 38, 234 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), on logistics, 148 misappropriation of Ethiopian famine transaction costs, 165 relief, 287 of live saving, 5, 142, 255–6 civil war in Ethiopia countries of origin statements on relief goods, famine relief causing prolongation of, 289 247–8 silence in fundraising for Ethiopian famine CRB (Commission for Relief in Belgium), 46, relief on, 122 220 Clay, Henry, 89 CRC (Central Relief Committee, Ireland), clothing 156–7, 160 charitable donations of, 161 CRDA (Christian Relief and Development as in-kind relief, 216 Association), 61 Cold War Ethiopian famine relief by, 62, 66, 195 humanitarianism after, 31–2 rehabilitation programme, 210 humanitarianism in, 12, 59, 214 and resettlement programme, 206–7

Index 345

credits for delivery of aid, claiming of, 216 donor-driven aid, 17, 104, 125, 254, 309 Crolly, William (Archbishop of Armagh), 162, 237 food aid, 215 CRS (Catholic Relief Services, USA), 123 donors of aid Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 209 accountability focus on, 289, 291 fundraising for, 272 assessments of aid by, 145 Cullen, Paul, 41, 84–5, 162 asymmetric power relations with aid Cultural Survival (research organisation, USA), beneficiaries of, 222–4, 300–1 206, 267, 289 backgrounds of, 227, 296–7 Curti, Merle, 25, 28, 33 direct contact with aid beneficiaries of, 113, Curtis, Richard, 135 262–4 Curzon, Lord George, 172 fundraising focus on, 125–7, 140, 142 emotional relief of giving emphasis, 258–61 Daily Express (newspaper, UK), criticism on obligation to give emphasis, 107–10 costs of SCF by, 251–3, 256 hierarchies of, 228–30 Daily Mirror (newspaper, UK), 120 motivations/interests of, 2, 69–72, 103–7, Davey, Eleanor, 208 144, 300, 307 death tolls, see victims of famine suspicions by aid beneficiaries of, 214 DEC (Disasters Emergency Committee, UK), public listing of, 221, 294 62, 116, 119, 278 research focus on, 309 democracy, and famine, 9 self-centredness of, 296, 307 Denmark, Soviet famine relief by, 53 Donovan, Daniel, 158, 167–8 depoliticisation of famine, 140 Dublin, soup kitchen in, 159–60 Ethiopian Famine, 122, 129 Dufferin, Lord, 155 development aid versus emergency aid Duffield, Mark, 32, 307 dilemma, 142, 160 Dutch Interchurch Aid, 198 Devereux, Stephen, 12–13 dystopian horror scenarios, in denial of aid de Waal, Alex, 11, 288, 290 narratives, 107 diasporas, aid and fundraising by, 88–90, 137 Irish diaspora, 42, 80, 225 earmarking of aid, 217 Jewish diaspora, 107, 124, 175, 189, 264 Ebrahim, Alnoor, 221, 292 Dibango, Manu, 202 economic reasoning Dickens, Charles, 19 in fundraising campaigns, 104 digital humanitarians, 307 economics Dimbleby, Jonathan, 61 of humanitarian aid, 16 Dingle (Ireland), famine relief in, 164 and morality, 300, see also moral economy diseases, famine-related, 158, 169, 181 EEC (European Economic Community) distribution of famine relief Ethiopian famine relief of, 63–4, 66 in Ethiopian Famine, 191, 201 criticism of, 198 in Irish Famine, 237, 241 food surpluses of, 63, 202 in Soviet Famine, 171, 173, 175, 178 effective altruism movement, 146 diversion of aid, see misappropriation of aid effectiveness diversity of humanitarianism, 302 of fundraising campaigns, 72–3, 277 ‘Do They Know It’s Christmas?’ (song, Geldof of humanitarian aid, 5, 155–60, 246 and Ure), 128, 303 efficiency, 302 donations, humanitarian accountability of aid based on, 291 Ethiopian famine relief allocation of aid based on, 144, 183–5 magnitude of, 269–73, 291 elites underspending accusations, 283–5 European in kind, see in-kind relief and Irish Famine, 35 Irish famine relief, 224–8, 233 obligation to provide relief felt by, 23 Catholic Church, 238, 240–1 Soviet, 177 markets for, 144 emergencies moral value of, 296–7 complex, 13 Soviet famine relief, 254, 257–8 gendered perceptions of, 74 donor community, 301 scale of, 33

