El Nino Impact Report on Food Security and Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries and Biosecurity (MALFFB) November 2015
Prepared by the Risk and Resilience Unit (RRU) team at MALFFB in coordination with expert assessors from DARD, Livestock, Fisheries, Forestry and Biosecurity INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
An assessment of the impact of El Nino on food security and agriculture was conducted from the 19th to the 30th of October 2015. Twenty two (22) assessment teams were dispatched from Port Vila and provincial centers to the 33 Islands of the 6 provinces. Typically each group comprised an officer from MALFFB, and a WASH officer. Up to 4 people conducted the assessment in the much larger islands. Groups conducted 30 to 50 interviews on each of the 33 main islands visited and completed all questionnaires using Kobo toolbox apps on smart phones.
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the survey is to assess the impact of El Nino on food security and agriculture in the six provinces of the country.
The specific objectives of the assessment are to;
1. Collect data on the impact of El Nino at community level; 2. Understand how the impact of El Nino is changing over time. 3. Better understand ongoing community food security needs 4. Recommend possible intervention measures to address food needs
METHODOLOGY
PLANNING
Resources used in the assessment included field technical and extension officers, RRU officers of the MALFFB, WASH officers, areas secretaries, lead farmers and Community Disaster Committees (CDC).
Material used included smart phones (kobo-tool box app), life jacket, camera, laptops, pens and pencils, boat and vehicles.
Questionnaire was developed by using the questions of the first assessment done in June 2015 as a backbone and some additional questions to suit the current situation affecting the nation. Training was conducted in Port Vila and on Santo to help familiarize the assessment teams on how to use Kobo toolbox application on a mobile phone. Figure 1; WASH officer Interviewed farmer at Port-Patrick, Aneityum
PAGE 1 AREA OF COVERAGE
The assessment covered a total of 470 people. Of this 75 people were interviewed in Torba, 53 in Sanma, 72 in Penama, 65 in Malampa, 129 in Shefa and 76 in Tafea.
Of the 83 islands, 33 main islands were visited and assessed. The assessment was conducted by 39 MALFFB and WASH field officers.
Figure 2; the map illustrate GPS coordinates where the assessment takes place.
SUMMARY OF KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
SHORT TERM:
1. Soil moisture improvement measures such as mulching and intercropping with forest trees in Tanna, Efate, North Pentecost, Maewo, Vanualava, Mota, Motalava, Toress, Ureparapara, Ambae, Malekula, Ambrym, Tongoa, Tongariki, Buninga, Emae, Mataso, Emao, Nguna, Moso, Pele, Lelepa, Futuna, Aniwa and Anietyum.
2. Apply appropriate pest & disease control measures for the control of rats and insect pests on leafy vegetables.
3. Reduce stocking rate for cattle and pigs by disposing off in the islands or in urban markets (Santo, Ambae, Malekula, Epi, Ambrym, Efate, Pentecost and Tanna)
4. Control of bush fire to prevent depletion of pasture land and crops in Santo, Ambae, Malekula, Epi, Ambrym, Efate, Pentecost and Tanna
PAGE 2 5. Improve access to fishing gears to Malekula, Epi, Futuna, Aniwa, Anietyum, Torres, Merelava, Gaua, Ureparapa, Ambae, Paama, Ambrym, Aneityum and the Shepherds islands.
6. Extension of licensing of forest trees such as sandal wood.
7. Distribution of leguminous crops to the smaller islands of Shepherds, Tafea and Torba.
8. Introduce drip irrigation systems (bucket) on small islands to promote vegetable production.
MEDIUM TERM AND LONG TERM
1. Relocation of gardens to/near water sources in Mota, Vanualava, Malekula, Maewo, Erromango, Aneityum, South Pentecost and Efate.
2. Support ongoing efforts to access good quality planting materials and vegetable seeds.
3. Introduced soil moisture conservation techniques such as composting and used of cover crops such as mucuna and cowpea.
4. Mass multiply and distribution of climatic resilient crops such as wild yam to all provinces.
5. Desalination of seawater for smaller islands of shepherds group, Torba, Efate outer islands and Tafea outer islands.
6. Setup pore holes in high agricultural production areas in Malekula, Epi, Ambrym, Ambae, Pentecost, Motalava, Gaua, Malo, Shepherds islands and Tafea outer islands
7. Strengthen community subsistence fishing with materials and appropriate training FAD in Malekula, Epi, Futuna, Aniwa, Torres, Merelava, Gaua, Ureparapa, Ambae, Paama, Ambrym, Aneityum and Shepherds.
OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS AFFECTING GARDENS
TORBA
Soil fertility and low level of agricultural production are issues in the TORBA province. Up to 27% of respondents saw soil fertility as a worse problem than people not planting enough crops, livestock damaging crops, and pests & disease attacking crops to be of lesser problem. This results in people not planting enough crops. Long dry weather, as indicated by 50% of respondents, affects the already low production of crops.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
PAGE 3 1. Soil moisture improvement measures such as mulching and intercropping with forest trees in Vanualava, Motalava, Mota, Ureparapara, Merelava, Gaua and Toress islands.
2. Introduce drip irrigation systems (bucket) in Vanualava, Motalava, Mota, Gaua, Merelava, Ureparapara and Toress group to promote vegetable production.
3. Support ongoing efforts to access good quality planting materials and vegetable seeds for Vanualava, Motalava, Ureparapara, Gaua, Mota, Merelava and Toress islands.
SANMA
Livestock damage to crops account for up to 60% of big problem faced as reported by respondents. Dry weather causing crops to dry account for up to up 55% in SANMA. Low production of crops due to low productivity of farmers may lead to low food security. Soil fertility are minor problem, drying of crops interestingly is seen by 21 out of the 63 interviews to be not of a problem.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Relocation of gardens to/near water sources in Santo.
2. Introduce drip irrigation systems (bucket) in Santo, Malo and Aore
3. Introduced soil moisture conservation techniques such as composting and used of cover crops such as mucuna and cowpea in rural areas of Santo, Malo and Aore.
4. Distribution of local food aid into interior communities of Santo, Malo and Aore.
PENAMA
Livestock damaged and dry season are said to be worse issues in PENAMA than soil fertility, low level of production and pests & disease. Up to 42% of respondents say crops drying is considered a serious problem on PENAMA. Soil fertility, pests & disease and low production are considered a big problem. Increased temperature affect health, production and reproductive capacity of animals. The combine impact of livestock damage to crops coupled with dry season will affect available food supply. Children and mothers will be affected the most.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Reduce stocking rate for cattle and pigs by disposing off in the islands or in urban markets.
2. Relocation of gardens to/near water sources in Maewo and South Pentecost
3. Soil moisture improvement measures such as mulching and intercropping with forest trees on Ambae, Maewo and Pentecost
4. Introduce drip irrigation systems (bucket) on Maewo, Ambae and South Pentecost.
5. Distribution of local food aid into interior communities of Ambae, Maewo and Pentecost
PAGE 4 MALAMPA
Soil fertility, Livestock damaged, pest & disease and crop drying are a big problem. 30 to 60 % alluded to these as big problems. Specifically 60 % of respondents saw pest & diseases a big problem to crops. Not enough planting is said to be a small problem. Low production coupled with low soil fertility, livestock damaged to food crops, pest and disease and dry weather lead to insufficient food sources.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Apply appropriate pest & disease control measures for the control of rats and insect pests on leafy vegetables and root crops in Malekula, Ambrym and Paama.
2. Support ongoing efforts to access good quality planting materials and vegetable seeds for Malekula, Ambyrm and Paama.
3. Supply of local food aid from surplus producing islands such as Santo and Malekula to Paama and West Ambrym.
4. Reduce stocking rate for cattle and pigs by disposing off in the islands or in urban markets.
5. Conserved and managed consumption of wild yam stock on Ambrym and Paama.
6. Soil moisture improvement measures such as mulching, used of cover crop and intercropping with forest trees on Malekula, Ambrym and Paama.
SHEFA
Slow growth and low yields from food crops, pests & diseases attacking crops and livestock damaged to crops are said to be a worse problem in SHEFA province. 66 out of 129 respondents or 50% say crops are drying is a big problem and up to 40% say it’s the worse problem which leads to low productivity of farmers. The impact of these factors is not enough food in the Province that’s already worse hit by TC PAM and thus extremely low level of food security for the population.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Supply of local food aid from Santo and Malekula to the Sheperds islands.
2. Support ongoing efforts to access good quality planting materials and vegetable seeds for Emae, Pele, Nguna, Emao, Mataso, Makira, Tongariki, Buniga and Tongoa.
3. Desalination of seawater for Tongariki, Makira, Mataso, Buniga, Emae, Emao, Pele, Nguna and Tongoa.
4. Apply appropriate pest & disease control measures for the control of rats, pigeon and insect pests on leafy vegetables and root crops.
5. Reduce stocking rate for cattle and pigs by disposing off in the islands or in urban markets on Efate (Marobe Market).
PAGE 5 6. Supply of animal feeds such as copra meal and bone meal to Efate outer islands and Sheperds islands.
TAFEA
Slow growth and low yields from food crops (crops drying) and livestock damaging crops and pest & diseases attacking crops are said to be of a worse problem in TAFEA province. Up to 50 % considered crops drying as a worse problem. Up to 40% say livestock damage to crops is a worse problem. At least 25% say pest & diseases attacking crops is a worse problem. Up to 47% say pest & disease are attacking crops, and 38% indicated crops drying are a big problem. Low productivity of farmers and soil fertility level are considered a small problem. High temperature may increase risk of bush fire in some areas.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Supply of local food aid from Malekula, Santo, Maewo and Pentecost to Erromango, Tanna and Tafea outer islands.
2. Support ongoing efforts to access good quality planting materials and vegetable seeds for Tanna, Erromango, Futuna, Aniwa and Anietyum.
3. Desalination of seawater for agriculture purposes in Tanna, Futuna, Aniwa and Aneityum. 4. Apply appropriate pest & disease control measures for the control of rats, pigeon and insect pests on leafy vegetables and root crops on Tanna, Erromango, Aniwa, Futuna and Anietyum.
5. Strengthen community subsistence fishing with materials and fishing gears for Futuna, Aniwa and Aneityum.
6. Soil moisture improvement measures such as mulching and intercropping with forest trees on Tanna, Erromango, Aniwa, Futuna and Anietyum.
7. Introduced soil moisture conservation techniques such as composting and used of cover crops like mucuna and cowpea on Futuna, Aniwa and Anietyum.
8. Introduce drip irrigation systems (bucket) on Tanna, Erromango, Aniwa, Futuna and Anietyum.
SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS BY ISLANDS
1. Generally about 90% of all agricultural crops, livestock, fisheries, forest trees and water resources are affected with adverse impact of El Nino particularly heat stress, deficit soil moistures, root rot, leaf blight and pest infestation. Observations shows that majority of the community are experiencing shortage of food and water for agriculture purposes mainly for the smaller islands of Torba, Sheperds and Tafea outer islands. It is anticipated that for the next 2 to 3 months where possible people will have faced shortage of food availability if the situation continues with increase temperature and declining rainfall.
