Site Atlas Correct Citation: Sijmons K., Kiplimo J., Förch W., Thornton P.K., Radeny, M

Kenya Makueni /Wote CCAFS siteatlas CGIAR Research Programon ClimateChange, AgricultureandFood Security(CCAFS) P.Casier/CGIAR

Site Atlas Correct citation: Sijmons K., Kiplimo J., Förch W., Thornton P.K., Radeny, M. and Kinyangi, J. (2013). CCAFS Site Atlas – Makueni / Wote. CCAFS site atlas series. The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org

Titles in this series aim to disseminate interim climate change, agriculture and food security research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community.

This document is published by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) which is a strategic partnership between CGIAR and Future Earth. CCAFS is supported by the CGIAR Fund, the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), the Australian Government Overseas Aid Program (AusAid), Irish Aid, Environment Canada, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Netherlands, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT), UK Aid, the Government of Russia, and the European Union (EU). The Program is carried out with technical support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

Contact: CCAFS Coordinating Unit - Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 21, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Tel: +45 35331046; Email: [email protected]

Creative Commons License

This Atlas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes.

DISCLAIMER:

This Atlas Series has been prepared as an output for Theme 4.2 under the CCAFS program and has not been peer reviewed. Any opinions stated herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of CCAFS, donor agencies, or partners. The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of CCAFS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction...... iv

Regional Map...... 1

Topographic Map ...... 2

Satellite Map ...... 3

Chapter 2: Climate and Climate Variability

Annual Rainfall ...... 4

Annual Temperature ...... 5

Aridity Index ...... 6

Chapter 3: Bio-Physical Characteristics

Altitude...... 7

Landforms...... 8

Soil Type ...... 9

Agro-Ecological Zones ...... 10

Landcover ...... 11

Landuse ...... 12

Length of Growing Period 2000 ...... 13

Length of Growing Period 2030 ...... 14 Crop Suitability ...... 15

Livestock Production Systems ...... 16

Livestock Density...... 17

Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Factors

Livelihood Zones...... 18

Human Population Density ...... 19

Market Access ...... 20

Poverty ...... 21

Conservations Areas...... 22

References and Data Sources...... 23 Introduction

The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) seeks to promote a food-secure world through the provision of science-based eﬀorts that support sustainable agriculture and enhance livelihoods while adapting to climate change and conserving natural resources and environmental services.

Climate change is an unprecedented threat to the food security of hundreds of millions of people who depend on small-scale agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate change aﬀects agriculture and food security, and likewise, agriculture and natural resource management aﬀect the climate system.

CCAFS has initially focused on three regions; East Africa (EA), West Africa (WA) and South Asia (SA) to carry out its research. The 15 CCAFS sites in these areas represent areas that are becoming both drier and wetter, and are focal locations that will generate results that can be applied and adapted to other regions worldwide. In this year, 2013, CCAFS is expanding its portfolio to additional sites in Latin America and South-East Asia.

These sites serve as the initial focus of CCAFS partnership-building and long-term research activities falling within the following CCAFS Research Themes; Adaptation to Progressive Climate Change, Adaptation through Managing Climate Risk, Pro-Poor Climate Change Mitigation and Integration for Decision Making. At all 15 CCAFS sites, baseline surveys have been conducted, including three levels of data collection and analysis at household, village and organizational levels (see: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys).

More information on CCAFS work in all the three regions can be accessed at www.ccafs.cgiar.org

To better understand the CCAFS sites’ characteristics, a list of geospatial indicators for climate variability, bio-physical characteristics and socio-economic variables have been mapped into site atlases.

This Atlas was developed for the CCAFS site at Makueni / Wote in Kenya, in East Africa Region.