346 Index

emergency structures expenditures on aid disruptive nature of, 14 in Ethiopian famine relief, 274–5, 282 emigration/resettlement in Irish famine relief, 38 resulting from famine, 167–70, 173 in Soviet famine relief, 247, 254 as solution for famine, 64, 92 expressive humanitarianism, 4, 24–5, 32, emotional relief of giving, 121, 258–61 57–61, 121, 303 Empire of Humanity (Barnett), 25 accountability of aid in, 294 empowerment, fundraising emphasis on, 130 businesslike practices in, 276 encyclicals, papal and celebrity activism, 136 on Irish famine relief, 82–4 and Ethiopian Famine, 61–3, 67 entitlements, see rights and media coverage of humanitarian aid, to aid/famine relief, 72, 302 215 doubts about, 138–41 persistence of, 303–7 in Irish Famine, 74, 93 to food, 12–13 FAI (Fondo Aiuti Italani), 284 Sen on, 10 ‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’ (article, to subsistence, 23, 36 Singer), 5 ERA (Eritrean Relief Association), 124, 198 ‘famine shock’, 171 ERC (European Relief Council, USA), 50, 171 famine studies, 13 ERD (Emergency Relief Desk), 124, 198, 200, famines, 299 278 contemporary, 12–13 Eritrean Famine, 124 governmental responsibilities for, 140–1 public awareness of, 137 media coverage of, 32, 140 relief for, 191–2, 197–201 scale of, 33 accountability of, 274, 288, 294 war-induced, 304 ethics Fassin, Didier, 20–1 of fundraising, 72, 141–3 fasting, as fundraising effort, 129, 134 humanitarian, 14, 16 feeding programmes Ethiopian Famine of 1980s, 56–7 in Ethiopian famine relief, 202–3 domestic relief efforts in Soviet famine relief, 180–1 accountability of, 268 feminisation, of humanitarianism, 29 resettlement programme, 64 FEWVRC (Friends’ Emergency and War fundraising for, 65, 121–7, 276–7 Victims Relief Committee, Great and resettlement programme, 206 Britain), 49, 101 celebrity activism in, 127–36 Soviet famine relief by, 184 media coverage of, 61–3, 116–21 films transnational famine relief, 4, 63–7, 129–36 of famines, as fundraising tool, 101, 118 accountability of, 266–91 of humanitarian aid, 55 allocation of aid, 133, 191–214 as accountability tools, 274, 280, 294 and gratitude of beneficiaries, 295 Finkielkraut, Alain, 32, 303 media coverage of, 202, 204, 207, 269, Finucane, Jack, 207 274, 284, 286, 289, 296 First World War, humanitarian aid in, 46 ‘Ethiopie’ (song, Chanteur sans Frontières), Fisher, Harold Henry, 247, 254, 257, 265 131 Fitzpatrick, John Bernard, 88 ethnicity, fundraising focus in kinship in, 107 Fizsbin, Michel, 207 Europe Flynn, Jeffrey, 69, 142 abundance of food in, 118 Fonda, Jane, 131 guilt feelings over, 120, 142 food Irish Famine from, 34 abundance in West of, 120, 142 evangelical movement, in Great Britain aid in form of, 215, see also in-kind relief moralist attitude towards Great Irish Famine child-focused, 216 by, 36 in Ethiopian Famine, 201–4, 268–9 exchange rates, manipulation of, 292 in Irish Famine, 151–3, 158 by Ethiopian government, 289 misappropriation of, 287 by Russian government, 245 in Soviet Famine, 215