2. In Torres group, water sources have desiccated and people are now depending on underground well. There are some serious incidents of diarrhea and bush fire observed. Over 80% of all agricultural produced were affected by heat stress and pest and disease.
PAGE 6 3. Vanualava/Motalava/Mota/Gaua- all food crops and animals were affected with heat stress. Most gardens were damaged by pigs and there is increased risk of bush fire. Water shortage for agriculture purposes results from slow growth and low yield from food crops that leads to low productivity of farmers.
4. Erromango-The Island has sufficient water source (rivers) for agriculture used. Farmers need to know how to manage their crops using limited water resources. Most crops has been affected with drought impact and farmers are not planting enough for their living.
5. Epi - Currently most households depends more on cassava that grows wild in the bush. About 85% of crops were affected with heat stress, leaf spot, root rot and bacterial wilt.
6. Maewo - the island is rich with water resources while some water sources have dried up in some areas however observation shows that all fish are poisonous to consume.
7. Efate - Pigs become a major threat to farmers that caused damage to crops. All agriculture crops were affected which can be determined from the level of produce sold at all market outlets in Vila.
8. Ambrym - Wild yam is regarded as the main food security crop although stock are limited. Most gardens that was planted after TC Pam were extremely affected by the drought. There is shortage of water for agricultural purposes in most villages.
9. Paama-Rat level of damage to all crops is highly rated as a major pests on the island. Plant and animal stress is a major problem. Low soil fertility and water shortage leads to slow growth and low yields from food crops.
10. Aneityum – increase risk to bush fire is a problem particularly western part of the island were most agriculture activities are taking place. Low productivity of farmers as people concentrate more on tourist activity. In most villages, farmers raise concern over people stealing food from their gardens.
11. West Ambae – most household are already experiencing shortage of food. It is too difficult for farmers to cope with the current increase temperature to replant their crops as it slow growth and low yield from food crops. Some families have relocate near to water source mainly at the coastal areas. Increase temperature and declining rainfall affect health, production and reproductive capacity of animals.
CRITICAL NEEDS REQUIRING IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION
CATEGORY 1. PRIORITY IMMEDIATE RESPONSE
Tongoa, Tongariki, Buninga, Makira, Emae, Mataso, Emao, Nguna, Moso, Pele, Lelepa, Futuna, Aniwa, Anietyum, Erromango and Tanna
RECOMENDATIONS ACTIVITY COSTS (VT)
1 Soil moisture improvement measures 1.1 Materials and tools 300,000
PAGE 7 1.2 Venue and catering 170,000
1.3 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000
1.4 Air tickets 350,000
1.5 DSA 200,000
2. Apply appropriate pest & disease 2.1 Materials and tools 700,000 control measures for the control of rats and insect pests on leafy vegetables. 2.2 Venue and catering 170,000
2.3 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000 2.4 Air tickets 350,000
2.5 DSA 200,000
3.Reduce stocking rate for cattle and pigs 3.1 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000 by disposing off in the islands or in urban markets (Tanna, Erromango & Tongoa) 3.2 Air tickets 350,000 3.3 DSA 200,000
4.Control of bush fire to prevent depletion a. Venue and catering 150,000 of pasture land and crops in Anietyum, Aniwa, Futuna, Tanna, Mataso, Emae, 4.2Transportation (land & sea) 500,000 Makira, Buninga, Emao, Nguna, Moso, 4.3 Air tickets 350,000 Pele, Lelepa, Tongoa, Tongariki, and Erromango. 4.4 DSA 200,000
5.Construction & launching of FADs and 5.1 Materials and tools 11,000,000 Improve access to fishing gears to Anietyum, Aniwa, Futuna, Mataso, Makira, 5.2 Venue and catering 200,000 Buninga, Tongoa and Tongariki, 5.3 Transportation (land & sea) 2,500,000
5.4 Air tickets 350,000
5.5 DSA 250,000
6.Distribution of leguminous crops to the 6.1 Materials 300,000 smaller islands of Anietyum, Aniwa,
PAGE 8 Futuna, Mataso, Emae, Makira, Buninga, 6.2 Venue and catering 200,000 Emao, Nguna, Moso, Pele, Lelepa, Tongoa, and Tongariki 6.3 Fuel&Transportation (land & 500,000 sea) 350,000 6.4 Air tickets 270,000 6.5 DSA
7. Introduce drip irrigation systems a. Materials 500,000 (bucket) on small islands to promote vegetable production. Anietyum, 7.2Venue and catering 200,000 Aniwa, Futuna, Mataso, Emae, 7.3 Fuel&Transportation (land & 500,000 Makira, Buninga, Emao, Nguna, sea) Moso, Pele, Lelepa, Tongoa, and 350,000 Tongariki 7.4 Air tickets 240,000 7.5 DSA
8. Supply of food a. Purchase and supply of food 14,000,000
b. Fuel &Transportation (sea/land) 500,000
c. Air ticket 350,000
d. DSA 240,000
CATERGORY1 Sub-total 38,890,000
CATEGORY 2. HIGH IMMEDIATE RESPONSE
Ambrym, Ambae, North Pentecost, Paama, Vanualava, Mota, Motalava, Gaua, Merelava, Ureparapara, Torres
RECOMENDATIONS ACTIVITY COSTS
1. Soil moisture improvement 1.1 Materials 500,000
1.2 Venue and catering 300,000
PAGE 9 1.3 Transportation (land & sea) 850,000
1.4 Air tickets 500,000
1.5 DSA 600,000
2. Apply appropriate pest & disease 2.1 Materials and Tools 700,000 control measures for the control of rats and insect pests on leafy 2.2 Venue and catering 200,000 vegetables 2.3 Transportation (land & sea) 100,000
2.4 Air tickets 150,000
2.5 DSA 100,000
3.Reduce stocking rate for cattle and pigs 3.1 Transportation (land & sea) 700,000 by disposing off in the islands or in urban markets
4.Construction & launch of FADs and 4.1 Materials 15,000,000 Improve access to fishing gears to Vanualava, Mota, Motalava, Gaua, 4.2 Venue and catering 100,000 Merelava, Ureparapara, Torres, Paama, 4.3 Transportation (land & sea) 400,000 Ambrym, Ambae 4.4 Air tickets 250,000
4.5 DSA 180,000
5.Distribution of leguminous crops to the 4.5 Materials 300,000 smaller islands of Vanualava, Mota, Motalava, Gaua, Merelava, Ureparapara, 4.6 Venue and catering 150,000 Torres 4.7 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000
4.8 Air tickets 250,000
4.5 DSA 150,000
6. Introduce drip irrigation systems 6.1 Materials 400,000 (bucket) on small islands to promote vegetable production. Ambrym, 6.2 Venue and catering 150,000 Ambae, North Pentecost, Paama, 6.3 Transportation (land & sea) 400,000 Vanualava, Mota, Motalava, Gaua,
PAGE 10 Merelava, Ureparapara, Torres 6.4 Air tickets 500,000
6.5 DSA 200,000
7. Supply of food 7.1 Purchase and supply of food 14,000,000
7.2 Fuel &Transportation (sea/land) 500,000
7.3 Air ticket 350,000
7.4 DSA 240,000
CATEGORY 2 Sub-total (Vt) 38,420,000
CATEGORY 3. IMMEDIATE RESPONSE
Efate, Santo, Malekula, Epi, Maewo and South Pentecost
RECOMMENDATIONS ACTIVITY COSTS
1 Soil moisture improvement 1.1 Materials 200,000
1.2 Venue and catering 150,000
1.3 Transportation (land & sea) 250,000
1.4 Air tickets 400,000
1.5 DSA 250,000
2. Apply appropriate pest & disease 2.1 Materials 500,000 control measures for the control of rats and insect pests on leafy 2.2 Venue and catering 150,000 vegetables 2.3 Transportation (land & sea) 250,000
2.4 Air tickets 300,000
2.5 DSA 250,000
3.Reduce stocking rate for cattle and pigs 3.1 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000 by disposing off in the islands or in urban
PAGE 11 markets
4.Construction & launch of FADs and 4.1 Materials 2,300,000 Improve access to fishing gears to South Malekula and Santo 4.2 Venue and catering 150,000 4.3 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000
4.4 Air tickets 350,000
4.5 DSA 250,000
5.Distribution of leguminous crops to 5.1 Materials 300,000 Eafte, Santo, Malekula, Epi, Maewo and South Pentecost. 5.2 Venue and catering 200,000 5.3 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000
5.4 Air tickets 300,000
5.5 DSA 250,000
6. Introduce drip irrigation systems 6.1 Materials 300,000 (bucket) to promote vegetable production. Efate, Santo, Malekula, 6.2 Venue and catering 150,000 Epi, Maewo and South Pentecost 6.3 Transportation (land & sea) 500,000
6.4 Air tickets 300,000
6.5 DSA 250,000
7. Supply of food 7.1 Purchase and supply of food 14,000,000
7.2 Fuel&Transportation(sea/land) 500,000
7.3 Air ticket 350,000
7.4 DSA 240,000
CATEGORY 3 Sub-total(vt) 24,890,000
GRAND TOTAL VT 102,200,000
PAGE 12 FINDINGS
ISSUES AFFECTING GARDENS
OVERVIEW OF ISSUES AFFECTING GARDENS ACROSS VANUATU
Table 1 Crops are drying Pest & Diseases Livestock People not Soil is not fertile attacking crops damaging planting enough crops It's a worse problem 111 70 93 48 83 It's a big problem 235 172 147 79 130 It's a small problem 103 171 110 138 134 It's not a problem 21 57 108 193 111
Graph 1
The worse problem affecting gardens is crops drying as reported by 24% respondent compared with other problems identified such as livestock damaged( 20%), soil fertility (18%), pest &diseases ( 15), and people not planting enough(10%).
TORBA Table 2 Crops are drying Pest & Diseases Livestock People not planting Soil is not fertile attacking crops damaging crops enough It's a worse problem 10 9 11 14 26 It's a big problem 49 18 17 24 23 It's a small problem 16 41 14 29 11 It's not a problem 0 7 33 8 15
PAGE 13
Graph 2
Soil fertility and low level of agricultural production are issues in the TORBA province. Up to 27% of respondents saw soil fertility as a worse problem than people not planting enough crops, livestock damaging crops, and pest& diseases attacking crops to be of lesser problem . This results in people not planting enough crops. Long dry weather, as indicated by 50% of respondents, affects the already low production of crops.