IV CCAFS Sites: East Africa

30ºE 40ºE 50ºE N N º º 0 0 1 1 º º 0 0

Ethiopia: Borana (ET01) Kenya: Nyando (KE01) Kenya: Makueni (KE02) Uganda: Albertine Rift (UG01) S º S º 0 Uganda: Kagera Basin (UG02) 0 1 1 Tanzania: Usambara (TZ01)

CCAFS Country Sites 30ºE 40ºE 50ºE 1 Citation: GeoMapa (2013a) !(

Topography Makueni 37°30'E 38°E

Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva CCAFS Site KE02, Makueni / Wote, Kenya !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !(

S !( S ' ' 0 0

3 !( !( 3 ° Katelembu Machakos Katulani Nguni Kisasi ° 1 !( Kaani !( !( 1 !. Ikalaasa !( Mwewe !( !( !( Kathungi !( Syongila Makaveti Mbumbuni !( !( !( Musa Kakalia !( Kwa Kavoo Mwambani !( Musikio !( !( Kalawa !( Ithemboni Kithungo !( Kavisuni !( !( Lazoni Ikanga !( !( !( Kee Iuani Kaumoni Kasunguni Mukuyuni !( !( Katangini !( !( !( !( Nguluni !( Kitandi Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu !( !( Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 2 !( !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini !( Poka Kilawa !( !( Coordinates of the CCAFS Baseline Sampling Frame Simba !( 37.724E 1.809S !( Kailembwa 37.724E 1.900S !( 37.630E 1.900S Kiboko 37.630E 1.809S Athi !( !( Makindu

Kambi ya Munyu Masalani !( !( !( Kalulini Kevanda !( !( !( Memerush Mbuinzau !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( Sampling frame size: 10km x 10km 37°30'E 38°E !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

2 Citation: GeoMapa (2013b)

!( !( !(

Satellite Image Wote !( 37°40'0"E

010 -12-2 om 24 ery fr Corner Baridi imag on dEye soluti Rapi nd re !( grou at 5m line Base ehold Hous Itunguni HBS= ey !( Surv

eline e Bas Villag S S S= " " VB ey 0 0 rv ' ' Su 0 0 eline 5 5 as ° ° al B 1 1 on !. nizati Orga Kithoni OBS= ey Surv

Kwa Mboo !(

Soweto !( Sinai !( Road !( !( Settlement .! CCAFS VBS/OBS village Kikeneani (! CCAFS HBS villages

Kathonzweni !( S S

" !( " 0 0 ' '

5 5 CCAFS Baseline 5 5 ° °

1 1 Sampling Frame 37°40'0"E

Scale 1:100,000 0 1 2 4 6 8 Kilometers

3 Citation: RapidEye (2010) !(

Annual Rainfall

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

3 !( 3 ° Katelembu Machakos !( Katulani Nguni Kisasi ° 1 !( Kaani !( !( 1 !. Ikalaasa !( Mwewe !( !( !( Kathungi !( Syongila Makaveti Mbumbuni Musa !( !( Kakalia !( !( Kwa Kavoo Mwambani !( Musikio!( !( Kalawa !( UGANDA Ithemboni Kithungo !( Kavisuni !( SOMALIA !( Lazoni !( Ikanga K E N Y A !( Kee Iuani Kaumoni !( Kasunguni Mukuyuni !( !( Katangini !( !( !( !( ° °

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko

Athi Rainfall (mm) !( Wote MeanM Maoknutehnlyi RMaeinafna lMl Doisnttrhiblyu tRioaninfall Distribution

!( Makindu < = 250 s y ) 250 20 a m D Kambi ya Munyu Masalani 200 m

250 - 750 15 y

!( !( (

n l

!( i Kalulini l 150 a 750 - 1,250 a 10 f Rainfall (mm) R

n 100 f Kevanda i o a !( !( !( 5 . No. of Rainy Days 1,250 - 1,750 R 50

Memerush Mbuinzau o

0 0 N t r t r c y v y g e b

!( n

Lengesim > = 1,750 l c

Kibwesi a !( p p a e o u n a e u e J O A F u J D A N M M S 37°30'E 38°E J !. Town Road data Citation: Jones et al (2002) Settlement ainfall River nual R Scale 1:750,000 An t curren f Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers of ions o rpolat inte ata, rved d !( obse ive 1 cm = 7.5 km sentat repre 00 0 - 20 of 195