Index 347

distribution of Galloway, George, 197 in Ethiopian Famine, 66, 191, 201 GCRC (General Central Relief Committee for in Soviet Famine, 171, 173, 175, 178 All Ireland), 162, 168 entitlements to, 12 Geldof, Bob, 61, 67, 196 high energy/fortified, 216 on accountability of aid, 280 as power tool, 12 control over disbursement of funds by, 133, ‘Food for the North’ agreement (USA–Ethiopia), 195–6 200 fundraising by, 65, 128, 135 Food for Peace programme (USA), 12 personal motivation of, 127–9 food riots, in Ireland, 35 renewed efforts of, 303 Food and Trucks and Rock ‘n’ Roll (film, Band in Sahel region, 211 Aid), 280 gender, and perceptions of emergencies, 74 Foot, Isaac, 106, 110 Germany ‘For a Million Years’ (Za milion godina, song, fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, YU Rock Misija), 132 130–1 Forbes, Captain Robert Bennet, 235 fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78 France Soviet famine relief by, 182 fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, 131 fundraising strategies, 105 Irish famine relief by, 35, 41, 86–8, 163 Gibson, Lydia, 187 accountability of, 238 Giddens, Anthony, 222 Soviet famine relief by, 261 gifts-in-kind, see in-kind relief communist, 110 Gill, Peter, 62, 118, 204 Fry, Ruth, 101, 184, 252, 258 Giorgis, Dawit Wolde, 193 FSR (Friends of Soviet Russia), 53 global aid regime, formation of, 59 fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 95, Golden, L.B., 190 102, 106 Gorky, Maxim, Soviet famine relief appeal by, accountability of, 260 93–4, 137–8, 142 communication/public relations strategies, Gossin, Jules, 41, 82–6 107, 109–12, 256 governance, mass starvation as failure of, 8–9 Soviet famine relief by, 186 governments accountability of, 185, 254 dependence of relief organisations on, 292 Agricultural Relief Unit, 186–7 of Ethiopia FUJ (Federation of Ukrainian Jews), 100 and famine relief for rebel areas, 200 fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 108, misappropriation of famine relief by, 256 287–8 fundraising, 136–43 side-stepping by foreign donors of, 191 and accountability of aid, 250–3, 292 humanitarianism by, 214 and donor motivation, 69–72 in Ethiopia Famine, 266 ethics of, 72–3, 141–3 in Irish Famine, 232 for Ethiopian famine relief, 65, 121–7, 276–7 in Soviet Famine, 55 celebrity activism in, 127–36 of Soviet Union and resettlement programme, 206 anti-capitalism of, 265 for Irish famine relief, 42–3 famine relief accounting by, 261 by Catholic Church, 41, 80–8, 242 responsibilities for famines of, 140–1 criticism of, 159 gratitude of aid beneficiaries, 110, 220, 295, in Great Britain, 40, 74–9 300 in USA, 88–93 evidence in accounting reports of, 246–8, photographs used in, 30 261–6 for Soviet famine relief, 49, 54, 94–6, 100, fundraising use of, 259 114 repayment offers, 115–16 and anti-communism in West, 96–8 Great Britain communication strategies, 98–110 humanitarianism in by communist relief organisations, 110–13 ad hoc humanitarianism, 33 individual appeals by Russians, 113–16 charity shops, 126 success of, 68–72, 139–41 emergence of, 27

348 Index

Great Britain (cont.) humanity, 15 Ethiopian famine relief, 119, 126, 133–6, common, theme of, 128, 130, 307 270, 278 principle of humanitarianism, 14–16, 20 governmental, 214 ‘Hungry for Change’ campaign (Oxfam), 126 and imperialism, 29 hyperbolic language, use of, 121 Irish famine relief, 4, 34–40, 43, 74–9, 82, 149–55, 225–32, 238–41, 244, 301 Ibenat relief camp (Ethiopia), closing of, 204 nationalism motive in, 106 ICRC (International Committee of the Red organised humanitarianism, 47–50 Cross), 50 Soviet famine relief, 110, 172 access to resettlers in Ethiopia demanded by, Irish famine-related migration to, 167–9 205 media coverage of famine in humanitarian aid by, 56 Ethiopian Famine, 119 Eritrea and Tigray famine relief, 200 Protestant revival in, 26 in Ethiopian Famine, 194, 274 Greatest Good Donation Calculator, 146 in Soviet Famine, 53 Greece, international aid for independence on misappropriation of Ethiopian famine struggle of, 33 relief, 197 Groom, Simon, 280 ICRR (International Committee for Russian Gurney, Samuel, 229 Relief ), 53 Soviet famine relief by, 52, 54, 257, 266 Haenning, Gitte, 131 criticism of, 190–1 Hall, Stuart, 135 ideals of humanitarianism, 5, 14–16, 20 Hamburg, fundraising for Irish famine relief in, identiﬁable victim effect, 70 78 IFTU (International Federation of Trade Hancke, Edith, 131 Unions), 53 Hands across America event, 136 impartiality, 14 Harding, Warren, 103 of humanitarianism, 5, 14–16, 217 Harrison, George, 128, 276 imperialism, British Harston, Henry Cooke, 152 and humanitarianism, 29 Harvey, Jacob, 92 in Ireland, 36–7 Haskell, Thomas L. (author), 27, 299 in-group effects for charitable donations, 114 Haskell, William (ARA director in Moscow), creation of, 71, 138–9 114, 250, 254 exploitation of, 108 Help the Aged, 125 persistence of, 303 Hibernian Society (Charleston), 90 in-group solidarity Hibernian Society (Philadelphia), 90 of humanitarian aid workers, 15 Hilferding, Rudolf, 25 in-kind relief historical analysis of humanitarianism, 2–4, appeals for, 134 24–33, 301 in Ethiopian famine relief, 201–4 fresh look at, 1 in Irish famine relief, 160, 234 research on, 4, 307–10 in Soviet famine relief, 178–9, 183–4 A History of Humanitarianism (Salvatici), 26 accountability of, 256–7 Hoover, Herbert, 46–7, 50, 52, 54, 142 versus cash donations, 146, 160–6, 215–16, on accountability of aid, 220 306 leadership of ARA by, 55, 95 India role in Soviet famine relief by, 96, 171, 179 famine in, 9 accountability of aid, 248 fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78 and self-interest motive, 103–4 humanitarianism in, 29 united relief front aspirations, 190 Indian Relief Fund, 165 human rights individuals and Ethiopian resettlement programme, appeals for aid by, 109, 113–16 205–6 moral motivations of, 1 to subsistence, 23 responses to media coverage of famine by, humanitarian studies, 24 120–1 in South, 308 information sharing, 217