SANMA Table 3 Crops are Pest & Diseases Livestock damaging People not planting Soil is not fertile drying attacking crops crops enough
It's a worse problem 3 0 3 0 4 It's a big problem 29 15 33 7 19 It's a small problem 21 24 10 23 9 It's not a problem 0 14 7 23 21
PAGE 14
Graph 3
Livestock damage to crops account for up 60% of big problem faced as reported by respondents. Dry weather causing crops to dry account for up to up 55% in SANMA. Low production of crops due to people not planting enough may lead to low food security. Not planting and soil fertility are not a problem. Drying of crops interestingly is seen by 21 out of the 63 interviews to be not of a problem.
PENAMA Table 4 Crops are drying Pest & Diseases Livestock People not Soil is not fertile attacking crops damaging crops planting enough
It's a worse problem 7 1 12 5 2 It's a big problem 30 18 12 10 15 It's a small problem 27 39 12 12 19 It's not a problem 8 14 24 33 24
PAGE 15
Graph 4
Livestock damaged and dry season are said to be worse issues in PENAMA than soil fertility, low level of production and pests & diseases. Up to 42% of respondents say crops drying is considered a big problem on PENAMA. Soil fertility, pest & diseases and low production, are considered not a problem. The combine impact of livestock damage to crops coupled with dry season will affect available food supply. Children and mothers will be affected the most.
MALAMPA Table 5 Crops are Pest & Diseases Livestock People not Soil is not fertile drying attacking crops damaging crops planting enough
It's a worse problem 6 7 7 4 8 It's a big problem 32 39 37 21 29 It's a small problem 16 6 9 10 6 It's not a problem 11 13 12 30 22
PAGE 16
Graph 5
Soil fertility, Livestock damaged, pest & diseases and crop drying are a big problem. 30 to 60 % alluded to these as big problems. Specifically 60 % of respondents saw pest & diseases a big problem to crops. Not enough planting is said to be a small problem. Low production coupled with low soil fertility, livestock damaged, pest and diseases and dry weather lead to insufficient food sources.
SHEFA Table 6 Crops are drying Pest & Diseases Livestock People not Soil is not fertile attacking crops damaging planting enough crops
It's a worse problem 48 34 33 18 25 It's a big problem 66 47 27 11 28 It's a small problem 14 41 46 32 60 It's not a problem 1 7 23 68 16
PAGE 17
Graph 6
Crops drying, pests& diseases attacking crops and livestock damaged to crops are said to be a worse problem in SHEFA province. Crops drying and pests& diseases are considered a big problem. Low level of production and livestock damage to crops is considered not a problem. 66 out of 129 respondents or 50% say crops are drying is a big problem and up to 40 % say it’s the worse problem. The impact of these factors is not enough food in a Province that’s already worse hit by TC PAM and thus extremely low level of food security for the population.
TAFEA Table 7 Crops are drying Pest & Diseases Livestock damaging People not Soil is not fertile attacking crops crops planting enough
It's a worse problem 37 19 27 7 18 It's a big problem 29 35 21 6 16 It's a small problem 9 20 19 32 29 It's not a problem 1 2 9 31 13
PAGE 18
Graph 7
Crops drying and livestock damaging crops and pest & diseases attacking crops are said to be of a worse problem in TAFEA province. Up to 50 % considered crops drying as a worse problem. Up to 40 % say livestock damage to crops is a worse problem. At least 25% say pest & diseases attacking crops is a worse problem. Up to 47% say Pests & diseases are attacking crops, and 38% indicated crops drying and are a big problem. Not planting enough and soil fertility level are considered a small problem.
QUANTITY OF FOOD LEFT FOR CONSUMPTION
OVERVIEW OF HOW MUCH QUANTITY OF FOOD LEFT FOR CONSUMPTION Table 8 Yam Manioc Taro Kumala Pumpkin & Vegetable Cattle Small livestock Poultry Fish Susut farm Never planted this crop 10 6 5 5 4 7 21 15 8 66 or own this livestock Have more than enough 13 35 18 48 24 27 15 11 31 9 Have enough 57 138 106 104 76 55 48 63 99 5 A small quantity but not 281 238 250 257 210 216 217 296 245 38 enough
None 109 53 79 44 144 153 157 73 75 340
PAGE 19
Graph 8
15% or less never planted/raise/farm fish, poultry, small livestock, cattle, vegetable, pumpkin & susut, kumala, taro, manioc or Yam. 340/458 or 74% respondents said they have no fish farm. 16% have no poultry.16% have no small livestock.34% have no cattle. 33% have no vegetable. 31% have no pumpkin & susut, up to 10 % have no kumala. 17% have no taro.11% have no taro. 23% have no yam. 245/458 or 53% said they have a small quantity but not enough poultry. 296/458 or 66% said they have a small quantity but not enough small livestock. 217/458 or 47% indicated they have a small quantity but not enough cattle. 216/458 (46%) indicated they have a small quantity but not enough vegetable. 210/458 (44%) conferred that they have a small but not enough pumpkin & susut. 257/458 or 55% said that they have a small but not enough kumala. 250/458 or 54% said they have a small but not enough Taro. 238/458 or 52% said they have a small but not enough manioc. 281/458 or 61% said they have a small but not enough quantity of yam. 2% have more than enough fish farm. 7% have more than enough poultry. 2% have more than enough small livestock.3% have more than enough cattle. 6% have more than enough vegetable. 5% have more than enough pumpkin & susut. 10 % have more than enough kumala. 4 % have more than enough taro. 7 % have more than enough manioc. 3% have more than enough yam. 1% have enough fish farm. 22% have enough poultry. 14% have enough small livestock. 10% have enough cattle. 12% have enough vegetable. 17% have enough pumpkin & susut. 28% have enough kumala. 23 % have enough taro. 29% have enough manioc. 12% have enough yam.
TORBA Table 9 Yam Manioc Taro Kumala Pumpkin Vegetable Cattle Small Poultry Fish & Susut livestock farm
PAGE 20 Never planted 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 3 this crop or own this livestock Have more 6 9 5 5 1 2 2 1 5 0 than enough Have enough 5 30 15 15 7 7 8 4 9 0
A small 61 34 41 47 36 38 44 57 47 3 quantity but not enough None 2 2 13 7 30 26 21 12 14 69
Graph 9
4% never farm fish. 1% never raise poultry. 2% never planted vegetable. 1 % never grow pumpkin& susut. 1% never planted kumala. 1% never planted taro. 1% never planted yam. No respondent have more than enough fish farm. 6% have more than enough poultry. 1% have more than enough small livestock. 2% have more than enough cattle. 2% have more than enough vegetable. 1% have more than enough pumpkin & susut. 1% have more than enough kumala. 1% have more than enough taro. 12% have more than enough manioc. 8% have more than enough yam. No respondent indicated that they have enough of fish farm. 12% have enough poultry. 5% have enough small livestock. 10% have enough cattle. 9% have enough
PAGE 21 vegetable. 9 % have enough pumpkin & susut. 20% have enough kumala. 20% have enough taro. 40% have enough manioc. 6% have enough yam.
4% have a small quantity but not enough fish farm. 62% have a small quantity but not enough of poultry, 76% have a small quantity but not enough small livestock. 58% have a small quantity but not enough cattle. 50% have a small quantity but not enough vegetable. 48% have a small quantity but not enough pumpkin & susut. 62% have a small quantity but not enough kumala. 54% have a small quantity but not enough taro. 45% have a small quantity but not enough manioc. 81% have a small quantity but not enough yam.
92% have no fish farm. 18% have no poultry. 16% have no small livestock. 28% have no cattle. 34% have no vegetable. 40% have no pumpkin & susut. 9% have no kumala. 17% have no taro. 2% have no manioc.25 have no yam.
SANMA Table 10 Yam Manioc Taro Kumala Pumpkin & Vegetable Cattle Small Poultry Fish Susut livestock farm Never planted 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 1 0 14 this crop or own this livestock Have more 0 4 0 0 0 1 9 0 11 0 than enough Have enough 13 17 12 17 8 9 11 7 16 2
A small 32 29 38 26 35 28 25 35 26 10 quantity but not enough None 7 3 3 10 10 13 3 10 0 27
Graph 10
PAGE 22 A total of 53 people were assessed based on the crops and animals that they own in regards to how much they think they still have during this dry season (El Nino) and a majority of the respondents in SANMA province mainly the areas of South East Santo (Teproma), East Santo (Port Olry, Loran, Hog harbor, Nataua - shark bay & Kole), South Santo (Tasiriki - Area 1, Ipaiato, Namuru, Sarede, Naoneta), West Santo (Kerebue), Malo and Aore that were assessed have indicated that there a small quantity of food left but it is not enough. 19% (10 responses) of the 53 assessed based on fish farm, 49% (26 responses) of the 53 assessed based on poultry , 56% (35 responses) of the 62 assessed based on small livestock ,47% (25 responses) of the 53 assessed based on cattle ,53% (28 responses) of the 53 assessed based on vegetable ,66% (35 responses) of the 53 assessed based on pumpkin & susut ,49% (26 responses) of the 53 assessed based on Kumala ,72% (38 responses) of the 53 assessed based on Taro ,55% (29 responses) of the 53 assessed based on Manioc and 52% (32 responses) of the 53 assessed based on yam all respectively have indicated that they have small but it is not enough. Most respondents indicated some of the root crops depleted and also there is an evidence that some places do still have food that is enough to feed them.
PENAMA Table 11 Yam Manioc Taro Kumala Pumpkin Vegetable Cattle Small Poultry Fish & Susut livestock farm Never planted this crop or own this livestock Have more than enough 2 4 9 4 1 1 3 3 Have enough 9 14 24 10 11 11 4 8 14 A small quantity but not 47 44 25 42 37 45 37 46 38 10 enough None 14 10 2 4 11 4 18 3 5 50
Graph 11
PAGE 23 Of the 60 respondents interviewed half said they have enough and the other half commended that they have a small quantity but not enough of taro. Most said they have a small quantity but not enough of all other food except fish farm most said they don’t have any. 5% have more than enough poultry. 5% have more than enough small livestock.1% have more than enough cattle. 1 % have more than enough pumpkin & susut. 6% have more than enough kumala. 15% have more than enough taro.5% have more than enough manioc. 2% have more than enough yam.23% have enough poultry. 13% have enough small livestock. 6% have enough cattle. 18% have enough vegetable. 18% have enough pumpkin & susut. 16% have enough kumala. 40% have enough taro.19 % have enough manioc. 12 % have enough yam. 16% have a small quantity but not enough fish farm. 63% have a small quantity but not enough poultry. 76% have a small quantity but not enough small livestock. 61% have a small quantity but not enough cattle. 75% have a small quantity but not enough vegetable. 61% have a small quantity but not enough pumpkin& susut. 70% have a small quantity but not enough kumala. 41% have a small quantity but not enough taro. 61% have a small quantity but not enough manioc. 65% have a small quantity but not enough yam.
