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Manual of Nichiren Buddhism

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Manual of Nichiren Buddhism Perhimpunan Buddhis Nichiren Shu Indonesia Sejarah Buddhisme Nichiren Shu oleh Senchu Murano (Penerjemah Sutra Bunga Teratai) Artikel ini hanya berisi Bab.V – Bab.VII DIterjemahkan dan Dipublikasikan oleh PERHIMPUNAN BUDDHIS NICHIREN SHU INDONESIA WWW.PBNSHI.OR.ID Sejarah Nichiren Shu Buddhisme Oleh Senchu Murano 0 Perhimpunan Buddhis Nichiren Shu Indonesia DAFTAR ISI Bab V. Riwayat Hidup Nichiren Belajar Daimoku Risshô-Ankoku-Ron Penganiayaan Peristiwa Tatsunokuchi Pembuangan ke Pulau Sado Pengasingan Diri di Gunung Minobu Bab VI. Para Pengikut Utama Nichiren dan Nichirô Rokurôsô atau Enam Pengikut Utama Nichiren Kurôsô atau Sembilan Pengikut Utama Nichirô Bab VII. Buddhisme Nichiren pada Abad Pertengahan 1. Nikkô Disalah artikan sebagai Pendiri Nichiren Shôshû Buddhisme Nichiren di Kamakura Terancam Dimusnahkan Permasalahan Ortodoksi Nichiren Diidentikkan dengan Buddha Pokok Eksklusivisme yang terlalu Berlebihan 2. Myôkenji, Kuil Nichiren yang Pertama di Kyoto 3. Honkokuji and the Ashikaga Family 4. Toki Tsunenobu and Nakayama Hokekyôji 5. Nichiji and the Kempon Hokke Sect Sejarah Nichiren Shu Buddhisme Oleh Senchu Murano 1 Perhimpunan Buddhis Nichiren Shu Indonesia Bab V. Riwayat Hidup Nichiren Belajar Nichiren dilahirkan di Kominato, sebuah desa nelayan di propinsi Awa (Chiba-ken) pada tanggal 16 Februari 1222. Ia diberi nama Zennichimaro. Ayahnya adalah salah seorang pengurus dan pembantu tuan tanah didaerah Kominato. Pemilik tanah tersebut adalah seorang wanita menjalin hubungan baik dengan keluarga Nichiren. Toki Tsunenobu (1216-1299), seorang samurai dari propinsi Shimousa (Chiba-ken), juga memiliki hubungan khusus dengan keluarga Nichiren. Pada tahun 1233, wanita pemilik tanah memasukkan Zennichimaro ke Kiyosumidera (Seichôji), sebuah kuil sekte Tendai, sebagai salah satu pembantu Kepala Kuil Dôzen. Kuil tersebut merupakan pusat pendidikan terbesar di daerah tersebut. Zennichimaro kemudian menjadi pendeta pemula yang berada di bawah bimbingan Dôzen. Pada tahun 1237, ia diberi nama bhiksu, Renchô. Renchô menyadari bahwa perpustakaan kuil tersebut terlalu kecil untuk memenuhi keinginannya untuk belajar. Pada tahun 1241, ia pergi ke Kamakura dan belajar di perpustakaan kuil Hachimangûji. Pada masa itu Kamakura secara resmi adalah pusat pemerintahan negeri Jepang, yang dipimpin oleh Hôjô Yasutoki. Nama kedudukannya adalah Shikken atau Bupati, yang tugasnya adalah bekerja di bawah Shôgun Fujiwara-no-Yoritsune. Akan tetapi Shôgun pada saat itu hanyalah seorang anak kecil dan hanya sekedar boneka. Pemerintahan Kamakura pertama kali didirikan oleh Minamoto-no-Yoritomo pada tahun 1192. Yoritomo adalah Samurai pertama yang kemudian menjadi seorang Shôgun dalam sejarah negeri Jepang. Ia dengan sengaja mendirikan sebuah pemerintahan samurai di luar kota Kyoto, dan dari sanalah keluarga kekaisaran dan kaum bangsawan memonopoli pemeritahan Jepang selama empat abad terakhir. Meski tanah-tanah yang ada dikuasai oleh keluarga kekaisaran dan juga oleh kaum bangsawan, kuil- kuil dan tempat-tempat pemujaan masih dikuasai oleh keluarga kekaisaran. Setelah Shôgun Minamoto