Index 349

inspections of aid, 176, 190 conﬂicts with ARA, 188 intelligentsia, Soviet famine relief aimed for, 114 fundraising for, 94, 107 InterAction (USA), 123, 209, 270, 277 Jebb, Eglantyne, 47–8, 97, 261, 292 The Irish Crisis (Trevelyan), 230–1 Jenden, Kevin, 195, 211 Irish diaspora Jenden, Penny, 195, 212, 286 fundraising for Irish famine relief by, 80, Jewish diaspora 88–90, 225 airlifting of Ethiopian Jews fundraising by, remittances by, 42 124 Irish Famine (Great Irish Famine, 1840s), 36 Soviet famine relief by, 175 British denial of existence of, 230–2 accountability of, 264 British relief efforts in, 4, 34, 301 criticism on, 189 accountability of, 225–32 fundraising for, 107 allocation of aid, 149–55 Jewish Life Here and There – Some Pictures fundraising campaigns, 74–9 and a Few Facts (pamphlet, Federation and racial stereotyping, 214 of Ukrainian Jews), 100 deaths in Great Britain resulting from, 169 JRO (Joint Relief Operation), 194, 201 domestic relief, 224 justice, 18 media coverage of, 73 distributive, 221 migrations resulting from, 167–70 humanitarianism based on, 73 transnational relief, 34–5, 40–4, 80–93, 161–3 Kim Jong-il, 305 accountability of, 224–45, 293 Kollwitz, Käthe, 111 aid-in-kind versus monetary aid, 160–6 Korem relief camp (Ethiopia), media coverage regional distribution of, 162–4 of, 116, 129 soup kitchens, 155–60 Kouchner, Bernard, 60 Irish Relief Committee (Charleston), 90 Kragen, Ken, 130 Irish Relief Committee (New York), 92–3 Krause, Monika, 32 Irish Relief Committee (Philadelphia), 90 ISCU (International Save the Children Union), labour movement, humanitarianism of, 53 48, see also SCF (Save the Children Laurent, Henri, 242 Fund) League of Nations Soviet famine relief by, 248, 257 ambitions of, 56 Italy Nansen's work for, 54 Ethiopian famine relief by life-saving accountability of, 267, 284 costs of, 5, 142 fundraising for, 64, 129–30 public relations/communication strategies fundraising for Irish Famine in, 86, 238 on, 255–6 IWRF (Imperial War Relief Fund), 50, 105 Live Aid concerts, 32, 65, 67, 128–9, 133, 136, 280 Jackson, Michael, 130 Liverpool, Irish Famine refugees in, 168 James, John W., 90 logistics of aid, 147–9, 217 Jamestown (ship), 42, 166, 234–5 in Ethiopian famine relief, 66, 191–7 Jansson, Kurt, 63, 203 in Irish famine relief, 157 on accountability of Ethiopian famine relief, in Soviet famine relief, 170–1, 173, 185–7, 288 248–9 on Band Aid, 196 London on Ethiopian government role in famine fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 80, 239 relief, 196, 208 long-term aid, see development aid versus on private donations for Ethiopian famine emergency aid dilemma relief, 270 Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 269 on voluntary organisations in Ethiopian Louisiana, fund for rebuilding of black famine relief, role of, 65, 192 churches in, 301 JDC (Joint Distribution Committee), Soviet Lousley, Cheryl, 121, 128 famine relief by Lucas, Frederic, 81, 239–40 accountability of, 264 lyrics of fundraising songs, 132, 143

