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Slugs of the Family Veronicellidae (Gastropoda): Main Invasive Species and Their Importance to Agriculture and Health Public Suzete Rodrigues Gomes

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Slugs of the Family Veronicellidae (Gastropoda): Main Invasive Species and Their Importance to Agriculture and Health Public Suzete Rodrigues Gomes Slugs of the family Veronicellidae (Gastropoda): main invasive species and their importance to agriculture and health public Suzete Rodrigues Gomes Laboratório de Malacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) National Identification Services (NIS) Philadelphia, PA, USA General information about Veronicellidae Veronicellidae: some known problematic species 1. Laevicaulis alte, from Africa and spread throughout Southeastern and southern Asia, and the Pacific Basin. 2. Semperula wallacei, originating from Southeast Asia and recently recorded to Vanuatu, Fiji and American Samoa. 3. Veronicella cubensis, from Cuba and established throughout the West Indies, Hawaiian Islands, American Samoa, Guam and Rota (Northern Mariana Islands). 4. Veronicella sloanii, from the West Indies and possibly introduced to southern Florida. 5. Diplosolenodes occidentalis, described based on specimens from Saint Vincent (Antilles), but widespread in Antilles, Central America, Venezuela and recently, in Ecuador. 6. Colosius confusus, probably originating from the Andean region of Peru, and introduced in Colombia and Ecuador. 7. Sarasinula plebeia, originating from southern South America, east of the Andes, and introduced in most other South American countries, Central America, and the Caribbean and Pacific Basins. 8. Sarasinula linguaeformis, originating from southern South America east of the Andes, and introduced in most other South American countries and a few Antillean islands. 9. Angustipes angustipes, naturally occurring in northern Argentina, Paraguay and Rio Grande do Sul, in South Brazil, and introduced in Honduras and Gulf states of the United States. 10. Latipes erinaceus, occurring from northern Argentina to south of Minas Gerais, Brazil and recorded causing damage in Rio Grande do Sul. Introduction Tropical and subtropical regions Distribution of the species of Veronicellidae External Morphology Differences of Veronicellidae in relation to other land slugs External coloration in species of Veronicellidae Main diagnostic characters in the Veronicellidae glândula digitiforme Laevicaulis alte Valiguna siamensis Veronicellla cubensis espécie Africana vaso espécie Asiática espécie Neotropical deferente oviduto próstata glândula do albumen bursa copulatrix bursa copulatrix Phallus Phallus glândula hermafrodita Phallus Escala: 1mm - Reproductive system - Phallus (male structure) Veronicellidae: Molecular Identification - Gomes et al. 2010 (Zoologica Scripta): 16S, COI, ITS2 - Gomes et al. 2011 (in preparation): 16S, COI - Norman Barr and David R. Robinson (since 2002) 1. Laevicaulis alte (Férussac, 1821) Laevicaulis alte - Distribution in Oriental and Australian regions (originally from Africa) - Pest of several cultivated plants - USDA interceptions : India, Sri Lanka - A. cantonensis (Li FH et al., 1989, in China) - Eggs in each egg clutch: about 43 (Raut & Panigraphi, 1988) Laevicaulis alte External Coloration and size (up to 12 cm) Laevicaulis alte Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 2. Semperula wallacei (Issel , 1874) Distribution Semperula wallacei External morphology and size (up to 3.5 mm in extended length) Semperula wallacei Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 3. Veronicella cubensis (Pfeiffer, 1840) Distribution in the Antilles - Introduction in Hawaii 1970 - Introduction in Guam 1990s - Introduction in Rota 1997 Names used for the species : 1. Vaginulus plebeius (1981) 2. Veronicella floridana (1987) 3. Veronicella cubensis (2004) Records of the species to the Australian region Veronicella cubensis - Damage: agricultural plants and hoticulture as well as medicinal plants. - Over 50% of the farms were abandoned in Rota (Northern Mariana Islands) - Losses in crops ranging between 30-70% - Exportation of agricultural products in Guam has fallen to almost zero - Competition with other species of the family Veronicella cubensis - External coloration and size (up to 12 cm) - Similarity to other species of the family - Cases of angiostrongyliasis: A. cantonensis (Aguiar et al. 1981, in various localities in Cuba) Veronicella cubensis Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 4. Veronicella sloanii (Cuvier, 1817) x Distribution Veronicella sloanii x Wide variety of agriculture and ornamental plants Veronicella sloanii - External coloration and size (13 cm) - Eggs in each egg clutch: about 56 (Clarke, not published) Veronicella sloanii x Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 5. Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Guilding, 1825) x Distribution Diplosolenodes occidentalis x x - Damage in perennial crops in the past (Anon, 1953, 1960, 1965) - USDA interceptions: Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and Dominica Diplosolenodes occidentalis xx - External coloration and size (up to 4 cm) - Eggs in each egg clutch: 5-15 (Dundee, 1977) - Found infected with A. costaricensis in Honduras (Caballero et al., 2001) and in Colômbia (Malek, 1981) Diplosolenodes occidentalis x Phallus em D. occidentalis, em diferentes posições Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 6. Colosius confusus Gomes et al. 2013 x Previously called: 1. Colosius pulcher (2010) Distribution Colosius confusus Foto: Greg Bartman Foto: Patrick Marquez Foto: Cpnstantiono et al., 2010 x Foto: Cpnstantiono et al., 2010 - USDA Interception: cut-flowers from Colombia and Ecuador (2 biggest exporters in Latin-America) - Coffee crops in Colombia (2° biggest exporter) (Constantino et al. 2010) Colosius confusus: damage in coffee crops (Neira, Colombia) x Fotos: Fotos: Constantino 2010 et al., - Attacks plants with 4-5 years old - Climbs the tree trunks - Eats the pericarp and buds Colosius confusus x -External coloration and size (about 6 cm) - Eggs in each egg clutch: about 30 Fotos: Fred Zimmerman (Interceptações USDA: Colômbia) Colosius confusus x Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 7. Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868) New Caledonia (type-locality) Distribution in the Pacific Basin Sarasinula plebeia Distribution in the Neotropical region Sarasinula plebeia Introduction and spreading of S. plebeia in Central America (Andrews & Dundee, 1987) Sarasinula plebeia: agronomic system in Central America January-May May-June (rainy season) September-December Dry-bean planted between the maize rows Slugs: low abundance after dry season Slugs: large population (can destroy Rueda et al., 2002 (reproduction and feed on broad weeds) the bean crop at the seeding stage) - Andrews (1987): more than 400.000 farmers suffer economic losses in Central America Losses range from US$ 27 million to US$ 45 million annually - Cases of abdominal angiostrongyliasis: Costa Rica (300 new cases a year) (Morera, 1987) Honduras, El Salvador, Panama e Nicaragua (Rieda et al. 2002) Nicaragua: 85% of infected slugs in rural areas (Duarte et al., 1992) Costs associated with the disease in Central America (Andrews, 1987): US$ 5 million annually Sarasinula plebeia - External coloration and size (up to 5 cm) - Externally can be confused to other species of the same genus and V. cubensis (without stripes) - Eggs in each egg clutch: about 37 (Caballero et al., 2002) Sarasinula plebeia Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 8. Sarasinula linguaeformis (Semper, 1885) Distribution Sarasinula linguaeformis - Problematic for agriculture and A. costaricensis (Laitano et al. 2001, in SC, Brasil) - External coloration and size (up to 5 cm) - Externally can be confused to other species of the same genus and V. cubensis (without stripes) - Eggs in each egg clutch: up to 77 (Mansur & Thomé, 1994) Sarasinula linguaeformis Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 9. Angustipes angustipes Mobile (Alabama, E.U.A) - Distribution Departamento Francisco Morazan North Argentina, Paraguai and Rio Grande do Sull - Introduction in United States 1960 (Dundee et al., 1965) Currently: seven States in USA - Introduction in Honduras 1991 (Caballero et al., 1991) - Names used for the especies in regions where it was introduced Foto: Bill Krank & Harry Lee 1. Dundee et al. (1965): Vaginulus gayi from Chile 2. Dundee (1969): Veronicella ameghini from Paraguai 3. Thomé (1989): Belocaulus angustipes Duval, Florida, United States from south of South America 4. Gomes et al. (2011, in prep.): Angustipes angustipes Angustipes angustipes - External coloration and size (up to 4 cm) - Eggs in each egg clutch: up to 33 (Rueda et al., 2002) - Found infected with A. costaricensis in Honduras (Caballero et al. 1991) Angustipes angustipes bolsa acessória Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus 10. Latipes erinaceus (Colosi, 1921) - Distribution: North Argentina to southern Minas Gerais, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil Brazil - Names used for the species - Ohlweiler et al. (2009): Belocaulus willibaldoi -Gomes et al. (2011), in prep.: Sarasinula erinacea Latipes erinaceus Fotos: Gerald Moser - Soybean harvest of 2010: Ernestina, Victor Graeff, Tio Hugo, Não-me Toque and Colorado (RS, Brazil): about 1.000 hectares with a infestation of 50 to 100 specimens per m2 (Eng. Agron. Gerald Moser, personal comunication) Latipes erinaceus - External coloration and size (up to 7 cm) - Eggs in each egg clutch: about 30 Latipes erinaceus Main diagnostic characters: structure of the phallus Meghimatium pictum (Stoliczka, 1873) FAMILY PHILOMYCIDAE Recent introduction in Brazil Biguaçu, SC, Brasil Shiqiao, Guangzhou, China Photo: D.G. Robinson - Gomes et al. (2011). A newly introduced and invasive land slug in Brazil: Meghimatium pictum (Gastropoda, Philomycidae) from China. Proceeding of the Academy of Natural Sciences (in press). Meghimatium pictum 1º specimen found: 1998 Data and pictures : Dr. Marcos Botton (Embrapa Uva e Vinho), Bento Gonçalves , RS, Brazil Acknowledgements - David Robinson - Richard Hoenish - Greg Bartman - Patrick Marquez THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! .
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