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A NEW VIEW of the UNIVERSE Big Science for the Big Society A NEW VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE Big science for the big society Advancing Astronomy and Geophysics A NEW VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE 1 CONTENTS A NEW VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE This booklet was produced by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS). The RAS is grateful for the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) for this publication. CONTENTS www.ras.org.uk FOREWORD Managing editor: Robert Massey, RAS ([email protected]) 4 Editor/writer: Nina Hall ([email protected]) Design: Paul Johnson (www.formulamedia.co.uk) 3 From the President of the Royal Astronomical Society Printed by: EPC Direct, Bristol © RAS July 2010 INTRODUCTION Contributors to the booklet include: Andrew Fabian (University of Cambridge and President of 4 What’s the use of astronomy? the RAS), Mike Bode (Liverpool John Moores University), 6 Sarah Bridle (University College London), Robin Clegg (STFC), Colin Cunningham (UK Astronomy Technology Centre), ENHANCING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNIVERSE Phil Diamond (CSIRO), Peter Duffett-Smith, Pippa Goldschmidt (University of Edinburgh), Mike Hapgood (STFC Rutherford 6 Revealing the secrets of gamma-ray bursts Appleton Laboratory), James Hough (University of Glasgow), Marek Kukula (Royal Observatory Greenwich), 7 The search for gravitational waves Mark Malone (Aon), Colin McGill (BP), Peter Newman (Defra), Andrew Newsam (Liverpool John Moores University), 8 NEW BUSINESS FROM ASTRONOMY Terry O’Connor (Director of Communications, STFC), Sheila Rowan (University of Glasgow), Ray Sharples (Durham University), Nial Tanvir (University of Leicester), 8 A giant eye on the cosmos Jim Wild (Lancaster University) and Colin Vincent (STFC). 10 Radioastronomy opens the way to a wireless world Image credits: 11 Location, location, location p1 NASA, ESA, M Livio and the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team (STScI). p3 Lucinda Douglas-Menzies. p4 National Maritime Museum, London. 13 p5 JCMT: Nik Szymanek. Observers: Hong Kong Space Museum. NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM ASTRONOMY p6 GRB: ESO/A Roquette. Swift: Spectrum and NASA E/PO, Sonoma State University, Aurore Simonnet. Distant GRB: NASA/Swift/Stefan 12 Seeing clearly with adaptive optics Immler. p7 LIGO: Ligo Laboratory. Suspension system: University of Glasgow. p8 ESO. p9 E-ELT site: ESO/S Brunier. METIS: G Kroes/ 13 The rise of the CCD METIS. Mirror: ESO. Eagle: ESO. p10 ATCA: D Smyth. O’Sullivan: Bearcage Prodns. p11 Taxi: Stormcab/Dreamstime.com. Quasar: 14 NASA/CXC/SAO/H Marshall et al. p12 WHT: Centre for Advanced APPLYING ASTRONOMY ON EARTH Instrumentation, University of Durham. Beta Pictoris: ESO. Embryo: D Debarre, University of Oxford. p13 CCDs: Steward Observatory. 14 And now, the space weather forecast… DNA: Mnolf. Mammography: Kodak. p14 Aurora: Steele Hill/NASA. Magnetic field: NASA. Sun: NASA SDO/AIA. p15 Max Alexander & STFC. p16 Drill: BP plc. p17 Ice: NOAA. Telescope: SDSS. RESEARCH AND TRAINING FOR A MODERN WORLD p18 Scottish Government: Bob Marshall. ISO galaxies: NASA/ ESA/HST/R Williams/HDF Team/STSCI/ISO/ISOCAM/CEA-Saclay/ 15 Through a gravitational lens darkly H Aussel. p19 Starbirth: ESA and the PACS, SPIRE & HSC Consortia. 15 16 From cosmology to oil production Cover: NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope captured this billowing cloud 17 Adapting to climate change of cold interstellar gas and dust rising from a tempestuous stellar nursery in the Carina Nebula, 7500 light-years away. This 18 Making government policy work pillar of dust and gas serves as an incubator for new stars and is teeming with new star-forming activity. 19 Risk, uncertainty and interstellar shock waves 2 A NEW VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE FOREWORD FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY y interest in astronomy began when curiosity we all share about the universe is “The articles MI was seven. Then, as a teenager, I an important part of our culture, and at least that follow learnt the constellations and watched satellites as important as our contemporary concerns invite you to think about cross the night sky. Following a physics about health, the ageing process and security. why our science degree, I was inspired to pursue astronomy For that reason alone, we could argue that matters and and have spent my subsequent career using our science should receive a decent level of the sometimes many different orbiting and ground-based investment, at least as much as that spent surprising telescopes to study the universe. by other developed countries. This booklet, ways in which We live in a golden age of astronomical produced by the Royal Astronomical Society it affects our discovery. In the past 40 years, we have and backed by the Science and Technology lives” proved the existence of black holes, found Facilities Council (STFC), highlights many by astronomers, in many cases through hundreds of planets around other stars, and of the other reasons, from the way in which