DOCSLIB.ORG

A New Great Lake—Or Dead Sea?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A New Great Lake—Or Dead Sea? NEWSFOCUS KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN Lake Sarykamish A m Dashoguz u D Collector a ry a TURKMENISTAN r en Collecto Great Turkm Karashor Depression, Future Site of Caspian Golden Age Lake Sea Ashgabat Merv IRAN A New Great Lake—or Dead Sea? Turkmenistan intends to create a huge lake in the desert by filling a natural depression with drainage water. on June 3, 2008 Critics say it’s a bad idea that could even spark a war ASHGABAT, TURKMENISTAN—Bone-dry and many problems,” says Paltamed Esenov, lake will become an artificial Dead Sea. as forbidding as California’s Death Valley, the director of the National Institute for “Trying to find value in this lake may be windswept, 120-kilometer-long Karashor Deserts, Flora, and Fauna in Ashgabat. like trying to put lipstick on a pig,” says Depression—a natural bowl speckled with Turkmen officials predict that the project Michael Glantz, director of the U.S. the ash-gray, mica-laden sand that gives the will reclaim 450,000 hectares of water- National Center for Atmospheric Research’s www.sciencemag.org Karakum, or “Black Sand,” Desert its logged agricultural fields and create a habi- Center for Capacity Building in Boulder, name—might seem the last place in the world tat for migratory birds and an inland fishery. Colorado. “A bad idea, even for the best of to put a lake. But on a fine day in Next month, Turkmen engi- intentions, is still a bad idea.” Some experts October 2000, some 450 kilome- neers say they will complete the believe that runoff will be insufficient to fill ters south of Karashor, President mammoth effort’s first phase: the lake, as the drainage water will evapo- Saparmurat Niyazov leaned Online excavation of the two “collector” rate or seep into the desert through unlined sciencemag.org against a spade and breached a canals, each hundreds of kilome- feeder canals. Downloaded from few-meters-wide earthen dam. More on this ters long. Water apparently has That prospect raises fears that the lake story in Science’s Laborers took over, and soon Podcast already begun trickling into could trigger a water war. Some observers water was gushing into the initial Karashor. “We are carrying out a worry that to prevent Golden Age Lake from segment of a canal intended to fill unique, pioneering project,” says running dry and to dilute tainted water, Turk- Karashor to its rim. Golden Age Lake, the late a senior engineer at the Turkmen State menistan might top it off with fresh water president said, would become “the symbol of Water Research, Production, and Design from the Amu Darya, a river on the border revival of the Turkmen land,” covering 3500 Institute in Ashgabat, which leads construc- with Uzbekistan to the north. Uzbeks rely on square kilometers—nearly the area of Utah’s tion of Golden Age Lake. “Everything we the river for irrigation, and their leaders have Great Salt Lake. are doing is aimed at increasing agricultural said they would not tolerate a reduced share With that gesture, Niyazov—known as productivity,” says the engineer, who of the Amu Darya. “The lake project has Turkmenbashi, or “Father of the Turkmen Peo- requested anonymity after agreeing to be incredible geopolitical implications,” says ple”—launched one of the most grandiose interviewed without permission from Turk- Johan Gely, who works on water issues in water projects ever undertaken. According to menistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. central Asia for the Swiss Agency for Devel- the plan, two canals that bisect the country will But Golden Age Lake has unleashed a opment and Cooperation. The senior water funnel runoff from heavily irrigated cotton torrent of criticism as well. “There’s no engineer insists such fears are unfounded: fields into Karashor. The $6 billion project is sense in this,” says Timur Berkeliev, a geo- “Every drop of the Amu Darya is valuable, designed to drain swamps and combat the chemist who coordinates the Worldwide and nobody is planning to use this water for buildup of salt and other minerals that have Fund for Nature’s Econet project in Turk- Golden Age Lake,” he says. degraded three-quarters of Turkmenistan’s menistan. He and others are skeptical of Some see a window of opportunity to arable land and eroded renowned archaeo- plans to purify the runoff, laden with pesti- coax Turkmenistan to reconsider. Niyazov logical monuments. “The lake will solve cides and fertilizers, and contend that the died in December 2006, and his successor, CREDIT (INSET): JACQUES DESCLOITRES, MODIS LAND RAPID RESPONSE TEAM, NASA/GSFC 1002 23 MAY 2008 VOL 320 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Published by AAAS NEWSFOCUS Making a lake. Two cross-country canals will funnel primarily sodium sulfate—to the surface by menistan’s irrigation runoff into Karashor, drainage water from Turkmenistan’s heartland into capillary action. With evaporation, the brine near the border with Uzbekistan. Niyazov the Karashor