Wote 4 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Hijmans et al (2005)

!( !( !(

Annual Temperature

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko Temperature (ºC) Athi !( Wote MMeaank Mueonit hMlye Taenm Mpeoranttuhrley DTeismtrpibeurtaiotunre Distribution !( Makindu ) < = 15 l 40 e C

Kambi ya Munyu Masalani 15 - 20 . 30 !( !( g !( Kalulini e Temp. Max d

20 - 25 ( 20

Kevanda p Temp. Min !( !( !( 10 25 - 30 m Memerush Mbuinzau e Temp. Mean T 0 t r t r c y v y g e b !( n

Lengesim l > = 30 c a Kibwesi p p a

!( e o u n a e u J e O A F u J D A N M M S 37°30'E 38°E J !. Town Road rature Citation: Jones et al (2002) Settlement River empe nual T ual Scale 1:750,000 An ts ann Wetland resen a of 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers rep re dat peratu tions tem erpola nt int !( 1 cm = 7.5 km curre data, served of ob r ged fo avera - 2000 1950

Wote 5 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Hijmans et al (2005)

!( !( !(

Aridity Index

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko ates Athi Aridity Index indic !( Index !( Makindu Aridity yness, Hyper Arid of dr on e level spirati Kambi ya Munyu Masalani th potran !( !( Arid ng eva given !( Kalulini taki at a count, nfall Semi Arid to ac n rai Kevanda in know !( !( !( tion of Memerush Mbuinzau Dry sub-humid loca !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( Humid 37°30'E 38°E !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 6 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Trabucco et al (2009)

!( !( !(

Altitude

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko Athi Altitude (m) tes the !( indica l !( Makindu > = 2,500 tude leve Alti ve sea ht abo Kambi ya Munyu Masalani 2,000 - 2,500 heig !( !( ers !( Kalulini met 1,500 - 2,000 in Kevanda !( !( !( 1,000 - 1,500 Memerush Mbuinzau !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( 500 - 1,000

37°30'E 38°E < = 500 !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 7 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Jarvis et al (2008)

!( !( !(

Soil Type

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko soil to the Soil Type * refers Athi Type FAO !( Soil the Acrisols per ups !( Makindu Lixisols oup as il gro gr on. So ent sificati ir par Kambi ya Munyu Masalani Andosols Luvisols clas y the tic !( !( ined b gene !( e def orpho Kalulini Arenosols Nitisols ar nd m of erial a erms mat ics in t Kevanda Cambisols erist and !( !( !( Regosols haract erties Memerush Mbuinzau c l prop Ferralsols ctura and !( Solonchaks stru d, silt Lengesim Kibwesi !( e (san ll textur as we 37°30'E 38°E Fluvisols Solonetz ent), y cont r !. Town Road cla matte Leptosols Vertisols anic as org Settlement River t. Scale 1:750,000 * Legend corresponds to left map conten Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 9 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: FAO et al (2009)

* Legend corresponds to left map

!( !( !(

Agro-Ecological Zones

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko s l Zone logica f Athi Agro-Ecological Zones * -Eco on o !( Agro divisi !( Makindu te the e Northern Guinea Savanna dica t hav in as tha Kambi ya Munyu Masalani d are ristics !( !( High Altitude Northern Guinea Savanna lan racte ty, !( Kalulini r cha tabili simila nd sui High Altitude Southern Guinea Sananna to la l Kevanda elated ultura !( !( !( r l agric Memerush Mbuinzau High Altitude Semi-Arid entia pot and !( Lengesim tion ct. Kibwesi !( Mid Altitude Northern Guinea Savanna oduc impa pr ental 37°30'E 38°E ironm Mid Altitude Southern Guinea Savanna env !. Town Road Settlement River Mid Altitude Semi-Arid 1:750,000 Scale Semi-arid/Sudan Savanna Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers * Legend corresponds to left map !( 1 cm = 7.5 km