MALAMPA
Table 12 Yam Manioc Taro Kumala Pumpkin Vegetable Cattle Small Poultry Fish farm & Susut livestock Never planted this crop or 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 37 own this livestock Have more than enough 3 1 1 21 19 16 2 3 2 Have enough 6 7 8 16 16 12 7 9 23 1 A small quantity but not 30 34 33 19 21 23 43 39 31 4 enough None 19 20 20 6 6 11 10 10 4 23
Graph 12
PAGE 24 Most respondents in MALAMPA province indicated that they have more than enough of kumala but a small quantity and not enough of poultry, small livestock, cattle, vegetable, pumpkin& susut, Taro, Manioc and Yam. Most said they have never farm or own fish farm. 56% have never farm fish. 7% have never raise poultry. 6% have never raise small livestock. 4% have never raise cattle. 4% never grow vegetable. 4% never grow pumpkin & Figure 3; Matanvat, NE. Malekula susut. 4% never grow kumala.4% never grow taro. 4% never grow manioc. 10 % have never grow yam.
3% have more than enough poultry. 4% have more than enough small livestock. 3% have more than enough cattle. 24% have more than enough vegetable. 29% have more than enough pumpkin & susut. 325 have more than enough kumala.1 % have more than enough taro. 1% have more than enough manioc. 4 % have more than enough yam.
1% have enough fish farm. 35% have enough poultry. 13% have enough small livestock. 10% have enough cattle. 18% have enough vegetable. 24% have enough pumpkin & susut. 24% have enough kumala. 12 % have enough taro. 10% have enough manioc. 9% have enough yam.
6% have a small quantity but not enough fish farm. 47% have a small quantity but not enough poultry. 60% have a small quantity but not enough small livestock. 66% have small quantity but not enough cattle.25% have a small quantity but not enough vegetable. 32% have a small quantity but not enough pumpkin & susut. 79% have a small quantity but not enough kumala. 50% have a small quantity but not enough taro. 52% have a small quantity but not enough manioc. 46% have a small quantity but not enough yam.
35% have no fish farm.6% have no poultry.15% have no small livestock. 15% have no cattle. 16% have no vegetable. 9% have no pumpkin & susut. 9% have no kumala. 30% have no taro. 30% have no manioc. 29% have no yam.
SHEFA
Table 13 Yam Manioc Taro Kumala Pumpkin Vegetable Cattle Small Poultry Fish farm & Susut livestock Never planted this 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 4 5 37 crop or own this livestock Have more than 6 21 19 16 2 3 2 enough Have enough 17 35 27 16 16 12 7 9 23 1 A small quantity 83 70 72 19 21 23 43 39 31 4 but not enough None 28 15 29 6 6 11 10 10 4 23
PAGE 25
Graph 13
Most respondents in SHEFA province said they have more than enough kumala. But they have small quantity but not enough poultry, small livestock, cattle, vegetable, Taro, Manioc and Yam. About half of the respondents said they have more than enough pumpkin and susut while the other half indicated that they have a small but not enough quantity of the produce.
56% never farm or own fish farm. 7% never raise or own poultry. 6% have never raise or own small livestock. 4 % never raise or own cattle. 4% never planted or own vegetable. 4% never planted or own pumpkin& susut. 4% never planted or own kumala. 0% never planted or own taro. 2% never planted or own manioc. 0% never planted or own yam.
3% have more than enough poultry. 4 have more than enough small livestock. 3% have more than enough cattle. 24% have more than enough vegetable. 29% have more than enough pumpkin & susut. 32% have more than enough kumala. 4% have more than enough manioc.
1% have enough fish farm.35% have enough poultry. 13% have enough small livestock.10% have enough cattle. 18% have enough vegetable. 24% have enough pumpkin & susut. 24% have enough kumala. 205 have enough taro. 27 5 have enough manioc.13% have enough yam.
6% have a small quantity but not enough fish farm. 47% have a small quantity but not enough poultry. 60% have a small quantity but not enough small livestock. 66% have a small quantity but not enough cattle. 35% have a small quantity but not enough vegetable. 32% have small quantity but not enough pumpkin& susut. 29% have a small quantity but not enough kumala. 55% have a small quantity but not enough taro. 54% have a small quantity but not enough manioc.645 have a small quantity but not enough yam.
35% have no fish farm. 6% have no poultry. 9% have no small livestock. 9% have no cattle. 16% have no vegetable. 9% have no pumpkin & susut. 9% have no kumala. 22 % have no taro. 11% have no manioc. 21% have no yam.
PAGE 26 TAFEA Table 14 Yam Manioc Taro Kumala Pumpkin & Vegetable Cattle Small Poultry Fish Susut livestock farm Never planted this crop or 1 1 own this livestock Have more than enough 2 11 3 14 3 5 3 7 Have enough 7 35 20 18 8 5 3 7 12 A small quantity but not 28 27 41 42 28 28 14 43 21 1 enough None 39 3 12 2 37 38 58 22 36 75
Graph 14
From the respondents most respondents (47%) in TAFEA have enough of manioc. Most have no fish farm, poultry, cattle, vegetable, pumpkin & susut, and Yam. About half or most of the respondents have a small quantity but not enough of small livestock, and kumala. 9% have more than enough poultry. 4% have more than enough small livestock. 7% have more than enough vegetable. 4% have more than enough pumpkin&sutsut.18 % have more than enough kumala. 4% have more than enough taro. 14% have more than enough manioc. 3% have more than enough yam. 16% have enough poultry. 4% have enough small livestock. 7% have enough vegetable. 4% have enough pumpkin & susut. 18% have enough kumala. 4% have enough taro. 14% have enough manioc. 3% have enough yam. 1% have a small quantity but not enough fish farm. 28 have a small quantity but not enough poultry. 57% have a small quantity but not enough small livestock.18% have a small quantity but not enough cattle. 37% have a small quantity but not enough vegetable. 37% have a small quantity but not enough pumpkin & susut. 55% have a small quantity but not enough kumala. 54% have a small quantity but not enough Taro. 36 % have a small quantity but not enough manioc. 37% have a small quantity but enough yam. 99% have no fish farm. 47% have no poultry. 29% have no small live stock. 76% have no cattle. 50% have no
PAGE 27 vegetable. 49% have no pumpkin & susut. 3% have no kumala. 16% have no taro. 4% have no manioc. 51% have no yam.
AGRICULTURAL WATER SOURCES
OVERVIEW OF MAIN AGRICULTURAL WATER SOURCES Table 15 Main water sources # of responses Garden situated close to the forest 7 Garden situated on a flooded land or a place where it’s wet all the time 7 People use irrigation to water their crops 13 Rain washing/watering the crops 292 Garden is situated near a river or creek 73 Others 66
Graph 15: Overview of what the main agricultural water sources are.
The main water source in all provinces is rain washing/watering the crops. 30 to 64 % of respondents conferred that agriculture water is provided by rain washing/watering the crops. The dry season affect rain source and drying of crops. Irrigation systems will become important and other water sources including use of tree trucks with high water content will also be important.
TORBA Table 16 People use irrigation Rain Garden is situated Garden situated on a Others to water their crops washing/watering near a river or creek flooded land or a place Island the crops where it’s wet all the time
PAGE 28 Gaua - Banks Islands 1 2 2 1 Hiu - Torres Islands 4 Linua - Torres 3 1 Islands Loh - Torres Islands 3 Mota - Banks Islands 2 2 Motalava - Banks 1 4 4 Islands Tegua - Torres 3 Islands Toga - Torres Islands 3 Vanualava - Banks 5 9 21 2 2 Islands
Overview of what the main agricultural water sources are in Torba
Vanualava - Banks Islands 5 9 Toga - Torres Islands 3 Tegua - Torres Islands 3 Motalava - Banks Islands 1 4 Mota - Banks Islands 2 Loh - Torres Islands 3 Linua - Torres Islands 3 Hiu - Torres Islands 4 Gaua - Banks Islands 1 2 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Rain washing/watering the crops is predominant in Toga, Tegua, Loh and Hiu all in the Torres islands. In these islands 100 % of respondents alluded to rain washing/watering the crops. Level of rain washing/watering the crops declining is leading to crop withering. This means up to 90% crops will dry. Crop yields will be reduced to very low level and thus consumption of food at household decline and thus no surplus available for sale.
SANMA
Table 17 People use irrigation Rain Garden is situated Garden situated on a flooded land or a Others Island to water their crops washing/watering near a river or place where it’s wet all the time
PAGE 29 the crops creek
Aore 1 13 Malo 8 1 1 1 Santo 26 2
Graph 16
SANMA has more water source than other smaller Provinces. Although Santo is largest island it relies heavily (up to 94%) on rain water for watering crops as Aore does with rain water. Malo on the other hand get up to 74% of its water for crops from rain. Given the dry season respective island water levels will fall. Which mean all agricultural produced will also suffer from water deficit.
Figure 4; South Santo
PENAMA Table 18 Rain Garden is situated Garden situated on a flooded land or a Garden situated Others washing/watering near a river or creek place where it’s wet all the time close to the forest Island the crops
PAGE 30 Maewo 9 1 20 Pentecost 18 11 1 Ambae 11 1
Graph 17
All three islands of PENAMA use rain washing/watering crops. Ambae does not have good agricultural water source but rely almost entirely (92%) on rainfall. Mainly Central and Southern part of Pentecost also depend on rain water source (60%). Maewo has other water sources.
MALAMPA Table 19 Rain Garden is situated Garden situated on a flooded land or a Garden situated Others washing/watering near a river or creek place where it’s wet all the time close to the forest Island the crops Ambrym 23 3 2 Malekula 6 4 1 3 Paama 21 2
PAGE 31 Main agricultural water sources on Malampa province
Paama 21 2 Rain washing/watering the crops
Garden is situated near a river or creek
Malekula 6 4 1 3 Garden situated on a flooded land or a place where it’s wet all the time Garden situated close to the forest
Ambrym 23 3 2 Others
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Graph 18
Rain washing/watering of crops is predominant in the smaller islands of MALAPA. Paama with limited water sources than the other two islands depend, on up to 91%, on rain water for crops than Malekula 41% and Ambrym 81%. Malekula has more water source but also rely on Rain washing/watering of crops. However, almost all water source that farmers could use for agricultural purposes have dried out.
Figure 5; Lingarak, Malekula
SHEFA Table 20 People use Rain Garden is Garden situated on a flooded Garden situated Others irrigation to water washing/watering situated near a land or a place where it’s wet all close to the Island their crops the crops river or creek the time forest Buninga 12 1 Efate 4 17 2 1 2 14 Emao 4 Epi 14 3 Lelepa 1 2 Moso 4
PAGE 32 Nguna 1 3 Pele 2 4 Tongariki 23 1 Tongoa 9 5
Main agricultural water sources on Shefa province
Tongoa 9 5 People use irrigation to water their crops Tongariki 23 1 Pele 2 4 Rain washing/watering the crops Nguna 1 3 Garden is situated near a river or creek Moso 4 Lelepa 1 2 Garden situated on a flooded land or a place Epi 14 3 where it’s wet all the time Emao 4 Garden situated close to the forest Efate 4 17 2 1 2 14 Buninga 12 1 Others 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Graph 19
Rain washing/watering of crops is the source used mostly in Efate off-shore islands. Efate has more water sources than these smaller islands. Moso depends mostly (99 %) on rain for watering crops. And Tongoa, Tongariki, Epi and Buninga rely a lot on rain water for watering crops.