Depression. crystallizes into mirabilite, a corrosive min- dusted off a Soviet rough blueprint for an eral that ruins oases and poisons fields. artificial lake, Glantz and others assert, as a Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, has not yet “Several kilometers to the left and right of strongman’s way of showing dominion over spoken publicly about the project. Foreign the canal is a death zone,” says a Turkmen nature. “Only a powerful state can build leaders have remained mum as well, perhaps government scientist who asked to remain such a gigantic thing,” Niyazov said in in deference to Turkmenistan’s growing clout anonymous to keep his job. “If you step in 2003. Turkmenistan’s leader from the coun- as owner of the world’s fifth largest natural gas the extremely salty water, your shoes are try’s independence in 1991 until his death, reserves. In the meantime, Berdimuhamedov destroyed within a week,” adds a Western Niyazov was anointed by parliament as has promoted a gradual opening of the iso- technician in Ashgabat who has visited the Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great and, in lated country. “The leadership is now sensitive construction site of Golden Age Lake. 1999, made president for life. Golden Age to world opinion,” says Berkeliev. There might The Karakum Canal is not the only vil- Lake was not put to public consultation or be one last chance, he says, to persuade lain in the salinization saga. In the mid- debate. “It was almost impossible to object authorities to convene an international scien- 1970s, Soviet engineers constructed before,” says Berkeliev. In 2004, after tific review before irreversible steps are taken drainage canals to discharge runoff into the merely asking whether the project included to fill the lake. “This is the right time to do desert. Dumping, coupled with overirriga- ecological expertise, the country’s sole something,” he says. tion of farm fields, has saturated the ground homegrown environmental group, the and brought salt to the surface across the Katena Ecological Club, was shut down. Back in the USSR watershed. The water table is so high in the One potential beneficiary of the lake Centuries ago, central Asians learned how to Dashoguz region, researchers say, that project is the region’s archaeological treas- make the most of the region’s scarce water dozens of saline lakes have formed from ures. “Water and salt are the main enemies with networks of underground canals that water burbling up from the ground. “About of archaeological sites,” says the govern- conserved water for irrigation and drinking. 80% of arable land is damaged to different ment scientist, who says that farmland and on June 3, 2008 “The tragic irony is that this region was home degrees,” says Berkeliev. Many Turkmen runoff have begun to encroach on what to one of the largest and most efficient irriga- farmers soak fallow fields in winter, might be Turkmenistan’s most famous tion systems in history, until the Mongol inva- wrongly believing that as fresh water seeps site, the Bronze Age ruins of Gonur Depe sion destroyed much of the network,” says into the soil, it takes salt with it. “But this has (Science, 3 August 2007, p. 586). Saliniza- Peter Sinnott, director of the Caspian Project the opposite effect,” concentrating tion has already taken a heavy toll at one at Columbia University. mirabilite, Berkeliev says: “This is a very ancient monument, Little Kyz Kala in the Josef Stalin managed to outdo the Mon- complex problem, and the level of study is medieval city of Merv, which has deterio- gols. During the Cold War, when central not adequate.” rated especially rapidly in recent decades. Asia was part of the Soviet Union, Stalin’s That hasn’t stopped Turkmen authorities The water table rose, soaking the foundations www.sciencemag.org water managers cooked up a notorious from forging ahead with a solution: the res- of the 1400-year-old brick fortress with salt fiasco. In the 1950s, they began to divert urrection of a 1970s idea to divert Turk- and weakening them (see photos, below). massive amounts of water from the Syr With archaeologist Tim Williams Darya into a network of canals to irrigate and colleagues at University Col- cotton fields in Uzbekistan. The Syr Darya lege London, Sébastien Moriset’s is one of two main sources of water for the team at the International Centre landlocked Aral Sea; the river’s reduced for Earth Construction of the Downloaded from flow resulted in the Aral’s shrinkage to less Grenoble School of Architec- than a quarter of its original surface area. ture in France has helped Turk- Soviet planners were pushing cotton in men conservators improve Turkmenistan as well, and in 1954, work com- drainage and apply sacrificial menced on the Karakum Canal, which would soil layers at monuments that feed water from the Amu Darya—the other will bear the brunt of erosion big Aral Sea source—into the Turkmen heart- rather than the original walls.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geologic Site of the Month: Why Is Sebago Lake So Deep?