10 Wote CCAFS sampling frame Citation: FAO (2008)

!( !( !(

Landcover

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko Landcover Athi !( !( Makindu Rainfed croplands Closed to open mixed broadleaved, needleleaved forest

Kambi ya Munyu Masalani Mosaic Vegetation/Croplands Sparse vegetation !( !( !( Kalulini Closed broadleaved deciduous forest Closed to open shrubland Kevanda !( !( !( Open broadleaved deciduous forest Closed to open grassland Memerush Mbuinzau !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( Open needleleaved deciduous or evergreen forest Mosaic Forest-Shrubland/Grassland 37°30'E 38°E Closed to open broadleaved evergreen Mosaic Grassland/Forest-Shrubland !. Town Road or semi-deciduous forest s show Urban area Settlement River cover Land Scale 1:750,000 served f he ob over o Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers t sical c io)phy ce, (b 's surfa e earth !( th ant 1 cm = 7.5 km domin se i.e. land u tation, vege de an-ma and m s. feature Wote 11 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Arino et al (2009)

!( !( !(

Landuse

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( w of ho Kiboko ription es a desc involv se is nd.It how Athi Landuse * andu the lation of the !( L tilize escrip , i.elv.e s !( Makindu le uis a d tivitt yinvo Grasslands - high livestock density peopuse ic ancd.I tion Land ono mthe la dif.i cthae io- euctilize d imty,o i.e o Kambi ya Munyu Masalani seoocple nt acntiv nnt int !( Crops and high livestock density p emnoemic fnicmateio !( aion-aegco nmvoirdoi !( Kalulini smoc tnutr aln de nt ainst o agee nmae ro,nsmuceh ts. Forest with moderate or higher livestock density mofa nth l emnevint lemen Kevanda navtuirroan ch a ssett . !( !( tihlte en nt,su and ents ltiple !( Shrubs high livestock density obfu nmfeields ttlem mu Memerush Mbuinzau enviuroral nd seay be ple builrti cult ields aerem multi ag tural cf e, th ay be !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( Shrubs moderate livestock density griculy pla erem aAt an ace, th here. any pl s, the ntedr e. 37°30'E 38°E At d use the presteed he Grasslands - unmanaged lan uses, ne isr esen !. Town Road land ant noe is p domninant o Grasslands - moderate livestock density domi Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Urban area Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers * Legend corresponds to left map !( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 12 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Natchtergaele et al (2010)

!( !( !(

Length of Growing Period 2000

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko ing f Grow ngth o ed Athi he Le defin !( Length of Growing Period (Days) T GP) is !( Makindu riod (L f days < = 50 Pe ber o e num hich Kambi ya Munyu Masalani as th ring w !( !( 50 - 100 ar du infed !( Kalulini a ye le ra in vailab r 100 - 150 e is a ply fo Kevanda ther e sup !( !( !( oistur Memerush Mbuinzau 150 - 200 soil m . rowth !( Lengesim Kibwesi ant g !( > 200 pl 37°30'E 38°E !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 13 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Thornton et al (2006)

!( !( !(

Length of Growing Period 2030

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( g Kiboko rowin th of G e Leng efined Athi Length of Growing Period (Days) Th P) is d !( od (LG days !( Makindu Peri ber of < = 50 num h s the g whic Kambi ya Munyu Masalani a durin ed !( !( 50 - 100 year rainf !( in a ilable Kalulini is ava y for 100 - 150 there suppl Kevanda sture !( !( !( il moi ere Memerush Mbuinzau 150 - 200 so th; h t grow . !( plan 030 Lengesim Kibwesi !( for 2 > 200 odeled 37°30'E 38°E m !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 14 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Thornton et al (2006)