350 Index

MacHale, John (archbishop of Tuam), 162, 237 Irish, 35, 93 Mahony, James, 151 paternalistic element of, 12 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 8 moral obligations to donate, 299 Mansion House Committee (Ireland), 37 appeals to, 69, 73, 107–10 markets for donations, 144 moral value, of donations, 296–7 marriages between aid workers and local MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières), 19, 219 women, 176 aid allocation by, 146–7 Maul, Daniel, 51 Ethiopian famine relief by, 66, 267 Mauss, Marcel, 17, 300 accountability of, 284–5, 289–90 means testing for aid allocation, 178 fundraising for, 132, 272, 276–7 media coverage and resettlement programme, 207–9 of famine founding of, 31–2, 60 Biafra crisis, 60 Mucha, Alfons Maria, 99 Ethiopian Famine, 61–3, 116–21 Münzenberg, Willi, 113, 261, 265 impact of, 32, 137, 140 Murray, Daniel (archbishop of Dublin), 162, Irish Famine, 40, 73, 81, 159 237 Soviet Famine, 102–3, 173 musicians, humanitarian engagement of, 60, of famine relief 127–9, 131–3 in Ethiopia, 202, 204, 207, 269, 274, 284, 286, 289, 296 ‘Nackt im Wind’ (song), 132 impact of, 215–16 Nansen, Fridtjof, 100, 142 in Soviet Union, 55, 253, 265 costs of travel by, 255 medical aid, in Soviet famine relief, 181 on necessity of governmental support for Mekelle camp (Tigray), 203 humanitarianism, 55 Mennonite humanitarianism, 189 role in Soviet famine relief of, 54–5, 97, 103, Mercury, Freddy, Live Aid performance of, 67 177, 265 migrations, famine induced, 218 ICCR leadership, 52–3, 190 in Ethiopia, 197, 202 nationalisation, of transnational in Ireland, 167–70 humanitarianism, 49–51 in Soviet Union, 173, 180 nationalism, in fundraising campaigns, 141, military humanitarianism, 304 221 military service, humanitarian work as for Soviet famine relief, 105–6 alternative for, 49 natural law, entitlement to subsistence as, 23 misappropriation of aid NCWC (National Catholic Welfare Council, accountability of aid to counter fears of, 223, USA), 51 228 neo-liberalism, humanitarian, 306 in Ethiopian famine relief, 197, 214 NER (Near East Relief, USA), 47 fears of, 191, 267, 285–90 Netherlands, fundraising in to resettlers, 203 for Ethiopian famine relief, 129 in Irish famine relief, 168 for Irish famine relief in, 82 in Soviet famine relief, 175 for Soviet famine relief in, 261 prevention of, 249 New Internationalist (journal), 269 mistrust of famine relief, 214–15 New York, Irish famine relief from monetisation of humanitarianism, 306 accountability of, 234, 236 moral accounting, of Band Aid, 279 fundraising for, 92–3 moral arguments for humanitarianism, 1, 5 New York Times (newspaper, USA), 120 analysis of, 2 NGOs (non-governmental organisations), use fundraising emphasis on, 258–60 of term, 10, 245 moral economy, 1, 16, 300 North Korean Famine, 305 alternative versions of, 298 Norway, Soviet famine relief by, 103 of humanitarianism, 2–3, 21–3, 299–301, Notre Dame (Paris) ﬁre (2019), donations after, 309 298–9, 301 and accountability, 221–4 dilemmas in fundraising, 72–3 Ó Gráda, Cormac, 299 food aid, 12, 69 O’Carroll, Redmund, 163