    Why is Sebago Lake so deep? Maine Geological Survey Maine Geologic Facts and Localities February, 1999 Why is Sebago Lake so deep? 43° 51‘ 13.36“ N, 70° 33‘ 43.98“ W Text by Robert A. Johnston Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Why is Sebago Lake so deep? Maine Geological Survey Introduction Modern geophysical equipment allows geologists to investigate previously unmapped environments, including ocean and lake floors. Recent geophysical research studied the types, composition, areal extent, and thickness of sediments on the bottom of Sebago Lake in southwestern Maine. Geologists used side- scan sonar and seismic reflection profiling to map the bottom of the lake. Approximately 58 percent of the lake bottom was imaged with side-scan sonar and over 60 miles of seismic reflection profiles were collected. This web site will discuss the findings of the seismic reflection profiling. Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 2 Why is Sebago Lake so deep? Maine Geological Survey Physiographic setting Sebago Lake, although second in surface area to Moosehead Lake, is Maine's deepest lake. With a water depth of 316 feet, its deepest part is 49 feet below sea level! Sebago Lake is located in southwestern Maine 20 miles northwest of Portland and 50 miles southeast of the White Mountains. It lies along the transition between the Central Highlands and the Coastal Lowlands physiographic regions of New England (Figure 1). The abrupt change in landscape can be seen in panoramic views from several vantage points near Sebago Lake. Denny, 1982 Denny, Maine Geological Survey From From Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications for Management AFRICAN GREAT LAKES
    AFRICAN GREAT LAKES CONFERENCE 2nd – 5th MAY 2017, ENTEBBE, UGANDA Dynamics of Fish Stocks of Commercial Importance in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Implications for Management Robert Kayanda, Anton Taabu-Munyaho, Dismas Mbabazi, Hillary Mrosso, and Chrisphine Nyamweya INTRODUCTION • Lake Victoria with a surface area of 68,800 sqkm is the world’s second largest freshwater body • It supports one of the world’s most productive inland fisheries with the estimated total fish landings from the lake for the period of 2011 to 2014 have been about 1 million tons with a beach value increasing from about US$ 550 Million in 2011 to about US$ 840 million in 2014. • It supports about 220,000 fishers (Frame Survey 2016) • The fish stocks of Lake Victoria have changed dramatically since the introduction of Nile perch Lates niloticus during the late 1950s and early 1960s Fishery Haplochromines The Original Fish Fauna Brycinus sp Protopterus Rastrineobola Mormyrus spp Barbus spp Bagrus docmac Labeo Schilbe intermedius Oreochromis variabilis Clarias gariepinus Mormyrus spp Synodontis victoriae Oreochromis leucostictus INTRODUCTION Currently, the fisheries is dominated by four major commercial important species, these are; •Nile perch •Dagaa •Nile tilapia •Haplochromis Apart from Nile tilapia only estimated through trawl and catch surveys, the other 3 are estimated through trawl, acoustics, and catch INTRODUCTION This paper summarizes current knowledge of the status of the fish stocks and reviews the need for species specific management plans for the major commercial important fish species of Lake Victoria (Nile perch, Nile tilapia, dagaa and haplochromines). Methods • Fisheries dependent – Frame surveys – Catch assessment surveys • Fisheries independent – Acoustic – Bottom trawl Biomass and relative abundance • Total biomass from the surveys 3500 remained fairly stable over time.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of the Holocene Humid Period in the Central Sahara and Thar Deserts: Societal Collapses Or New Opportunities? Andrea Zerboni1, S
    60 SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION doi: 10.22498/pages.24.2.60 The end of the Holocene Humid Period in the central Sahara and Thar deserts: societal collapses or new opportunities? Andrea Zerboni1, S. biagetti2,3,4, c. Lancelotti2,3 and M. Madella2,3,5 The end of the Holocene Humid Period heavily impacted on human societies, prompting the development of new forms of social complexity and strategies for food security. Yearly climatic oscillations played a role in enhancing the resilience of past societies. The Holocene Humid Period or Holocene settlements (Haryana, India), show a general changes in settlement pattern, rather than full- climatic Optimum (ca. 12–5 ka bP), in its local, trend towards desertification and higher fledged abandonment. monsoon-tuned variants of the African Humid evapotranspiration between 5.8 and 4.2 ka bP, Period (DeMenocal et al. 2000; Gasse 2000) followed by an abrupt increase in δ18O values In the SW Fazzan, the transition from the Late and the period of strong Asian southwest (or and relative abundance of carbonates, indic- Pastoral (5-3.5 ka bP) to the Final Pastoral summer) monsoon (Dixit et al. 2014), is one ative of a sudden decrease in Indian summer (3.5-2.7 ka bP) marks the ultimate adaptation of the best-studied climatic phases of the monsoon precipitations (Dixit et al. 2014). to hyperarid conditions and, later, the rise Holocene. Yet the ensuing trend towards arid- of the Garamantian kingdom (2.7-1.5 ka bP; ity, the surface processes shaping the pres- Aridification and cultural processes Mori et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Rice Lake Nature Area