!( !( !(

Crop Suitability

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( to Kiboko fers lity re Crop Suitability itabi rop Su ce Athi C resour !( Not suitable and !( Makindu the l that d ment ral lan Very low ssess cultu Kambi ya Munyu Masalani a s agri vant !( !( nsider h rele !( Kalulini Low co wit n ptions nditio use o cal co Kevanda Medium low ologi !( !( !( gro-ec pected Memerush Mbuinzau a te ex Medium tima . !( es ities Lengesim Kibwesi !( to activ pping 37°30'E 38°E Medium high cro !. Town Road High Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Very high Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 15 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: FAO and IIASA (2007)

!( !( !(

Livestock Production Systems

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( as Kiboko stems tion Sy e Produc ms tak Athi stock l syste !( Mixed Rainfed Livestock only Live cultura to !( f agri ons in Makindu part o onditi Arid / Semi-arid Arid /semi-arid atic c fied in ro-clim classi Kambi ya Munyu Masalani ag nd are ck !( !( Humid / sub-humid unt a vesto !( Temperate / highland acco and li ities Kalulini f feed mmod rms o tock co gy; Temperate / highland Closed to open shrubland te ; lives chnolo Kevanda ources tion te ions; !( !( !( res produc funct Memerush Mixed Irrigated uced; estock s; Mbuinzau prod and liv cation t use phic lo !( Lengesim Kibwesi roduc eogra rted. !( Arid / semi-arid Urban area p red; g suppo a cove ations 37°30'E 38°E are popul Humid / sub-humid Other uman !. Town Road and h Temperate / highland Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 16 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: FAO (2007)

!( !( !(

Livestock Density

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko 2 Number per km is Athi ensity !( ock D rs !( Makindu ivest umbe No Observations L d in n easure luding Kambi ya Munyu Masalani m , inc !( !( <= 5 stock eep, !( f live nd sh Kalulini o oats a 5 - 10 ttle, g Kevanda ca 2 !( !( !( 10 - 15 r km Memerush Mbuinzau pe !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( 15 - 20 37°30'E 38°E >= 20 !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 17 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Wint et al (2007)

!( !( !(

Livelihood Zones

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko and Livelihood Zones * plex re com tors. Athi ods a of fac !( Southeastern Medium Potential, Mixed Farming Zone veliho riety !( Makindu Li a va aps ed by one m Southeastern Marginal Mixed Farming Zone shap ood z as Kambi ya Munyu Masalani livelih are !( !( ese aphic Southern Pastoral Zone Th ogr dly !( Kalulini ate ge broa deline eople * Legend corresponds to left map ich p ood Kevanda hin wh livelih !( !( !( wit same s to Memerush Mbuinzau e the acces shar luding ts. !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( s inc arke attern and m p ome, 37°30'E 38°E od, inc !. Town Road fo Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 18 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: USAID (2011)

!( !( !(

Human Population Density

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko lation Popu d 2 an dde Hum he gri Athi Number of persons per km ity is t per !( Dens ersons !( Makindu <= 5 of p umber n 2 05. Kambi ya Munyu Masalani 5 - 25 in 20 !( !( km !( Kalulini 25 - 50 Kevanda !( !( !( 50 - 250 Memerush Mbuinzau !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( > 250 37°30'E 38°E !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 19 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: CIESIN (2005)

!( !( !(

Market Access

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko easure is a m d Athi Travel time to nearest large town/city (Hours) l time rmine !( Trave y dete !( Makindu sibilit en < = 5 acces rs) tak of e (hou tre, Kambi ya Munyu Masalani e tim n cen !( !( 5 - 10 in th t urba !( eares lation Kalulini the n a popu 10 - 15 to ity of re Kevanda or c r mo !( !( town ple o !( 15 - 20 0 peo s of Memerush Mbuinzau f 50,00 t mean o ifferen unt) !( Lengesim Kibwesi !( > = 20 king d o acco (ta ion int 37°30'E 38°E ortat transp !. Town Road Settlement River Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 20 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: Nelson (2008)