Index 351

O’Keefe, Gus, 195, 206 political goals obligations aid exploited for, 305 of charity, Christian, 81 of humanitarian aid, 12, 16, 46–7 to donate, 23, 299 anti-communist, 50, 214 appeals to, 72, 107–10 Soviet famine relief, 104 occupation, links between donors and politics, see also depoliticisation of famine beneficiaries through, 113–14 of Ethiopian Famine, 132 OEOE (Emergency Operations in Ethiopia, Polk, James K. (US president), 89 UN), 63, 196 poor laws, Irish, 38 auditing of Ethiopian famine relief by, 267 post-humanitarianism, 307 ‘Olive Leaf' pamphlets, 93 power organised humanitarianism, 4, 24–5, 138, 303 asymmetry between donors and accountability of aid in, 293 beneficiaries, 222–4, 300–1 emergence of, 29–31 food as an instrument of, 12 in Soviet famine relief, 44–9, 183 principles of humanitarianism, 14 Oriental famines, 296 priority regimes in humanitarian aid allocation, origin, countries of 19–22 statement on relief goods of, 247–8 professionalisation of humanitarian aid, 48, other, British views of Ireland/Irish as, 37 55–6 Ottoman Empire in Soviet famine relief, 184, 250 Greek struggle for independence from, protest, means of, 10–11 international relief for, 33 Protestant Church, Irish famine relief by, 80 and Irish Famine, 34 Protestant revival, 26 overhead costs, accounting for, 233, 246 Protestants, Irish by Band Aid Trust, 281–2 Catholic famine relief for, 243 in Soviet famine relief, 249–56 public health, utilitarian approaches in, 21 Owen, Robert Dale, 89 public sector, see governments Oxfam public works schemes, in Irish Famine, 38, 158 Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 204 Punch (magazine, UK), 79 accountability of, 274–6, 288 allocation of aid, 193, 202 Quaker humanitarianism, 49 criticism of, 203 communication/public relations strategies, 101 fundraising for, 119, 121–3, 125, 207, 277 Irish famine relief, 38, 42, 155–60 and resettlement programme, 207–8 accountability of aid, 227, 232–3, 244 research by, 135 Soviet famine relief, 51, 96, 172, 179, 181, 184 Page, Frank (ARA secretary), 114 conflicts with ARA, 188, 190 Pankhurst, Alula, 206 overhead costs of, 252 Pankhurst, Richard, 206 state support sought for, 56 Papal Relief Mission, 104 quasi-accounts, of Ethiopian famine relief, 274 paternalistic model of moral economy, 2, 12 Quisling, Vidkun, 176 Paul, E. V., 240 Paulmann, Johannes, 31–2 R2P (responsibility to protect principle), 304 Peberdy, Max, 286 railway network, Soviet, 170 Peel, Robert, 37 rationality Philadelphia, Irish famine relief from of charitable donations, 69 accountability of, 234 of fundraising by relief organisations, 70–2 fundraising for, 90 recipes for soup, in Irish famine relief, 159–60 philanthropy, emergence of, 29 recipients of aid, see beneficiaries of aid photographs, use in fundraising of, 30, 123 reciprocity in famine relief, 139 Pictet, Jean, 14, 20 Record (SCF magazine), 94, 96–7, 99, 102 Pigou, Frederick, 155 accountability of, 294 pity, 18, see also compassion costs of fundraising, 251 Pius IX (pope), Irish famine relief efforts by, nationalism motive, 106, 248 34, 41, 82, 84–6 and self-interest motive, 105

352 Index

Red Cross/Crescent movement, 14, 28, see also rule of rescue, 147 ICRC (International Committee of the Russell, Lord John, 38, 83, 229 Red Cross) Russia, see Soviet Union in Sweden, 172, 178 Rusted, Philip, 280 in USA, see ARC (American Red Cross) rehabilitation programmes, Ethiopian, 210, 216 Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Relief Association for Ireland (USA), 91 Faith (Vatican), 41 relief camps/shelters, Ethiopian, 202, 204 Salvatici, Silvia, 26 Relief Committee of Skibbereen, 75 Saratov province (Soviet Union), famine relief relief organisations, 10, see also voluntary in, 172–3, 176, 180 relief organisations SCF (Save the Children Fund), 29, 47–9 accountability of aid by, 220 Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 199 communication strategies in, 273–5 accountability of, 288 archives of, 308 and resettlement programme, 207 communist, 53 fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief by, appeals to in-group solidarity by, 110–13 122, 134, 272, 277 conﬂicts between, 188–91 fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 49, co-operation/coordination between 94, 97, 142 in Ethiopian famine relief, 194, 277–8 accountability of, 257 in Soviet famine relief, 172–3, 217 communication and public relations, fundraising by 98–100, 102, 104, 106–7, 255 communication/public relations strategies, criticism on costs of, 250–3 18, 100–2, 106–10, 127, 255–6 kitchen system, 108–9, 255 criticism on costs of, 250–3 fundraising for Yemen famine relief rationality of, 70–2 by, 299 individual appeals to, 109, 113–16 national chapters of, 50 needs assessments by, 145 professionalisation of, 55 newcomers, 210–13, 217 Soviet famine relief by, 171–2 accountability of aid by, 278–83, 290 accountability of, 248, 250–1, 257–8, in Ethiopian famine relief, 194 296 religious dimensions of humanitarian action, and adult feeding programmes, 180–1 22, 108 governmental support for, 55 resettlement soup kitchens, 176–8 Ethiopian government programme of, 64 School Aid (UK), 134, 279 and famine relief, 204–10, 288–9 Schull (Ireland), famine relief in, 164 in Irish Famine, 166 Scotland, famine relief for, 40, 76, 154, 226 REST (Relief Society of Tigray), 124, 198, 200 Second World War, German Hunger Plan for RFRF (Russian Famine Relief Fund), 257 Soviet Union in, 11 Rickard, Edgar (ARA associate director), 249 selection rights, see entitlements, see also human rights of aid categories, 274 assertion of, 11 of aid recipients, 20–1, 184–5 riots, see violent behaviour, as means of protest self-interest in Ireland, 35 fundraising emphasis on, 103–7 Ritchie, Lionel, 130 motivation for humanitarian action, 307 Robertson, Sir Benjamin, 172, 176–8, 180 self-reliance of crisis-affected populations, Roddy, Sarah, 228 emphasis on, 307 Rogol, Marty, 211 self-sacriﬁce, of donors who have little to give, Rosmini, Antonio, 82 259 RRC (Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Sen, Amartya, 161, 306 Ethiopia) on causes of famine, 8–10, 13 distrust of, 61, 286 criticism on, 10–14 and international donor organisations, 193, on entitlement to subsistence, 23 208 sentimental exchange culture, 128 monitoring of famine relief by, 267, 269 sexual abuse, by aid workers, 167, 176, 218, and United Nations, 196 306