terakhir, Sanetomo, terbunuh pada tahun 1219, keluarga kekaisaran mencoba menggulingkan pemerintahan Kamakura yang dipimpin oleh Hôjô Yoshitoki, yang telah mengabdi kepada Shôgun Sanetomo sebagai Bupati. Meski ia berhasil mengalahkan tentara kekaisaran pada tahun 1221, Hôjô Yoshitoki mennyadari bahwa keshogunan Samurai terlalu lemah untuk mampu mengontrol seluruh negeri. Maka ia menjadikan seorang anak yang terlahir dari sebuah keluarga kaum bangsawan dari Kyoto sebagai Shôgun, dan memanipulasinya. Kuil Hachimangûji adalah nama Buddhis dari Kuil Shinto Hachimangû. Pada masa itu, Kuil Shinto Hachimangû dipenuhi dengan dekorasi dan corak Buddhis. Kuil Hachimangûji berhubungan dengan Onjôji di propinsi Omi (Shiga-ken). Onjôji, juga ternyata berhubungan erat dengan Enryakuji di Hieizan (Gunung Hiei) di propinsi yang sama, tetapi kemudian melepaskan dirinya dari Enryakuji pada tahun 993, dan kemudian menyebut dirinya Kuil Kepala sekte Tendai Shû Jimon Ha. Sejarah Nichiren Shu Buddhisme Oleh Senchu Murano 2 Perhimpunan Buddhis Nichiren Shu Indonesia Pada 1242, Renchô masuk ke Enryakuji untuk belajar. Enryakuji adalah kuil utama dari sekte Tendai di Jepang. Sekte Tendai didirikan oleh Tendai Daishi (538-597) dari Cina, dan kemudian dibawa ke Jepang oleh Saichô (Dengyô Daishi, 767-822). Sekte ini juga dikenal sebagai Hokke Shû atau sekte Hokke (Sûtra Bunga Teratai) karena Sûtra Bunga Teratai adalah teks fundamentalnya. Semenjak awal masuknya Buddhisme, Sûtra Bunga Teratai telah menjadi salah satu sûtra paling terkenal di Jepang. Shôtoku Taishi (Pangeran Mahkota Shôtoku 574-622) menulis penjelasan dan komentar tentang sûtra tersebut. Kaisar Shômu (701-756) mendirikan kuil untuk bhiksu dan bhiksuni di tiap-tiap propinsi, dan memerintahkan para bhiksu untuk menyebut Konkômyôkyô, dan para bhiksuni untuk menyebut Hokekyô. Konkômyôkyô memiliki banyak kesamaan dari segi isi dengan Hokekyô. Sûtra Bunga Teratai dibaca dan diajarkan lebih sering dari sûtra-sûtra lainnya pada periode Heian. Hokke-hakkô atau Delapan-jilid Penjelasan atas Delapan Jilid Sûtra Bunga Teratai, sering digunakan dalam upacara-upacara resmi di Istana Kekaisaran. Apa yang dikenal sebagai shakyô atau penyalinan sûtra adalah dimaksudkan khusus hanya untuk Sûtra Bunga Teratai dan bukan sûtra lainnya. Akan tetapi, segera setelah Saichô, sekte Tendai di Jepang memperkenalkan bagian-bagian lain dari Buddhisme. Ennin (Jikaku Daishi, 794-864) memperkenalkan Buddhisme Esoterik dan Buddhisme Tanah Suci dari Cina, dan mendirikan Taimitsu atau Sekolah Esoterik Tendai dan Tendai Jôdo Kyô atau Sekolah Tanah Suci Tendai di Hieizan. Buddha Sâkyamuni dari Sûtra Bunga Teratai diidentikkan dengan Buddha Amitâbha, dan penyebutan Nembutsu diperkenankan bersama dengan Sûtra Bunga Teratai. Selain kecenderungan penyatuan ajaran dari sekte Tendai ini, gunung keramat Hieizan juga mengalami sekularisme (pergeseran ke aspek-aspek keduniawian) seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Pada awal abad ke sepuluh, sebuah pasukan bhiksu diatur untuk bertempur dengan pasukan bhiksu dari kuil lainnya demi kepentingan politik. Pertempuran-pertempuran menjadi semakin sering terutama setelah kuil Onjôji melepaskan diri dari Enryakuji. Pada 1081, pasukan bhiksu Hieizan membakar Onjôji. Yang kemudian mengalami restorasi