    Rice Lake Nature Area Location: 4120 Bassett Creek Drive Nature Area Size: 9.23 Acres Description The Rice Lake Nature Area is located along the north side of Bassett Creek Drive. The nature area is within a residential neighborhood, although the woods and wetland provide more seclusion than expected for a small urban nature area. Access to the park is through a pedestrian bridge crossing of Bassett Creek, which flows from west to east. In this reach, Bassett Creek is within an incised channel and some bank erosion is present. The creek is bordered by mixed hardwood floodplain forest and hardwood swamp. Reed canary grass is present where there is sufficient clearing, but the understory can be sparse due to heavy shading. Tree removal would likely generate a flush of reed canary grass Rice Lake Nature Area can be accessed by walking an aggregate path, and a boardwalk leading to a floating dock. South Rice Pond, sometimes referred to as Rice Lake, is a shallow basin, with a wide emergent marsh fringe. Small, shallow ponds and lakes like South Rice, are somewhat unique, as they are successionally proceeding from deeper open water to wetland. That natural process can be observed from the Rice Lake Nature Area, by observing the existing habitat and surrounding areas. The Rice Lake Nature Area provides a unique opportunity to provide an unobstructed view of South Rice Pond. Because the park is dominated by wetland, access is limited to a raised trail and boardwalk. Forest and Woodlands The southern portion of the Rice Lake Nature Area is composed of a mixture of floodplain forest and hardwood swamp.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region
    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
    [Show full text]
  • Per___1. Based on the Evidence, I Believe That the Lake
    Sample: Scientific Argument NAME _________________ Per___________ 1. Based on the evidence, I believe that the lake _evaporated___. I believe this due to the evidence on card B, C and D 2. On Card B it states, “In the region where the lake is found, planetary geologists have not yet observed any summer temperatures low enough to freeze methane” This is important because This evidence refutes that the lake froze. If the temperature did not get low enough to freeze, it could not have frozen. The only other option would be that the lake evaporated 2. On Card D it states, “Summer days have more hours of sunlight. Therefore, more energy is transferred to the lake in summer than any other season. This is important because If energy is transferred into the lake, this will cause the temperature of the lake to rise. If the temperature rises, there will be more kinetic energy causing the molecules to move faster. With enough energy, evaporation can occur. With more sunlight in summer, there are more hours for the energy to enter into the lake than any other season. 2. On Card C it states, “Summer started in 2002, the lake was there in 2007, there was no lake in 2009, fall started in 2010. Seasons on Titan are just over 7 years long. This is important because Titan is cold, even in the summer, because it’s so far away from the Sun. Even though it’s cold, it is a very long summer. Summer started in 2002 and the lake was there in 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution and Volume of Titan's Hydrocarbon Lakes and Seas. A. G
    45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 2341.pdf The Distribution and Volume of Titan’s Hydrocarbon Lakes and Seas. A. G. Hayes1, R. J. Michaelides1, E. P. 2 3 4 5 2 6 1 Turtle , J. W. Barnes , J. M. Soderblom , M. Mastrogiuseppe , R. D. Lorenz , R. L. Kirk , and J. I. Lunine , 1Astronomy Department, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, [email protected]; 2Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, Laurel MD; 3Physics Department, University of Idaho, Moscow ID; 4Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambrige MA; 5Università La Sapienza, Italy; 6USGS Astrogeology Center, Flagstaff AZ Abstract: We present a complete map of Titan’s polar pressions [1,2]. Collectively, these