!( !( !(

Poverty

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa !( Corresponds to the map on the left Kiboko obal Percentage of People living on less than 2 US$ per day ed gl Athi truct !( cons y that !( Makindu IESIN overt 0 or missing C s of p tes of ta set stima Kambi ya Munyu Masalani da on e tality !( !( 0 - 20 ased mor !( are b infant ta, Kalulini ional on da 20 - 40 ubnat utriti Kevanda s maln are !( !( !( child both Memerush Mbuinzau 40 - 60 and that nizing and !( cog verty Lengesim Kibwesi !( 60 - 80 re or po xies f han 37°30'E 38°E pro ther t 80 - 100 are ra !. Town Road welf sures. t mea Settlement River direc Scale 1:750,000 Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 21 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: CIESIN (2005)

!( !( !(

Conservation Areas

37°30'E 38°E 40°E Kathiani !( !( !( !( Myondoni Katangi Tiva !( Mbee Market Wamunyu !( !( Kasaini !( Masii SOUTH SUDAN !( Kiusyani Nzaikoni Lema !( ETHIOPIA S S

' !( ' 0 0

Nguluni !( Kitandi 0 0 Wote Nunguni !( Kinyunyini !( Kalongo !( !(!( !( Nziu Ngosini East Lake Kilome !( !( Mukaa Kyambeke !( !( !( Victoria Salama Upete Kalamba !(

Kathonzweni !( Mubuko !( Kima Kasikeu T A N Z A N I A !( !( INDIAN Chomboni !( Kwakavisi

S Matha S

° !( !( ° 2 !( 2 OCEAN !( !( Sultan Hamad Mulala Keymundu Kalivu !( !( Kikumini Kiangini !( !( Emali !( Ikutha

Kibini 40°E !( Poka Kilawa !( !( International boundary Scale 1:12,500,000 0 125 250 500 Kilometers Simba !(

!( Kailembwa Corresponds to the map on the left !( Kiboko as Conservation Areas ion Are s Athi servat d area !( Con rotecte !( Makindu Forest Reserve sent p CN, repre g to IU ic cordin ograph Kambi ya Munyu Masalani Nature Reserve at,ac ed ge !( !( th defin cated !( clearly , dedi Kalulini are gnized al or s, reco gh leg Kevanda space throu !( !( !( aged to d man eans, Memerush Mbuinzau an tive m vation r effec onser !( Lengesim Kibwesi othe erm c !( long-t ted chieve ssocia 37°30'E 38°E a with a nature es and !. Town Road of servic system Settlement River eco . l value Scale 1:750,000 cultura Wetland 0 7.5 15 30 45Kilometers

!( 1 cm = 7.5 km

Wote 22 CCAFS sampling frame Citation: UNEP and WCMC (2012)