Figure 6; Backyard gardening, Emae
TAFEA Table 21 People use irrigation to water Rain washing/watering Garden is situated near a river Garden situated close to their crops the crops or creek the forest Island Aneityum 4 13 Aniwa 25 Erromango 18 1 Futuna 1 14
PAGE 33
Graph 20
Up to 99 % islands in Tafea except Aneityum depend on rain washing/watering of crops. Aneityum however depend more on garden situated near to a river or creek.
Figure 7; Water melon affected with fruit stress, Aneityum
TABLE 22: OTHER WATER SOURCES THAT PEOPLE USED
-
Other water water Other sources Ambrym Buninga Efate Emao Epi Lelepa Maewo Malekula Malo Nguna Pele Santo Tongoa Vanualava Banks Islands Ambae
Dew at night 2
Water pump 1 2 1 2 1
PAGE 34 Water supply 11 1 1 1
None 1 2
Spring Water 1
Underground 1 well
Underground 2 2 1 1 water
Rain waters 2 1 1 4 the crops
Spring water 1 near the sea
Nothing 1
People 2 washing their crops River or creek 18 near gardens
Rain and 1 Forest near gardens Gardens 1 1 planted beside forest Techniques used to harvest water for crops included planting near creeks or rivers. Gardens planted near or beside forest, spring water, under-ground water, under-ground well, water supply, or water pump. Dew water for crops at night is also reported.
SOIL ISSUES & FERTILITY
SOIL ISSUES & FERTILITY
TABLE 23: ISSUES WITH THE SOIL Problems of the soil Malampa Penama Sanma Shefa Tafea Torba
Acidification 10 9 1 6 2
PAGE 35 I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1 4 1 8 12 6
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 17 42 36 89 76 64
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 10 48 50 113 66 73
Nokat eni problem 20 19 3 3 2
Nokat wota long kraon 26 32 26 106 49 72
Graph 21
With the current situation of El Nino, the problems of the soil that this assessment was focused on are acidification, salinization, crusting and sealing, compaction and no water in the ground. The main issues that is found in a total of four provinces namely Torba, Sanma, Penama and Shefa is Soil compaction. 33% (73 of 219 responses) in Torba, 43% (50 responses) in Sanma, 31% (48 responses) in Penama and 35% (113 responses) in Shefa supported the fact that soil compaction is a major problem. 31% (26 responses) of respondent in Malampa indicated that the main soil issue is No water in the soil due to sun being too hot and causing soil to be heated up and all the water evaporated. Another issues with the soil in Malampa and especially Ambrym is Acidification. 12% (10 responses) indicated that acid rain damages their crops and so the soil contains acid. The other major issue that is mainly a problem in Tafea is Crusting & sealing which has a total of 76 responses (36% of the respondents).
TABLE 24: TORBA Problems of the soil Gaua Hiu Linua Loh Metoma Mota Motalava Tegua Toga Vanualava
Acidification 2
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1 1 2 2
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 6 2 1 3 9 2 3 38
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 6 4 3 3 1 4 9 3 3 37
Nokat eni problem 1 1
PAGE 36 Nokat wota long kraon 6 4 3 3 1 4 9 3 3 36
Graph 22
As indicated in the overview that the main problem with the soil is soil compaction and all the people that were assessed across all the islands in the Torres Islands and Banks Islands indicated the problem. Vanua Lava indicated in a staggering 36 responses that soil compaction is a major issue and the other is crusting and sealing (38 responses). 9 people on Motalava indicated that compaction, crusting & sealing and no water in the soil is the major problem the soil on the island is facing.
TABLE 25: SANMA Problems of the soil Aore Malo Santo
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 10 9 17
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 12 10 28
Nokat eni problem 2 1
Nokat wota long kraon 1 9 16
PAGE 37
Graph 23
The main issue found in Sanma province is compaction as per the overview. Based on the table and graph above, the main problem the soil is facing on Santo, Malo and Aore is soil compaction. 28 responses on Santo, 10 responses on Malo 12 responses on Aore indicated that soil compaction is the main problem. The other issues that is indicated in the province is the issue of crusting & sealing. A total of 10 responses on Aore indicated that the problem is visible on the island, a total of 9 responses on Malo indicated that both crusting & sealing and no water in the ground as a problem. 17 responses from Santo indicated the problem of soil crusting and sealing.
TABLE 26: PENAMA Problems with the soil Ambae Maewo Pentecost
Acidification 9
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1 3
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 1 26 15
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 2 29 17
Nokat eni problem 1 4 14
Nokat wota long kraon 10 21 1
PAGE 38
Graph 24
The main issues that is affecting soil in the province are soil compaction, soil crusting & sealing and no water presence in the soil. On Ambae the main issues that people are facing with the soil is no water presence in the soil which on the graph around 77% (10 of the 13 responses) indicated that this is the main problem with the soil in the areas that they plant their gardens. However though the island has a volcano there was no indication that there is acid presence in the soil but around 30% (9 of the 30 respondents) on Maewo indicated there is presence of acid in the soil around the areas they planted their gardens. Even though the island is well known for the many waterfalls it has, maewo recorded a staggering total of 97% (29 of the 30 respondents) indicating that the main soil problem is soil compaction. A total of 87% (27 of the 30 respondents) confirmed that the second problem with the soil is soil crusting and sealing. Pentecost on the other hand has the same issues as Maewo island itself. The main problem with the soil is soil compaction and soil crusting and sealing which in this case it is quite a debate as both Maewo and Pentecost have waterfalls. Around 57% (17 of the 30 respondents) indicated that the main problem is compaction which is followed by soil crusting & sealing at a half of the 30 respondents.
TABLE 27: MALAMPA Problems with the soil Ambrym Malekula Paama
Acidification 8 2
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 10 7
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 10
Nokat eni problem 5 15
Nokat wota long kraon 20 6
PAGE 39
Graph 25
The problems with the soil in Malampa province are mainly based on each island level as the islands do not have anything in common with the soil problems/issues. 71% (20 of the 28 respondents) of the people on ambrym indicated that the main problem with the soil is that there is no water in the ground. The island itself has two active volcanoes and the soil is sandy so once the sun is hot then the soiul gets hotter and the waters dry up. Another issue that was particularly raised by everyone was the Acid rain which it has been a long time issue and is still affecting the island. A total of 7% (8 of the 28 respondents) indicated that the soil contains acid and is a problem due to the acid rain from the two active volcanoes Marum & Benbow and als the Lopevi volcano especially on the South eastern side of the island. The main soil problem on Malekula are soil compaction and crusting & sealing in which a total of 71% (10 of the 14 respondents) indicated for both issues. 65% of the respondents on Paama indicated that there is no problem with the soil however 30% indicated that the problem is crusting & sealing. Also there was a total of 9% indicated that acidification is the problem with the soil on the island and this is because of the Lopevi volcano.
TABLE 28: SHEFA Problems with the soil Buninga Efate Emao Epi Lelepa Moso Nguna Pele Tongariki Tongoa
Acidification 1
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 3 3 2
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 11 32 4 4 3 4 2 6 12 11
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 13 32 4 15 3 4 3 6 23 10
Nokat eni problem 1 1 1
Nokat wota long kraon 13 36 2 9 3 2 2 3 22 14
PAGE 40
Graph 26
The main issues that is basically mentioned by all the respondents on the islands assessed are no water in the soil, soil compaction and crusting & sealing. A total of 83% on Shefa which includes all the islands of Buninga, Efate, Efate offshore islands, Epi, Tongoa and Tongariki claimed that there is no water in the soil which a problem that is affecting the soil in the areas where they plant their gardens. 89% of the respondents say that the problem with the soil on the province is soil compaction which is affecting the areas where the gardens are planted. 70% say that the problem with soil they plant their gardens on is crusting & sealing.
TABLE 29: TAFEA Problems with the soil Aneityum Aniwa Erromango Futuna
Acidification 3 3
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 5 7
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 17 25 19 15
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 17 15 19 15
Nokat wota long kraon 17 14 8 10
PAGE 41
Graph 27
On Tafea the main issues with the soil is basically the same across all the other provinces and all the islands in the province itself have the same issues. On Aneityum of all the 17 respondents, all of them indicated that the main problems with the soil are that there is no water in the soil, soil compaction and crusting & sealing. 25 responses on Aniwa indicated that the main problem with the soil is crusting and sealing. The main soil problems on Erromango are soil compaction and crusting & sealing which a total of 19 respondents indicated both the issues affecting the island. The same with the island of Futuna which a total of 15 respondents indicated the two same issues.
TABLE 30: HOW PEOPLE RETAIN SOIL FERTILITY
Other ways to Province Agro-forestry (alley cropping) Compost Crop rotation Fallow Green manuring Mulching Nothing done retain soil fertility Torba 26 4 20 55 27 28 8 2 Sanma 2 9 23 7 3 15 16 1 Penama 13 4 36 59 7 14 10 3 Malampa 12 2 33 47 4 16 2 Shefa 32 3 51 78 8 29 38 3 Tafea 1 3 26 59 2 18 13 1
PAGE 42
Graph 28
Based on the graphs and the observations there are some ways that the assessment was trying to capture was the ways in which people used to retain the fertility in their own gardens or places where they plant their crops. The main technique as indicated from all the other provinces except Sanma province is the use of fallowing. The other two popular techniques used are crop rotation and mulching. There is also some evidence from around all the provinces that people do nothing to retain the soil fertility in which a lot of them meant that after planting they just harvest and then replant again in which the main factor of this is the shortage of land or no area’s to do gardening on.
TABLE 31: HOW FERTILE THE SOIL IS Provinces High (kraon i kivim gud kakae) Medium (kraon i kivim some/smol kakae) Low (kraon i no kivim gud kakae)
Torba 9 42 24
Sanma 11 24 18
Penama 22 33 17
Malampa 5 51 9
Shefa 13 69 47
Tafea 11 59 6
PAGE 43 Graph 29
Based on the graphs above, it can be said that the impact of El Nino is quite huge across all the islands in the nation as 42 people in Torba province have indicated that the soil fertility is at medium level. 24 have indicated that the soil fertility is low as well as 9 people who have indicated that the soil fertility is high. 24 of the 53 people assessed in Sanma indicated that the soil in the areas they plant their gardens in is medium fertile, a total of 18 of the 53 indicated that the soil fertility is low while 11 people said that the soil is highly fertile. Of the 73 interviewed in Penama province 33 of the people said that the soil is mediume fertile while a total of 22 indicated that their soil fertility is high however only 17 indicated that the soil fertility is low. A total of 65 people where asked about the soil fertility on Malampa province and 51 said that the soil in the area’s they planted their gardens is medium fertile. While 9 said it has a low fertility rate implying in low production of the crops whereas only 5 people said that the soil where they planted is rich and does have high productions. With a total of 127 people assessed in Shefa province 69 have indicated that the soil fertility is medium and that the crop production is medium. 47 said that the fertility of the soil is low thus causing low or poor production or even no production at all while 13 said that the soil fertility is high. Tafea province recorded that 59 people said that the soil fertility is medium and 11 said that the soil is fertile. 6 people have said that the soil fertility is low thus causing low productions in the areas.