tetapi lagi-lagi dibakar oleh pasukan yang sama pada tahun 1121. Sebagai balasannya Enryakuji dibakar oleh pasukan bhiksu Onjôji pada tahun yang sama. Onjôji kemudian mengalami peristiwa yang sama berulang-ulang, pada 1140, 1163, dan kemudian pada 1214. Para pendiri dari banyak sekte-sekte baru pada periode Kamakura semuanya belajar di Hieizan, akan tetapi kemudian pergi karena kecewa atas kenyataan yang terjadi. Eisai meninggalkan Hieizan pada 1160; begitu juga Hônen pada 1175, Shinran pada 1201, dan Dôgen pada tahun 1213. Renchô tinggal Hieizan selama sebelas tahun hingga awal 1253. Hal yang paling membuat ia kecewa adalah kenyataan bahwa para penganut Buddhis Tanah Suci yang dipimpin oleh Hônen sama sekali menolak untuk menyebut Sûtra Bunga Teratai. Mereka menganggap bahwa Sûtra Bunga Teratai terlalu sulit bagi orang- orang di masa Mappo; bahwa satu-satunya cara untuk menyelamatkan mereka adalah dengan menyebut Nembutsu. Renchô berkeinginan untuk mengganti Nembutsu dengan Daimoku untuk memulihkan keagungan Sûtra Bunga Teratai dan Buddha Sâkyamuni. Sejarah Nichiren Shu Buddhisme Oleh Senchu Murano 3 Perhimpunan Buddhis Nichiren Shu Indonesia Daimoku Renchô meninggalkan gunung tersebut pada awal tahun 1253 dan kembali ke Kiyosumi-dera, biara asalnya. Di pagi hari tanggal 28 April, ia berdiri puncak bukit Senkôzan yang terletak di wilayah kuil Kiyosumi-dera, dan menyebut Daimoku “Namu Myoho Renge Kyo” untuk pertama kalinya sambil menghadap ke arah matahari yang sedang terbit. Disini ia memproklamirkan keyakinannya yang baru, dan ia mengubah namanya menjadi Nichiren. Dalam upacaranya yang pertama, yang ia laksanakan di kuil tersebut pada hari itu juga, Nichiren mengkritik pelaksanaan sekte Nembutsu. Gubernur Tôjô Kagenobu, seorang pendukung fanatik dari Nembutsu secara kebetulan berada di antara para hadirin, dan ia menjadi marah mendengar kritik dari Nichiren. Nichiren kemudian bepergian ke Kamakura dan tinggal di Matsubagayatsu, daerah pinggiran dari kota tersebut. Selama kepergiannya dari Kamakura selama sebelas tahun, tiga hal luar biasa telah terjadi di kota itu. Yang pertama, pembangunan patung Buddha Agung selesai pada tahun 1252. Proyek pembuatan Daibutsu atau Buddha Agung dimulai oleh Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, yang berkeinginan mendekorasi ibukota baru negara Jepang dengan sebuah patung Buddha Agung seperti yang terdapat di ibukota tertua, Nara. Perlu dijelaskan sebagai tambahan disini bahwa patung Buddha Agung yang terdapat di Kamakura adalah patung Buddha Amitâbha, sedang yang terdapat di Nara adalah patung Buddha Vairocana. Peristiwa penting kedua adalah kunjungan Dôryû ke Kamakura pada tahun 1246. Dôryû (Tao-lung, 1213-1278) adalah seorang bhiksu Zen Rinzai Cina, yang datang dari Cina Pusat. Pada masa itu, Cina Utara dikuasai oleh bangsa Mongol, dan pemerintahan Dinasti Sung, yang dulu pernah menguasai seluruh daratan Cina dari Pien di Cina Utara, terdesak hingga ke Cina Pusat pada tahun 1127. Dôryû diterima dengan hangat oleh Hôjô Tokiyori. Sekte Zen Rinzai telah dibawa dan diperkenalkan ke Kamakura oleh Eisai pada tahun 1200. Pada saat itu, posisi Bupati di Pemerintahan Kamakura sedang kosong, dan Masako, janda dari Minamoto-no-Yoritomo
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