!( !( References and Data Sources assessment. Version 1, 2002. CD-ROM and User’s Manual. CIAT, AA6713, Cali, Colombia, 87 pp. Aridity Index Regional Map Trabucco, A., and Zomer, R.J. 2009. Global Aridity Index (Global-Aridity) and Global Potential Sijmons K. 2013a. Digital Satellite Image based on, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Evapo-Transpiration (Global-PET) Geospatial Database. CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information. Spectroradiometer ) NASA, 2009, Ground resolution : 1 Kilometer. GTOPO30, (DEM) Global Published online, available from the CGIAR-CSI GeoPortal at: http://www.csi.cgiar.org/ Digital Elevation Model U.S Geological Survey, Ground resolution: 1 Kilometer. Topographic Features derived from: Global GIS, U.S. Geological Survey and Google Earth. Projection: Altitude Geographic, Lat/Long, WGS84 Jarvis, A., H.I. Reuter, A. Nelson, E. Guevara, 2008, Hole-ﬁlled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database. Available at http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org Topographic Map Sijmons K. 2013b. Relief represenation derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of SRTM Landforms (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) 2000, Ground resolution 90 meter and ASTER GDEM, FAO Africover, 2002. Available at http://www.africover.org/system/metadata.php?metadataid=65 Ground resolution 30 meter, NASA. Topographic Features digitized from Google Earth Projection: Geographic, Lat/Long, WGS84 Soil Type FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC. 2009. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.1). FAO, Rome, Satellite Image Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria. RapidEye Satellite Image, 5 meter ground resolution, Image acquisition, 17-01-2011 Agro-Ecological Zones Fischer, G., F. Nachtergaele, S. Prieler, H.T. van Velthuizen, L. Verelst, D. Wiberg, 2008. Global Agro- Annual Rainfall ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria and FAO, Rome, Hijmans, R.J., S.E. Cameron, J.L. Parra, P.G. Jones and A. Jarvis, 2005. Very high resolution Italy interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-1978. Landcover Arino, O., Perez J. R., Kalgirou V., Defourny P., Achard F. 2009. GlobCover. Version 2.3 Global. Annual Rainfall Graph Accessed at http://ionia1.esrin.esa.int/ Jones P G, Thornton P K, Diaz W and Wilkens P W. 2002. MarkSim, a computer tool that generates simulated weather data for crop modeling and risk Landuse assessment. Version 1, 2002. CD-ROM and Users Manual. CIAT, AA6713, Cali, Colombia, 87 Natchtergaele F., Petri M., 2010. Mapping Land Use at global and Regional Scales for Land Degrada- pp. tion Assessment Analysis (LADA).Version 1.1. LADA Project FAO/UNEP GEF/. Annual Temperature http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=37139&currTab=simple Hijmans, R.J., S.E. Cameron, J.L. Parra, P.G. Jones and A. Jarvis, 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: Length of Growing Period 2000 1965-1978. Thornton P K, Jones P G, Owiyo T, Kruska R L, Herrero M, Kristjanson P, Notenbaert A, Bekele N and Omolo A, with contributions from Orindi V, Adwerah A, Otiende B, Bhadwal S, Anantram K, Nair S Annual Temperature Graph and Kumar V. 2006. Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to the Department Jones P G, Thornton P K, Diaz W and Wilkens P W. 2002. for International Development, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 200 p. MarkSim, a computer tool that generates simulated weather data for crop modeling and risk

23 Length of Growing Period 2030 University. Available at http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/povmap. ( Version 1.0) Available at Thornton P K, Jones P G, Owiyo T, Kruska R L, Herrero M, Kristjanson P, Notenbaert A, Bekele http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/theme/poverty N and Omolo and Kumar V. 2006. Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to theDepartment for International Development, International Livestock Research Institute, Conservation Areas Nairobi, Kenya, 200 p. UNEP-WCMC (2012). Data Standards for the World Database on Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK. Crop Suitability FAO-IIASA 2007. Mapping biophysical factors that inﬂuence agricultural production and rural vulnerability. Food and Agriculture Organization and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Rome 2007.

Livestock Production Systems FAO. 2007. Gridded livestock of the world 2007, by G.R.W. Wint and T.P. Robinson.Rome, pp 131.

Livestock Density Wint W, Robinson T, 2007. Gridded Livestock of the World. FAO, 131 pp.

Livelihood Zones Livelihood Zone Products. Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET). Accessed at http://www.fews.net/pages/livelihoods.aspx?loc=6&l=en.

Human Population Density Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)/Columbia University, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT, 2005. Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Density Grid, Future Estimates, Edition: 3.0. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC. Online_Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v3-population-density-future-estimates

Market Access Nelson, A. (2008) Estimated travel time to the nearest city of 50,000 or more people in year 2000. Global Environment Monitoring Unit - Joint Research Centre of the European Commis- sion, Ispra Italy. Available at http://www-tem.jrc.it/accessibility (accessed 06/03/2004)

Poverty Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, 2005. Small Area Estimates of Poverty and Inequality (SAEPI) database. Palisades, NY: CIESIN,

24 June 2013

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