TABLE 32: TORBA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Gaua - Banks Islands 2 4
Hiu - Torres Islands 4
Linua - Torres Islands 1 2
Loh - Torres Islands 3
Metoma - Torres Islands 1
PAGE 44 Mota - Banks Islands 1 3
Motalava - Banks Islands 3 6
Tegua - Torres Islands 3
Toga - Torres Islands 3
Vanualava - Banks Islands 8 20 11
Graph 30
All the people that were assessed on the islands in the province indicated that the soil is at medium fertility and that only on 8 people on Vanualava and 1 on Linua have indicated that the soil is highly fertile. The other islands of Gaua, Mota, Motalava and Vanualava have said that the soil fertility where they plant their gardens is low.
TABLE 33: SANMA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Aore 8 6
Malo 1 3 7
Santo 10 13 5
PAGE 45
Graph 31
57% of the people on Aore Island said that the soil fertility is at the medium level giving just a stable or half production/yield. A total of 43% have said that the soil fertility in their areas is low which causes low or poor production. On Malo Island the soil fertility is low in a lot of areas as 64% of the people said that the soil fertility is low where they plant their gardens. 27% have indicated that the soil fertility is medium as it just gives small or just enough food while only 9% of the people said that the soil I highly fertile. 46% of people on Santo Island have indicated that the soil fertility is while 36% have said that the soil is still fertile resulting in high productions and 18% have indicated low fertility of the soil.
TABLE 34: PENAMA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Ambae 4 8
Maewo 6 19 5
Pentecost 16 10 4
Graph 32
Based on the graph and the table the overview of the fertility of the soil in Penama is medium as on Ambae a total of 4 people indicated it as well as 19 on Maewo and Pentecost. Other respondents also indicated that the soil is low in fertility mainly on Ambae with a total of 8 people indicating it as well as 5 people on Maewo and 4 on Pentecost.
PAGE 46 TABLE 35: MALAMPA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Ambrym 4 22 2
Malekula 1 6 7
Paama 23
Graph 33
Again in Malampa it is clearly stated in both the graph and the table that the soil fertility is still at the medium level. With all the responses on Paama indicating that, 22 people on Ambrym and 6 at Malekula.
TABLE 36: SHEFA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Buninga 8 5
Efate 4 24 12
Emao 2 1 1
Epi 13 4
Lelepa 1 2
Moso 2 2
Nguna 1 2 1
PAGE 47 Pele 2 1 3
Tongariki 1 17 6
Tongoa 1 13
Graph 34
All the people across all the islands that the assessors were send to have indicated that the fertility of the soil is at the medium level however on Lelepa with the 3 people assessed, 2 said that the soil fertility is low and 1 said that soil fertility is high. On Moso of the 4 people assessed, 2 have said that the soil fertility is at the medium level but the other 2 said that the fertility is high. However looking at the graph we can see clearly that the island of Tongoa is suffering as 13 of the 14 people assessed all have said that the soil fertility is low which affects the production of the crops.
TABLE 37:TAFEA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Aneityum 8 9
Aniwa 2 23
Erromango 16 3
Futuna 1 11 3
PAGE 48
Graph 35
Looking at Tafea province, overall the soil fertility sits at the medium level across all the islands however on Erromango and Futuna 3 people respectively indicated that the soil fertility is low which affects the production of the crops. A total of 8 people on Aneityum have said that the soil is highly fertile which has a high production of the crops but as per the observations from assessors and the people themselves, the people are now stealing from gardens in order to survive.
TABLE 38: ISSUES WITH THE SOIL Problems of the soil Malampa Penama Sanma Shefa Tafea Torba
Acidification 10 9 1 6 2
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1 4 1 8 12 6
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 17 42 36 89 76 64
Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 10 48 50 113 66 73
Nokat eni problem 20 19 3 3 2
Nokat wota long kraon 26 32 26 106 49 72
Graph 36
PAGE 49 TABLE 39: TORBA Problems of the soil Gaua - Hiu - Linua - Loh - Metoma Mota - Motalava Tegua - Toga - Vanualava Banks Torres Torres Torres - Torres Banks - Banks Torres Torres - Banks Islands Islands Islands Islands Islands Islands Islands Islands Islands Islands Acidification 2 I gat sol long kraon 1 1 2 2 (Salinization) Kraon i krak (Crusting 6 2 1 3 9 2 3 38 and sealing ) Kraon i strong tumas 6 4 3 3 1 4 9 3 3 37 (Compaction) Nokat eni problem 1 1 Nokat wota long kraon 6 4 3 3 1 4 9 3 3 36
Graph 37
TABLE 40: SANMA Row Labels Aore Malo Santo I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1 Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 10 9 17 Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 12 10 28 Nokat eni problem 2 1 Nokat wota long kraon 1 9 16
PAGE 50
Graph 38
TABLE 41: PENAMA Problems with the soil Ambae Maewo Pentecost Acidification 9 I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1 3 Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 1 26 15 Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 2 29 17 Nokat eni problem 1 4 14 Nokat wota long kraon 10 21 1
Graph 39
TABLE 42: MALAMPA Problems with the soil Ambrym Malekula Paama Acidification 8 2 I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 1 Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 10 7 Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 10
PAGE 51 Nokat eni problem 5 15 Nokat wota long kraon 20 6
Graph 40
TABLE 43: SHEFA Problems with the soil Buninga Efate Emao Epi Lelepa Moso Nguna Pele Tongariki Tongoa Acidification 1 I gat sol long kraon 3 3 2 (Salinization) Kraon i krak (Crusting 11 32 4 4 3 4 2 6 12 11 and sealing ) Kraon i strong tumas 13 32 4 15 3 4 3 6 23 10 (Compaction) Nokat eni problem 1 1 1 Nokat wota long kraon 13 36 2 9 3 2 2 3 22 14
PAGE 52
Graph 41
TABLE 44: TAFEA Problems with the soil Aneityum Aniwa Erromango Futuna Acidification 3 3
I gat sol long kraon (Salinization) 5 7
Kraon i krak (Crusting and sealing ) 17 25 19 15 Kraon i strong tumas (Compaction) 17 15 19 15 Nokat wota long kraon 17 14 8 10
Graph 42
TABLE 45: HOW PEOPLE RETAIN SOIL FERTILITY
Province Agro-forestry Compost Crop Fallow Green Mulching Nothing Other ways to retain (alley rotation manuring done soil fertility cropping) Malampa 12 2 33 47 4 16 2
Penama 13 4 36 59 7 14 10 3
Sanma 2 9 23 7 3 15 16 1
PAGE 53 Shefa 32 3 51 78 8 29 38 3
Tafea 1 3 26 59 2 18 13 1
Torba 26 4 20 55 27 28 8 2
Graph 43
TABLE 46: HOW FERTILE SOIL IS Provinces High (kraon i kivim gud kakae) Medium (kraon i kivim some/smol kakae) Low (kraon i no kivim gud kakae)
Malampa 5 51 9
Penama 22 33 17
Sanma 11 24 18
Shefa 13 69 47
Tafea 11 59 6
Torba 9 42 24
PAGE 54
Graph 44
TABLE 47: TORBA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Gaua - Banks Islands 2 4
Hiu - Torres Islands 4
Linua - Torres Islands 1 2
Loh - Torres Islands 3
Metoma - Torres Islands 1
Mota - Banks Islands 1 3
Motalava - Banks Islands 3 6
Tegua - Torres Islands 3
Toga - Torres Islands 3
Vanualava - Banks Islands 8 20 11
PAGE 55
Graph 45
TABLE 48: SANMA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Aore 8 6
Malo 1 3 7
Santo 10 13 5
Graph 46
TABLE 49: PENAMA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
PAGE 56 Ambae 4 8
Maewo 6 19 5
Pentecost 16 10 4
Graph 47
TABLE 50: MALAMPA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Ambrym 4 22 2
Malekula 1 6 7
Paama 23
Graph 48
TABLE 51: SHEFA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
PAGE 57 Buninga 8 5
Efate 4 24 12
Emao 2 1 1
Epi 13 4
Lelepa 1 2
Moso 2 2
Nguna 1 2 1
Pele 2 1 3
Tongariki 1 17 6
Tongoa 1 13
Graph 49
TABLE 52: TAFEA Islands High fertility Medium fertility Low fertility
Aneityum 8 9
Aniwa 2 23
PAGE 58 Erromango 16 3
Futuna 1 11 3
Graph 50
PEST & DISEASES ISSUES
TABLE 53: OVERVIEW
Scaling Birds Rat Slugs Aphids & Caterpillars Lady Ants Leaf Bacterial Leaf Root Nemadodes & Mealy mo worm bird blight Wilt spot rot Snails bugs It's a worse problem 160 137 69 92 145 108 118 129 107 145 130 100 It's a big problem 46 99 16 18 36 21 26 38 35 30 40 28 It's a small problem 54 75 33 58 71 68 74 91 78 99 74 56 It's a problem 83 141 30 41 75 59 33 64 62 64 82 58 It's not a problem 127 18 322 261 143 214 219 148 188 132 144 228
PAGE 59 Graph 51
34% of respondents indicated Birds to be the worse problem than the others pests & diseases followed by 30% respondents indicating caterpillars &worm as well as leaf spot to be the worse problem.
TABLE 54: TORBA
Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight It's a worse problem 8 11 10 13 12 It's a big problem 6 14 7 9 13 It's a small problem 16 12 11 8 12 It's a problem 24 37 13 12 14 It's not a problem 21 1 34 33 24
PAGE 60 Most common pests & diseases in Torba province 40 37 34 35 33 30 24 24 25 21 20 16 14 14 15 12 13 13 12 12 13 12 11 10 11 8 9 8 10 6 7 5 1 0 Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight
It's a worse problem It's a big problem It's a small problem It's a problem It's not a problem
Graph 52
The worse problem affecting TORBA as indicated by 17% of respondent is Root rot compared to other pests& diseases problem sited. Rat as indicated by 19% of the respondent is shown to be a big problem while leaf blight is also indicated by 17 % as a big problem faced.
TABLE 55: SANMA
Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight
It's a worse problem 3 6 2 It's a big problem 13 19 1 5 It's a small problem 16 22 17 14 15 It's a problem 18 6 24 23 15 It's not a problem 3 11 16 16
PAGE 61 Most common pests & diseases in Sanma province 30 24 25 22 23 19 20 18 16 17 16 16 14 15 15 15 13 11 10 6 6 5 5 3 3 1 2 0 Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight
It's a worse problem It's a big problem It's a small problem It's a problem It's not a problem
Graph 53
11% considered rats as a worse problem as compared to birds which is said to be the next worse problem as indicated by 6% of respondent on TORBA. Similarly rats is considered by 36% as a big problem compared to rats which 25% said is a big problem.