features account for lacustrine features, at 1:100,000 scale, using a combi- ~1.1% of Titan’s globally observed surface area, while natio of images acquired using the RADAR, VIMS, Kraken, Ligeia, and Punga Maria account for ~80% of and ISS instruments onboard the Cassini spacecraft. all filled lake features by area. The vast majority of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are used to filled lakes exist in the Northern hemisphere, taking up define morphologic borders while infrared images 12% of the area poleward of 55° as opposed to 0.3% in from ISS and VIMS are used to determine state of liq- the south (Figure 1). This dichotomy has been attribut- uid-fill. In addition, liquid volume estimates are de- ed to orbitally driven variations in solar insolation, rived from SAR observations using a two-layer model analogous to Earth’s Croll-Milankovich cycles [3]. calibrated by recent time-of-flight bathymetry meas- Until recently, it was unknown how many of the urements of Ligeia Mare.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2019–2020 Rise in Lake Victoria Monitored from Space: Exploiting the State-Of-The-Art GRACE-FO and the Newly Released ERA-5 Reanalysis Products
    sensors Article The 2019–2020 Rise in Lake Victoria Monitored from Space: Exploiting the State-of-the-Art GRACE-FO and the Newly Released ERA-5 Reanalysis Products Mehdi Khaki 1 and Joseph Awange 2,* 1 School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia; [email protected] 2 School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: During the period 2019–2020, Lake Victoria water levels rose at an alarming rate that has caused various problems in the region. The influence of this phenomena on surface and subsurface water resources has not yet been investigated, largely due to lack of enough in situ measurements compounded by the spatial coverage of the lake’s basin, incomplete/inconsistent hydrometeorologi- cal data, and unavailable governmental data. Within the framework of joint data assimilation into a land surface model from multi-mission satellite remote sensing, this study employs the state-of-art Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment follow-on (GRACE-FO) time-variable terrestrial water storage (TWS), newly released ERA-5 reanalysis, and satellite radar altimetry products to understand the cause of the rise of Lake Victoria on the one hand, and the associated impacts of the rise on the total water storage compartments (surface and groundwater) triggered by the extreme climatic event on the other hand. In addition, the study investigates the impacts of large-scale ocean–atmosphere indices on the water storage changes. The results indicate a considerable increase in water storage over the past two years, with multiple subsequent positive trends mainly induced by the Indian Citation: Khaki, M.; Awange, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmenistan – Making the Most of Desert Resources
    Turkmenistan Making the Most of Desert Resources urkmen hospitality is legendary, its roots There is little forested land. In fact, four-fifths of the in the distant past. Beyond the traditional country’s surface is desert—most of it the Karakum Khosh geldiniz (welcome), a host’s sacred (Garagum in Turkmen, the official language). And duty has always been to be hospitable to most of the remaining 20% of land is occupied Tguests, even if they are strangers. The hardship of by steep mountains. At the southwest edge of the life and travel in the desert that makes up most of Karakum, the Kopet-Dag Range rises up along the country is such that finding a friendly refuge Turkmenistan’s southern border. This range forms could be a matter of life or death. Inhospitality to a part of the Trans-Eurasian seismic belt, which is traveler is virtually unthinkable. unstable and has caused violent earthquakes in the country. An Uncompromising Terrain Turkmenistan’s most important river is the Amu Darya, the longest river in Central Asia, which Turkmenistan, the second largest Central Asian emanates from the Pamir mountains and flows country, covers 488,100 square kilometers, northwesterly through Turkmenistan. Much of its measuring about 1,100 kilometers from east to water is diverted to the west for irrigation via the west and 650 kilometers from north to south, Karakum Canal. Other major rivers are the Tejen, Upper: The Yangkala Canyon in northwestern Turkmenistan. Lower: The between the Caspian Sea in the west and the the Murgab, and the Atrek. Mausoleum of Turkmenbashi in Ahal Amu Darya River in the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmenistan's 'Golden Age' Lake