Index 353

Singer, Peter Strategy for Salvation (film, ICRC), 274 on cost of live saving, 142 Strauss, Lewis, 107, 264 on entitlement to subsistence, 23 Stringer, Guy, 212 on famine relief, importance of, 1, 3, 5 Strum, Harvey, 170 on Notre Dame donations, 298 subsistence, entitlement to, 23, 36 on obligation to help, 15 Sudan on selection of aid recipients, 20 famine refugees from Tigray and Eritrea in, Skibbereen (Ireland) 197 famine in, 82, 93 food aid to, 12 media coverage of, 137 suffering stranger appeals, 69, 142 relief for, 154–5 supply side of humanitarian aid, 17 famine-related migration from, 167–8 constraints in, 19–20 famine-related migration to, 166 Survival International, 206 Relief Committee of, 75 SVP (Society of St Vincent de Paul), 28, 44 Slattery, Michael, 162 Irish famine relief by, 41 Smith, H., 74 accountability of, 241–4, 293 social media, role in humanitarian allocation of aid, 163 communication, 305 fundraising for, 43, 82 solidarity Sweden, famine relief for Ethiopia by, 64 communist, 110–13 accountability of, 278 in-group, of aid workers, 15 fundraising for, 123, 126–7, 129–30, 134, Somalian Famine, 304 272 soup kitchens, see feeding programmes media coverage of, 120, 287 in Irish Famine, 38, 166 Switzerland, fundraising for Irish Famine in, 84 effectiveness of, 155–60 symbolic empowerment of aid beneficiaries, 73 in Soviet Famine, 176–8 children only policies of, 180–1 Tablet (journal, Great Britain) South, humanitarian studies in the, 308 accountability of Catholic aid in, 236, Soviet Russia (journal), 173 239–41 Soviet Union on Irish Famine/famine relief, 40, 81 Ethiopian famine relief by, 64 Taithe, Bertrand, 228, 307 famine in Second World War in, 11 ‘Tears Are Not Enough’ (song), 132 famine of 1920s in, 44–5 technology, humanitarianism influenced by, domestic famine relief for, 265 307 famine relief accountability, 245–66 telephone donations, introduction of, 129 famine relief allocation, 170–91 Thompson, E. P. fundraising for relief for, 93–116 on entitlement to subsistence, 23 transnational famine relief for, 4, 50–6, moral economy concept of, 1, 300 94–113, 214 Tigray Famine, 124 Soyer, Alexis, 159 public awareness of, 137 Special Fund for the Spiritual Exigencies of relief for, 191–2, 197–201, 203 Ireland, 80 accountability of, 274, 288, 294 Spectator (journal), 180 Times (newspaper, UK), 76 Sport Aid, 135 Townsend, Richard B., 75–6, 154, 167, 227 SRC (Swedish Red Cross), Soviet famine relief TPLF (Tigray People's Liberation Front), by, 172, 178 287–8 starvation, mass transactions costs, 165 as failure of governance, 8–9 transnational humanitarianism, 140–1 intentional, 11–13 historical analysis of, 4, 27–8, 137 stereotyping of Irish/Ireland, in Great Britain, motivations for, 19, 301 75–6, 214, 225 nationalisation of, 49–51 Strange, Julie-Marie, 228 transparency of aid distribution strangers, aid to lack of, 237, 241 moral economy approaches to, 19 promotion of, 244 moral obligation of, 69 Trevelyan, Charles, 40, 75, 153–4, 230–2, 245