TABLE 56: PENAMA Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight It's a worse problem 5 14 2 3 6 It's a big problem 9 13 6 9 8 It's a small problem 5 16 15 13 10 It's a problem 38 24 32 38 22 It's not a problem 15 5 17 9 26
PAGE 62 Most common pests & diseases in Penama province 40 38 38 35 32 30 26 24 25 22 20 16 17 15 14 15 15 13 13 9 9 9 10 10 8 5 5 5 6 6 5 2 3 0 Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight
It's a worse problem It's a big problem It's a small problem It's a problem It's not a problem
Graph 54
19% considered rat as a worse problem compared to 8% say that leaf blight is a worse problem. 18% considered rat as a big problem followed by root rot and birds of which each is considered by 13% respondent to be a big problem.
TABLE 57: MALAMPA
Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight It's a worse problem 2 10 4 6 3 It's a big problem 23 37 22 27 18 It's a small problem 5 5 16 10 18 It's a problem 13 4 13 13 15 It's not a problem 22 9 10 9 11
Most common pests & diseases in Malampa province 40 37
30 27 23 22 22 18 18 20 16 15 13 13 13 11 10 9 10 10 9 6 10 5 5 4 4 2 3 0 Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight
It's a worse problem It's a big problem It's a small problem It's a problem It's not a problem
Graph 55
PAGE 63 15% considered rat as a worse problem compare to 9% who considered root rot as a worse problem. Also 57% considered rat as a big problem followed by 42% who said root rot is a big problem. 35% considered Birds and 34% considered leaf spot as a big problem.
TABLE 58: SHEFA
Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight It's a worse problem 16 22 14 16 14 It's a big problem 25 45 21 27 14 It's a small problem 9 12 21 14 20 It's a problem 34 47 37 20 31 It's not a problem 45 3 36 52 50
Most common pests & diseases in Shefa province 60
50 47 45 45
40 37 36 34
30 25 22 21 21 Graph20 56
17 % considered Rat as a worse problem while 12 % said birds is a worse problem. In addition, 35% considered rat as a big problem and 19% indicated birds as a big problem.
TABLE 59: TAFEA
Birds Rat Leaf spot Root rot Leaf blight
It's a worse problem 12 36 2 1 It's a big problem 7 13 7 10 6 It's a small problem 3 8 19 15 16 It's a problem 33 19 26 24 32 It's not a problem 21 24 25 21
PAGE 64 Graph 57
47% considered rat as a worse problem compared 17% that say birds is a worse problem. 17% indicated rat is a big problem compared 13% of root rot. In addition, 42% said leaf blight is a problem.
FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK ISSUES
TABLE 60: OVERVIEW OF FISHERIES Province No Yes Grand Total
Malampa 35 30 65
Penama 18 54 72
Sanma 23 30 53
Shefa 29 100 129
Tafea 1 75 76
Torba 10 65 75
PAGE 65
Graph 58
The consumption of fish reported in the last 7 days is 99% in TAFEA followed by TORBA 87%, SHEFA 78%, PENAMA 75%, SANMA 57% and MALAMPA a mere 46%. TAFEA is reported to consume fish the most in the last 7 days.
REASONS WHY THE LAST 7 DAYS PEOPLE DID NOT CONSUME FISH
TABLE 61: Row Labels Fishing No No fish No one is No young Person too Village too Other gears canoe/boat to farms interested to people old to go far from the reasons damaged use go fishing around to go fishing or sea fishing dive
Malampa 4 2 1 8 23
Penama 3 4 3 1 1 1 13 2
Sanma 1 1 6 6 1 2 8 8
Shefa 2 6 7 5 1 1 9 11
Tafea 1 1 1
Torba 1 1 6 6 1 1 4 3
PAGE 66
Graph 59
61% in MALAMPA reported not consuming fish in the last 7 days due to other reasons amongst reasons gave for not consuming fish. PENAMA reported 46% of respondent could not fish because they are too far from the sea combared to other provinces that reported distance away from sea is less than that registered on PENAMA. Fishing gear damaged is reported 11% more in MALAMPA than in other provinces.
TABLE 62: OVERVIEW OF LIVESTOCK FEED (PASTURE) Status of pastures Malampa Penama Sanma Shefa Tafea Torba
No pasture left 47 24 5 58 36 28
Pasture will last the next 1 - 3 Months 14 24 30 54 34 41
Pasture will last the next 4 - 6 Months 3 17 12 11 5 5
Pasture will last the next 7 - 9 Months 4 3 2 1
Pasture will last the next 10 - 12 Months 3 1 4
Pasture will last the next 1 year or more 1 2 1
PAGE 67
Graph 60
No pasture left is reported worse in MALAMPA with 72% compared to 47% in TAFEA, 45% in SHEFA with other province reporting less than reported in SHEFA.
TABLE 63: TORBA Island No pasture left Pasture will last the next Pasture will last the Pasture will last the next 7 1 - 3 Months next 4 - 6 Months - 9 Months
Gaua - Banks Islands 3 3
Hiu - Torres Islands 1 3
Linua - Torres Islands 2 1
Loh - Torres Islands 3
Metoma - Torres Islands 1
Mota - Banks Islands 1 3
Motalava - Banks Islands 3 6
Tegua - Torres Islands 3
Toga - Torres Islands 2 1
Vanualava - Banks Islands 10 23 5 1
PAGE 68
Graph 61
Loh and Tegua in the Tores is reported there is no pasture left as indicted by 100% respondents. All other islands in TORBA pasture up to 67% reported pasture will last the next 1-3 months. Only Vanualava 13% reported pasture will last the next 4-6 months as well as 3% reported it will last the next 7-9 months.
TABLE 64: SANMA
Island No pasture left Pasture will last the Pasture will last the Pasture will last Pasture will last the Pasture will last the next 1 - 3 Months next 4 - 6 Months the next 7 - 9 next 10 - 12 Months next 1 year or more Months
Aore 11 3
Malo 4 6 1
Santo 1 13 8 3 1 2
PAGE 69
Graph 62
No pasture left is reported only in Santo by 4% respondent. Malo and Aore did not report this happening there. Pasture will last the next 1-3 months is reported by 79% in Aore, 55% in Malo and 46 % in Santo. Pasture will last the next 4-6 months reported by 9% in Malo, 21% in Aore and 29% in Santo. Only Santo reported pasture will last the next 7-9 months as indicated by 11% respondents. Only Santo also reported pasture will last the next 10-12 months as indicated by 4% and that it was also reported by 7% that it will last the next 1year or more.
TABLE 65: PENAMA
Island No pasture left Pasture will last the next 1 - Pasture will last the next Pasture will last Pasture will last the 3 Months 4 - 6 Months the next 7 - 9 next 10 - 12 Months Months
Ambae 7 4 1
Maewo 15 6 9
Pentecost 2 14 7 4 3
PAGE 70
Graph 63
No pasture left is reported by 58% respondent in Ambae, 50% in Maewo and only 7% in Pentecost. All the islands reported pasture will last the next 1-3 months as indiated by 48% in Pentecost, 33% in Ambae and 20% in Maewo.
TABLE 66: MALAMPA
Island No pasture left Pasture will last the next 1 - 3 Pasture will last the next 4 - 6 Pasture will last the next 1 Months Months year or more
Ambrym 18 7 2 1
Malekula 7 7
Paama 22 1
Graph 64
PAGE 71 No pasture left is reported by 95% on Paama, 64% on Ambrym and 50% on Malakaula. Only Ambrym (25%) and malekula (50%) reported pasture will last 1-3 months. 5% reported pasture will last the next 4-6 months on Paama and only Ambrym reported pasture will last the next 1year or more as indiated by 4% respondent .
TABLE 67: SHEFA Island No pasture left Pasture will last the Pasture will last the Pasture will last Pasture will last the next 1 - 3 Months next 4 - 6 Months the next 7 - 9 next 10 - 12 Months Months
Buninga 8 5
Efate 13 18 7 2
Emao 2 1 1
Epi 10 6 1
Lelepa 2 1
Moso 4
Nguna 3 1
Pele 4 2
Tongariki 1 23
Tongoa 11 2 1
Graph 65
PAGE 72 100% of respondent in Moso reported there is no pasture left. All except Efate and Togariki reported 50% to 79% no pasture left. 96% reported pasture will last the next 1-3 months in Togariki, 60% on Efate, 36% on Buninga, 35% on Emao and 14% on Tongoa. Only Efate (7%) and Pele (33%) reported pasture the next 10-12 months.
TABLE 68: TAFEA Island No pasture left Pasture will last the next Pasture will last the next Pasture will last the next 1 1 - 3 Months 4 - 6 Months year or more
Aneityum 17
Aniwa 6 19
Erromango 1 13 5
Futuna 12 2 1
Graph 66
100% respondents reported no pasture left on Aneityum, 80% in Futuna, 24% in Aniwa and 5% in Erromango. Aniwa reported 76% pasture will last the next 1-3 months, Erromango 68% and Futuna 13%. Only Erromango reported 26% pasture will last the next 4-6 months. And only Futuna reported 7% pasture will last the next 1 year or more.
FOOD SECURITY
TABLE 69: AGRICULTURE/FOOD SECURITY RECOVERY ACTIVITIES Agriculture/Food security recovery activities Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea
PAGE 73 Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) 16 14 12 14 34 3
Advice from agriculture extension officer 46 14 27 26 77 27
Cattle and chickens brought in to the area 26 3 27 13 8
Livestock feeds supplied to the area 2 3 8 13 6
Attend agriculture training/workshop 10 9 15 36 23 12
Community garden 5 3 1 2 25 13
No activities happening 27 10 17 33 35 16
Plant new planting materials 19 14 30 29 63 50
Preserve food 24 17 16 14 56 16
Repair and get new fishing gears 19 1 4 2 14 40
Replant the gardens 61 42 58 49 109 68
Repair and get new agriculture tools 16 7 7 9 62 51
Save money and money for work 26 29 18 27 53 9
Graph 67
TAFEA: Repair and get new fishing gears is the most dominant agriculture/food security activity representing 50%. Repair and get new agriculture tools is the 2nd most dominant agriculture/food security activity representing 32%. Community garden is the 3rd most dominant agriculture/ food security activity representing 26%. Plant new planting materials represent 24%. Livestock feeds supplied to the area represent 17%. Replant the gardens represent 16%.
PAGE 74 Advice from agriculture extension officer represent 12%. Attend agriculture training/workshop and no activities happening represent 11% each. Food preservation represent 10%. Save money and money for work represent 5%. Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) represent 2%.