serendipity, where work on one topic led to an discovered that 95% of the universe is made astronomy inspires people to study and unexpected beneficial result elsewhere. up of enigmatic “dark matter” and the even work in science to the plethora of spin-off The articles that follow invite you to think more mysterious “dark energy”. In the next technologies that shape our society. about why our science matters and the 40 years, we should detect gravitational In the past, the impact of astronomy sometimes surprising ways in which it affects waves – a key prediction of Albert Einstein was obvious, as navigators and explorers our lives. As such, it is a timely reminder in his General Theory of Relativity – and just depended on knowledge of the night sky that research in “blue-skies” subjects like possibly the first signs of life on other worlds. to find their way around the world. Now astronomy – an area in which the UK excels Astronomers and space scientists in the UK we have more subtle but nonetheless – not only enriches our culture but also brings are incredibly good at all this – and, after the highly significant outcomes, including the real benefits to society as a whole. US, have more citations of our research papers development of super-sensitive charge-coupled than any other nation. devices (CCDs) found in almost every mobile With such astonishing progress in our phone and digital camera, medical and airport science, it isn’t surprising that astronomy is scanners, and wireless computer networks. Prof. Andrew Fabian so interesting to the wider public. The innate All of these were discovered or developed President of the RAS 2008–2010 A NEW VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE 3 INTRODUCTION stronomy is the oldest science. The earliest civiliza- Ations made astronomical observations that led to the units of time we use today – possibly the first scientific measurements made. Many human activities, particularly navigation, have depended on observations of the Sun, Moon and stars. Over the past couple of centuries, more detailed astro- nomical studies have underpinned the formulation of our current understanding of physics: the fundamental forces, in particular gravity as described by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity; and the building-blocks of matter and the theory describing them, quantum theory. Today, the universe continues to provide a laboratory for testing basic theories that lead to a deeper understanding of nature and our own place in it. Astronomy now covers a huge range of topics: under- standing how the universe got started and how its large- scale structure evolved into what we see today; the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars and planetary systems; and, excitingly, the search for planets that might support life. A major mystery recently uncovered is the existence of “dark energy” which is accelerating cosmic expansion. The dynamics of the universe seem to be domi- nated by this phenomenon, as well as by large amounts of invisible “dark matter”. The universe we see directly is only a small component of what is really out there. Discoveries made via astronomical observations also play a pivotal role in shaping progress in other fields. A major goal of nuclear physics is to understand how the elements WHAT’S THE USE are made in stars. Studying the outer layers of the Sun and other stars tells us about the physics of plasmas relevant to clean nuclear-energy generation. Exploring the geology and OF ASTRONOMY? atmospheres of planetary bodies in the solar system may throw light on climate change on our own planet, while the Humans have always gazed up at the Heavens and burgeoning science of astrobiology – exploring the condi- wondered what was beyond their everyday world. tions in which life could exist elsewhere in the universe – could explain how life first evolved on Earth. “The one topic Science Curriculum, stated: “The one topic (among the sci- Observatory Greenwich (ROG) hosts 14 000 pupils annually, that generated ences) that generated universal enthusiasm was any study as part of an astronomy education programme catering Astronomy inspires of astronomy.” The UK has built on this response, estab- for all ages from 5 to 19. Children’s enthusiasm for planets It is not surprising that children are fascinated by the universal lishing projects such as the National Schools’ Observatory and black holes is channelled into active learning related universe’s sheer scale and strangeness. Many young peo- enthusiasm (NSO), through which pupils can make observations with to the school science curriculum. ple are drawn into studying science and engineering at was any study the same robotic telescopes (page 6) that are used by pro- university through an early introduction to the wonders of astronomy” fessional astronomers. About 1200 schools across the UK Providing a skilled workforce of the cosmos. A report funded by Kings College London are full NSO members, and more than 17 000 observing At university, astrophysics research continues to attract and the Wellcome Trust, Pupils’ & Parents’ Views of the School requests have been delivered to pupils so far.
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