354 Index

triage systems, in humanitarian aid, 19–22 Vera (Russian rag doll), 259 triggers of famine, 12 victims of famine Trotsky, Leon, 104 children, fundraising focus on, 30, 98–101 trust entitlements to aid of, 138–41 lack of, 245 of Ethiopian Famine, 57 need for fostering of, 123 in resettlement programme, 205 Tyrrell, Ian, 29 in India, 10 of Irish Famine, 36, 38–9 underspending of donations, accusations of in Great Britain, 169 in Ethiopian famine relief, 283–5 of Soviet Famine UNICEF moral worth of, 96 Ethiopian famine relief by, 199 selection for famine relief of, 176 fundraising by, 127 sympathy for, 7 United Nations, and Ethiopian Famine, 62–3, voices of, 137–8 196 Victoria (Queen of Great Britain and Ireland), universalism, humanitarian, 14 40 The Unknown Famine (documentary ﬁlm, and gendered perceptions of emergencies, 73 Dimbleby), 61 and Irish famine relief, 76–7, 229 URA (United Relief Association), 150 violent behaviour, as means of protest, 10–11 Ure, Midge, 128 rights/entitlements to, 23 USA visibility of aid, as goal in itself, 293 famine-related Irish emigration to, 169 voices humanitarianism in of aid beneﬁciaries, 137, 301, 303 ad hoc humanitarianism, 33 of famine victims, 137–8 anti-communist goals of, 50 Volga region, famine relief in, 173 emergence of, 27–9 voluntary relief organisations Ethiopian famine relief, 63–4, 128, 130, in Ethiopian Famine, 65, 192 136, 193, 270, 282–3 accountability of aid, 269–78 governmental, 214 aid management by, 193 Irish famine relief, 35, 41–3, 88–93, 227, food aid by, 201–2 233–5, 244 fundraising by, 65, 119, 127 organised humanitarianism, 46–7 and resettlement programme dilemmas, political use of, 12 205–10 Soviet famine relief, 50–1, 95–6, 103, in Irish Famine, 75 172–3, 188–90 fundraising by, 39–43 USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for research on history of, 308 Africa organisation), 130, 133, 136, rise of, 60 210–11 VRS (Volga Relief Society), Soviet famine accountability of aid by, 266, 282–4, 290 relief by, 173 USAID accountability of, 264 disaster relief by, 291 fundraising for, 94 on Ethiopian famine relief accountability, 267, 270, 288 Walker, Brian, 212 and Ethiopian resettlement programme, 205, Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 289 209 Walzer, Michael, 73 famine relief for Tigray and Eritrea by, 200 War on Want, 118–19 utilitarianism, in public health, 21 Ethiopian famine relief by, 197 accountability of, 273, 288 Van Schaick, Myndert, 92 for Eritrea and Tigray, 199 Vasset, Brigitte, 117, 290 fundraising for, 122–3, 126, 134, 272, Vatican, Irish famine relief by, 34, 84–6, 276 161–3, see also Catholic Church warfare, starvation as a means of, 11–13 accountability of, 238 wars Vaux, Tony, 202–3, 281, 286, 288 famines resulting from, 304 Ventura, Gioacchino, 85–6 humanitarian aid in, 30

Index 355

Watson, Brad, 251–2, 254 Williams, David, 125 Watts, Arthur, 181 WIR (Workers’ International Relief ), 53 ‘We Are the World’ (song, Jackson & Ritchie), founding of, 110 131, 143 Soviet famine relief by, 185–8 wealth, calculations of, 178 accountability of, 246, 259–61 Weardale, Lord, 106–7 fundraising for, 95, 112 Weber, Max, 302 ‘With Love from Band Aid’ (report), 280 Webster, Laurence, 177, 179, 181 women Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley), 73–4 in humanitarian aid work, 30 West sexual exploitation by aid workers of, 176 abundance of food in, guilt feelings on, 120, women’s liberation movement, ﬁrst wave, 29 142 Workers’ Bonds Africa conceptualisations of, 129, 137 famine relief through sale of, 188 aid appeals from secessionist Ethiopian World Bank liberations fronts to, 123–4 resettlement advice to Ethiopia from, 204 anti-communism of, and Soviet famine World Vision, 121, 199 relief, 96–8 culpability for Soviet Famine of, 94, 112 YCare International, 125 observers on Ethiopian famine relief Yemen, famine in, 298–9, 304 convoys from, 286 YU Rock Misija (rock band), 132 WFP (World Food Programme, UN), 21 Yugoslavia, fundraising for Ethiopian famine accountability of aid by, 266 relief in, 132 famine relief in North Korea by, 305 Whig party (UK), moralist attitude towards Zangwill, Israel, 101, 107 Irish Famine by, 36 Zavatti, Francesco, 82