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Youths, Radicalisation and Affiliation with Insurgent Groups in Northern i Youths, Radicalisation and Affiliation with Insurgent Groups in Northern Nigeria ii (C) CLEEN Foundation 2014 First published in 2014 By CLEEN Foundation Lagos Office: 21 Akinsanya Street Taiwo Bus stop Ojodu, Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria Tel: +234-1-7612479 Fax: +234-1-2303230 Abuja Office: 26 Bamenda Street Off Abidjan Street Wuse Zone 3 Abuja, Nigeria Tel: +234-9-7817025 +234-9-8708379 Owerri Office: Plot 10, Area M Road 3, World Bank Housing Estate Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria Tel: +234-083-823104 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cleen.org ISBN: 978-978-51062-8-2 © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior approval of the CLEEN Foundation. Cover Concept: Gabriel Akinremi Editing: Isu Media Ltd: 09-7805084 |08091443322 | www.isumedia.net.ng iii iv Table of Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................13 BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................13 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................13 RADICALISATION: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.................................................15 UNDERSTANDING THE BOKO HARAM ...................................................................18 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................22 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................22 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................24 BORNO STATE ......................................................................................................................24 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................24 BORNO STATE: THE STUDY SETTING .......................................................................25 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY......................................................................................26 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................27 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................34 YOBE STATE ..........................................................................................................................34 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................34 YOBE STATE: THE STUDY SETTING ...........................................................................34 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY......................................................................................35 MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................35 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................41 GOMBE STATE ......................................................................................................................41 v INTRODUCION.................................................................................................................41 RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM IN GOMBE STATE .............................................................42 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY........................................................................................43 MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................44 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................49 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................50 KADUNA STATE ..................................................................................................................50 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................50 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY........................................................................................51 DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS.......................................................................................51 KEY FINDINGS..................................................................................................................67 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................67 CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................................68 KANO STATE ........................................................................................................................68 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................68 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY......................................................................................68 MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS......................................................................69 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................81 CHAPTER 8 ............................................................................................................................82 SOKOTO STATE ....................................................................................................................82 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................82 SOKOTO STATE ................................................................................................................83 VIOLENCE IN SOKOTO STATE.....................................................................................84 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION..............................................................................85 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY......................................................................................86 MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................86 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................97 CHAPTER 9 ............................................................................................................................98 MAJOR FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION............................98 KEY FINDINGS OF THE REPORT .................................................................................98 vi RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................102 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................105 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................107 APPENDIX 1.........................................................................................................................112 QUESTIONAIRE..............................................................................................................112 APPENDIX 2.........................................................................................................................116 KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW GUIDE ....................................................................116 vii Preface The outbreak of domestic terrorism instanced by the violent activities of groups such as the Jama’atuAhlissunnahlidda’awatiwal Jihad (aka Boko Haram) and the Jama'atuAnsarulMusilimina Fi Biladis Sudan (aka Ansaru) is generally viewed as the ‘mother’ of all violent conflicts currently afflicting Nigeria. Although the sect’s name has changed over the years – Muhajirun, Yusufiyyah, Nigerian Taliban, – its core mission is to overthrow the Nigerian state and impose strict Islamic Sharia law on Northern Nigeria. Its ideology is rooted in Salafi jihadism and its actions driven by Takfirism. Since July 2009 when it provoked a short-lived anti-government uprising in northern Nigeria, the sect has mounted serial attacks that have placed it in media spotlight, both locally and internationally. The sect is now feared for its ability to mount both ‘low-scale’ and audacious attacks in Nigeria. It has staged attacks
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