SHEFA: The most dominant agriculture/food security activity representing 50% is community garden. This is followed by repair and get new agriculture tools and livestock feeds supply to the area representing 40% each. 3rd is the preserve food representing 38%. Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) represent 35%. Advice from agriculture extension officer and save money and money for work present 33% each. Replant garden represent 28%. No activities happening represent 25%. Attend agriculture training/workshop 21%. Cattle and chickens brought into the area and repair and get new fishing gears represent 17% each.
MALAMPA: Attend agriculture training/workshop is the most dominant agriculture/food security activity representing 35%. No activities happening is reported to be 2nd most important activity representing 24%. Save money and money for work represents 17%. Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) represent 15%. Plant new planting materials represent 13%. Replant gardens and advice from Agriculture extension officer represent up to 12% each. Preserve food represent 10%.Community garden and Repair and get new fishing gears represent 4 and 2% respectively.
PENAMA: Cattle and Chicken brought into the area is the more dominant agriculture/food security activity representing 36% in PENAMA. Livestock feeds supplied to the area represent 25% the 2nd most agriculture/food security activity. Replant the gardens and plant new planting materials represent 15% each. Advice from agriculture extension officer, attend agriculture training/workshop, and cut down livestock each represent up to 14%. Preserve food and save money and money for work each represent up to 12%. Repair and get new fishing gears and repair and get new agriculture tools represent up to 5% each and community garden a mere 1%.
SANMA: In SANMA save money and money for work is more predominant than any other agriculture/food security activities representing 18%. Cut down livestock/reduce stocking rate (cattle & pig) is 15%. Preserve food is 12%. Replant the gardens is 10%. Attend agriculture training/workshop and livestock feeds supplies to the area represent 6% each. All other agriculture/food securities represented 5% or less each.
TORBA: The agriculture/ food security activities happening a lot in Torba is cattle and chickens brought in to the area representing up to 35%. Interestingly livestock feeds supplies to the area however has been low at only 5%. Repair and get new fishing gears represents 25%. Agriculture Extension officer advice represents 21%. Cut down livestock (cattle& pigs) represent 20%. Preservation of food represents 19%. Save money and money for work and replant the gardens both represents 15% each. Plant new planting materials represents 10%. Community garden and attend agriculture training/workshop both represents 10%. Up to 20% indicates no activities happening.
PAGE 75 TABLE 70: TORBA
rs
Island
ulture extension extension ulture
Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) & (cattle livestock down Cut agric from Advice officer the to in brought chickens and Cattle area area the to supplied feeds Livestock training/workshop agriculture Attend garden Community happening No activities materials planting Plant new food Preserve gea fishing new get and Repair gardens the Replant tools agriculture new get and Repair work for money and money Save
Gaua 2 6 3 2 3 4 6 5 5
Hiu 1 1 4 1 3 4
Linua 1 1 2 2 2 3
Loh 2 1 1 3 2 1 3
Metoma 1 1 1 1 1
Mota 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 3
Motalava 4 5 1 1 1 3 5 3 5 2 3
Tegua 3 2 3 3
Toga 3 3 3
Vanualava 8 29 20 7 1 6 6 5 10 30 8 15
PAGE 76
Graph 68
Replant gardens is the most prominent food security activity representing up to 24 % in Vanualava.In Toga,Tegua,Motalava,Mota,Metoma,Loh,Linua, and Hiuand Gaua replant gardens represent up to 35% than other food security activities.
TABLE 71: SANMA Agriculture/Food security activities Aore Malo Santo
Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) 4 10
Advice from agriculture extension officer 5 9
Cattle and chickens brought in to the area 1 2
Livestock feeds supplied to the area 1 2
Attend agriculture training/workshop 3 6
Community garden 3
No activities happening 4 2 4
Plant new planting materials 1 5 8
Preserve food 1 4 12
PAGE 77 Repair and get new fishing gears 1
Replant the gardens 10 6 26
Repair and get new agriculture tools 2 5
Save money and money for work 1 1 27
Graph 69
The most prominent food security activity in Santo is save money and money for work which represents 94% while the other activities each represents much less than save money and money for work. Aore indicate replanting the gardens as important representing 24%. Community garden is indicated to be so important in Malo representing up to 100%.
TABLE 72: PENAMA Agriculture/Food security activities Ambae Maewo Pentecost
Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) 12
Advice from agriculture extension officer 1 26
Cattle and chickens brought in to the area 13 14
Livestock feeds supplied to the area 7 1
Attend agriculture training/workshop 15
PAGE 78 Community garden 1
No activities happening 12 4 1
Plant new planting materials 1 20 9
Preserve food 1 15
Repair and get new fishing gears 4
Replant the gardens 1 27 30
Repair and get new agriculture tools 5 2
Save money and money for work 18
Graph 70
Save money and money for work, cut down livestock and attend agriculture training/workshop represent up to 100% in Maewo than other activities. There is some food preserve on Ambae represnting 8% but no activities happenng is recorded high up to 71% more than other activities. Prominent in Pentecost is commuity garden representing up to 100% than other activities.
TABLE 73: MALAMPA Agriculture/Food security activities Ambrym Malekula Paama
PAGE 79 Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) 7 5 2
Advice from agriculture extension officer 11 1 14
Attend agriculture training/workshop 17 1 18
Community garden 1 1
No activities happening 2 12 19
Plant new planting materials 23 6
Preserve food 9 1 4
Repair and get new fishing gears 2
Replant the gardens 26 3 20
Repair and get new agriculture tools 6 3
Save money and money for work 19 8
Graph 71
The food secuirity activity happening the most on Ambrym is save money and money for work represnting 70% compared to other activities. Malakula indicated reducing livestock is promiment representing 33% although no activities happening is indicated to be as high. Paama the smallest of the two isalnds on Malampa reported advice from agriculture extension officer and attend agriculture training/workshop to be important represent up to 54% no activities happening is reported higher tthan the two activities mentioned.
PAGE 80
TABLE 74: SHEFA Agriculture/Food security activities Buninga Efate Emao Epi Lelepa Moso Nguna Pele Tongariki Tongoa
Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 19 2
Advice from agriculture extension officer 13 21 4 4 4 6 24 1
Cattle and chickens brought in to the area 3 1 1 3 3 2
Livestock feeds supplied to the area 6 1 2 3 1
Attend agriculture training/workshop 6 4 1 2 2 6 2
Community garden 4 5 3 1 4 6 2
No activities happening 12 2 8 3 10
Plant new planting materials 11 21 2 1 2 4 3 19
Preserve food 13 11 2 1 2 3 23 1
Repair and get new fishing gears 1 11 1 1
Replant the gardens 11 39 4 11 3 4 4 6 23 4
Repair and get new agriculture tools 13 25 2 2 1 19
Save money and money for work 23 3 12 1 2 3 6 3
PAGE 81
Graph 72
TABLE 75: TAFEA Agriculture/Food security activities Aneityum Aniwa Erromango Futuna
Cut down livestock (cattle & pigs) 2 1
Advice from agriculture extension officer 1 7 10 9
Cattle and chickens brought in to the area 7 1
Livestock feeds supplied to the area 6
Attend agriculture training/workshop 1 5 3 3
Community garden 1 7 2 3
No activities happening 10 6
Plant new planting materials 3 18 17 12
Preserve food 3 13
Repair and get new fishing gears 27 1 12
Replant the gardens 11 25 19 13
Repair and get new agriculture tools 5 21 19 6
Save money and money for work 2 1 3 3
PAGE 82
Graph 73
Livestock feeds supplies to the area represnts up to 100% in Aniwa. Preserve food is reported tp represent up to 81% in Futuna compared to other food security activities.No activity happening is reported to be the activity happening most on Aneityum represnting 62% compared to other acgtivities. Save money andmoney for work, advice from agriculture extension officer, repair and get new agriculture tools, and plant new planting materials are reported to be important in Erromango than other activities represnting upto 35%.
TABLE 76: ACTIVITIES DONE TO ADDRESS THE FOOD SHORTAGE ISSUE
Meal size Meal size Meal size Skip Skip meal Skip Whole day Whole day Whole day reduction reduction reduction meal for woman meal for without without food for without food for for man for woman for child for child food for woman child man man Never 167 171 307 200 207 380 385 391 413
Once a 169 170 108 178 180 53 48 43 22 time 2 - 3 76 72 33 65 59 19 29 27 25 days 4 days 58 57 22 27 24 18 8 9 10 or more
PAGE 83
Graph 74
As high as 88% of the three groups specificied never go without food or meals for a whole day compared to only as low as 2% indicated going whole day within food for child 4 days or more .In addition meal size rduction for man occurred the least times, 36%.
SMS FOLLOWUP
TABLE 77: OVERVIEW ON THE SMS FOLLOWUP SMS Send Afta long disasta mas plant SMS Pest & Diseases SMS Forest Faea SMS Livestock Sef SMS
Yes 304 300 315 315
No 93 93 80 79
Mi no readem SMS 15 16 13 15
Nokat phone/usum nara 58 61 62 61 network
PAGE 84
Graph 75
TABLE 78: TORBA SMS Send Afta long disasta mas Pest & Forest Faea SMS Livestock Sef SMS plant SMS Diseases SMS
Yes 35 41 47 48
No 32 25 20 19
Mi no readem SMS 2 3 2 2
Nokat phone/usum nara 6 6 6 6 network
Graph 76
TABLE 79: SANMA
PAGE 85 SMS Send Afta long disasta mas plant Pest & Diseases SMS Forest Faea SMS Livestock Sef SMS SMS
Yes 40 39 38 40
No 5 4 7 3
Mi no readem SMS 2 2
Nokat phone/usum nara 8 8 8 8 network
Graph 77
TABLE 80: PENAMA SMS Send Afta long disasta mas Pest & Diseases SMS Forest Faea SMS Livestock Sef SMS plant SMS
Yes 61 58 61 59
No 10 13 10 12
Mi no readem SMS
Nokat phone/usum nara 1 1 1 1 network
PAGE 86
Graph 78
TABLE 81: MALAMPA SMS Send Afta long disasta Pest & Diseases SMS Forest Faea SMS Livestock Sef mas plant SMS SMS
Yes 49 49 49 50
No 1 1 1
Mi no readem SMS 7 7 7 7
Nokat phone/usum nara 8 8 8 8 network
Graph 79
TABLE 82: SHEFA
SMS Send Afta long disasta mas plant SMS Pest & Diseases SMS Forest Faea SMS Livestock Sef SMS
PAGE 87 Yes 80 75 81 79
No 31 36 29 31
Mi no readem SMS 4 2 2 2
Nokat phone/usum nara 14 16 17 17 network
Graph 80
TABLE 83: TAFEA SMS Send Afta long Pest & Diseases Forest Faea SMS Livestock Sef disasta mas SMS SMS plant SMS
Yes 39 38 39 39
No 14 14 13 14
Mi no readem SMS 2 2 2 2
Nokat phone/usum nara 21 22 22 21 network
PAGE 88 Graph 81
PAGE 89