    WL KNO EDGE NCE ISM SA ER IS E A TE N K N O K C E N N T N I S E S J E N A 3 V H A A N H Z И O E P W O I T E D N E Z I A M I C O N O C C I O T N S H O E L C A I N M Z E N O T Turkmenistan’s ‘Golden Age’ Lake: a Potential Environmental Disaster Zhulduz Baizakova Republic of Kazakhstan Open Source, Foreign Perspective, Underconsidered/Understudied Topics The Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is an open source research organization of the U.S. Army. It was founded in 1986 as an innovative program that brought together military specialists and civilian academics to focus on military and security topics derived from unclassified, foreign media. Today FMSO maintains this research tradition of special insight and highly collaborative work by conducting unclassified research on foreign perspectives of defense and security issues that are understudied or unconsidered. Author Background Zhulduz Baizakova is a graduate of the Kazakh National University and has a MSc degree in International Security and Global Governance, Birkbeck College, University of London, where she successfully defended her dissertation on NATO peacekeeping activities. She served for seven years in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including a posting to the United Kingdom. Baizakova is currently specializing in defense and security issues in Central Asia. FMSO has provided some editing, format, and graphics to this paper to conform to organizational standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Madison Lake (07-0044) Blue Earth County, Minnesota
    Sentinel Lake Assessment Report Madison Lake (07-0044) Blue Earth County, Minnesota Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Water Monitoring Section Lakes and Streams Monitoring Unit & Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Section of Fisheries August 2010 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 520 Lafayette Road North Saint Paul, MN 55155-4194 http://www.pca.state.mn.us 651-296-6300 or 800-657-3864 toll free TTY 651-282-5332 or 800-657-3864 toll free Available in alternative formats Contributing Authors Matt Lindon MPCA Ray Valley and Scott Mackenthun MDNR Editing Steve Heiskary & Dana Vanderbosch, MPCA Peter Jacobson, MDNR Sampling Matt Lindon, MPCA Jacquelyn Bacigalupi, Marc Bacigalupi, Marcus Beck, Craig Berberich, Nathan Burkhart, Tyler Fellows, Corey Geving, John Hoxmeier, Seth Luchau, Jason Rhoten, Kim Strand, Ray Valley, MDNR Patrice Johnson, Susie Jedlund, Master Naturalist Program Curt Kloss, Citizen Lake Monitoring Program Volunteer Mary Buschkowsky and Frank McCabe, Volunteer Ice out data wq-2slice07-0044 The MPCA is reducing printing and mailing costs by using the Internet to distribute reports and information to wider audience. For additional information, see the Web site: www.pca.state.mn.us/water/lakereport.html This report was printed on recycled paper manufactured without the use of elemental chlorine (cover: 100% post-consumer; body: 100% post-consumer) 2009 Sentinel Lake Assessment of Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and Madison Lake in Blue Earth County Minnesota Department of Natural Resources i Table of Contents List
    [Show full text]
  • The Lakes and Seas of Titan • Explore Related Articles • Search Keywords Alexander G
    EA44CH04-Hayes ARI 17 May 2016 14:59 ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations The Lakes and Seas of Titan • Explore related articles • Search keywords Alexander G. Hayes Department of Astronomy and Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2016. 44:57–83 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Cassini, Saturn, icy satellites, hydrology, hydrocarbons, climate April 27, 2016 The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences is Abstract online at earth.annualreviews.org Analogous to Earth’s water cycle, Titan’s methane-based hydrologic cycle This article’s doi: supports standing bodies of liquid and drives processes that result in common 10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012247 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2016.44:57-83. Downloaded from annualreviews.org morphologic features including dunes, channels, lakes, and seas. Like lakes Access provided by University of Chicago Libraries on 03/07/17. For personal use only. Copyright c 2016 by Annual Reviews. on Earth and early Mars, Titan’s lakes and seas preserve a record of its All rights reserved climate and surface evolution. Unlike on Earth, the volume of liquid exposed on Titan’s surface is only a small fraction of the atmospheric reservoir. The volume and bulk composition of the seas can constrain the age and nature of atmospheric methane, as well as its interaction with surface reservoirs. Similarly, the morphology of lacustrine basins chronicles the history of the polar landscape over multiple temporal and spatial scales.
    [Show full text]