DOCSLIB.ORG

Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; Diagnostics, Treatment and Outcome

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; Diagnostics, Treatment and Outcome LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES VETERINARY ACADEMY Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Disa M. Stattin Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; diagnostics, treatment and outcome MASTER THESES Integrated Studies of Veterinary Medicine Supervisor: Lekt. DVM. Giedrė Vokietytė-Vilėniškė KAUNAS 2019 THE WORK WAS DONE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF LARGE ANIMAL SURGERY CONFIRMATION OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF DONE WORK I confirm that the presented Master Theses “Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; Diagnostics, Treatment and Outcome’’ 1. has been done by me; 2. has not been used in any other Lithuanian or foreign university; 3. I have not used any other sources not indicated in the work and I present the complete list of the used literature. Disa M. Stattin (date) (author’s name, surname) (signature) CONFIRMATION ABOUT RESPONSIBILITY FOR CORRECTNESS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE IN THE DONE WORK I confirm the correctness of the Lithuanian language in the done work. Disa M. Stattin (date) (author’s name, surname) (signature) CONCLUSION OF THE SUPERVISOR REGARDING DEFENCE OF THE MASTER THESES (date) (supervisor’s name, surname) (signature) THE MASTER THESES HAVE BEEN APPROVED IN THE DEPARTMENT/CLINIC (date of approbation) (name, surname of the manager of (signature) department/clinic) Reviewers of the Master Theses 1) 2) (name, surname) (signatures) Evaluation of defence commission of the Master Theses: (date) (name, surname of the secretary of the defence (signature) commission) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 4 SANTRAUKA .............................................................................................................................................. 5 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Objective ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Aim ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Tasks .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.1. General clinical anatomy of the tarsal region of the horse ................................................................................ 8 1.2. Calcaneal bursae in the horse ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3. Bursitis ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.3.1. Etiopathogenesis ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2. Synoviocentesis ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 2. SURGICAL APPROACH OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Endoscopic surgical approach comparisons ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Treatment ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15 3. METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Case selection ................................................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1.1. Case descriptions ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 4. RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1. Case results .................................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1. Endoscopic approaches used in the study ........................................................................................................ 26 4.1.2. Synoviocentesis results .......................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.3. Statistics of diagnostic codes ................................................................................................................................ 34 4.1.4. Final results ................................................................................................................................................................ 35 5. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................... 36 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Conclusion of tasks .............................................................................................................................................................. 39 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................... 40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 41 LITERATURE LIST ................................................................................................................................ 42 ANNEX 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 44 3 SUMMARY Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; Diagnostics, Treatment and Outcome Disa Stattin Master Theses Not many studies have been done regarding the tarsal bursae, its diagnostics and treatment. The literature review section includes articles of calcaneal bursitis as well as the more prominent and highly studied navicular bursa. In this study 16 horses with calcaneal bursitis were examined and treated with bursoscopy. Horses were diagnosed by ultrasound and synoviocentesis, and radiography was done to identify bone injuries. The nomenclature of the calcaneal bursae is described differently in a range of literatures, in this study the calcaneal bursae is referred to as the bursae in the tarsal region; the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB), the intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB), the gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB) and the cunean calcaneal bursa (CCB). Synovia, synovial fluids, and the lining of the bursa can get inflamed and irritated due to trauma with or without penetrating wounds. The bursal lining gets thickened, and the synovial fluid gets more viscous at the inflammation site, causing pain and lameness. Key words: Bursitis, Bursoscopy, Synoviocentesis, Intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB), Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB), Gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB) 4 SANTRAUKA Arklių kalkanalinis bursitas; diagnozavimas, gydymas ir baigtis Disa Stattin Magistro baigiamasis darbas Studijų apie tarzalinių bursų tyrimus, jų diagnozavimą ir gydymą yra atlikta nedaug. Literatūros apžvalgoje yra apžvelgiami moksliniai straipsniai apie kalkanalinį bursitą, taip pat apie dažniau pasitaikančią ir labiau išstudijuotą navikuliarinę bursą. Šiame darbe buvo ištirta 16 arklių, kuriems nustatytas kalkanalinis bursitas ir gydyti naudojant bursoskopiją. Arkliai buvo tiriami naudojant ultragarsą ir sinovijos centezę, rentgenologinis tyrimas atliktas siekiant nustatyti sužalojimus. Kalkanalinio bursito terminas literatūroje apibrėžiamas įvairiai. Šiame darbe kalkanalinė bursa yra apibrėžiama kaip bursa tarzalinėje srityje; poodinė kalkanalinė bursa (SCB), intertendinous kalkanalinė bursa (ICB), gastrocnemius kalkanalinė bursa (GCB) ir cunean kalkanalinė bursa (CCB). Sinovijos, sinovijos skysčių ir bursos pamušalų uždegimas gali kilti esant traumoms kai yra atviros arba uždaros žaizdos..Uždegimo vietoje bursos pamušalas sustorėja, o sinovijos skysčiai tampa klampūs dėl ko atsiranda skausmas ir lameness. Raktažodžiai: bursitas, bursoskopija, sinovijos centezė, intertendinous kalkanalinė bursa (ICB), poodinė kalkanalinė bursa (SCB), gastrocnemius kalkanalinė bursa (GCB) 5 ABBREVIATIONS ICB: Intertendinous Calcaneal Bursa SCB: Subcutaneous Calcaneal Bursa GCB: Gastrocnemius Calcaneal Bursa CCB: Cunean Calcaneal Bursa GT: Gastrocnemius Tendon CT: Cunean Tendon SDFT: Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon DDFT:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Electronic Supplementary Material - Appendices
    1 Electronic Supplementary Material - Appendices 2 Appendix 1. Full breed list, listed alphabetically. Breeds searched (* denotes those identified with inherited disorders) # Breed # Breed # Breed # Breed 1 Ab Abyssinian 31 BF Black Forest 61 Dul Dülmen Pony 91 HP Highland Pony* 2 Ak Akhal Teke 32 Boe Boer 62 DD Dutch Draft 92 Hok Hokkaido 3 Al Albanian 33 Bre Breton* 63 DW Dutch Warmblood 93 Hol Holsteiner* 4 Alt Altai 34 Buc Buckskin 64 EB East Bulgarian 94 Huc Hucul 5 ACD American Cream Draft 35 Bud Budyonny 65 Egy Egyptian 95 HW Hungarian Warmblood 6 ACW American Creme and White 36 By Byelorussian Harness 66 EP Eriskay Pony 96 Ice Icelandic* 7 AWP American Walking Pony 37 Cam Camargue* 67 EN Estonian Native 97 Io Iomud 8 And Andalusian* 38 Camp Campolina 68 ExP Exmoor Pony 98 ID Irish Draught 9 Anv Andravida 39 Can Canadian 69 Fae Faeroes Pony 99 Jin Jinzhou 10 A-K Anglo-Kabarda 40 Car Carthusian 70 Fa Falabella* 100 Jut Jutland 11 Ap Appaloosa* 41 Cas Caspian 71 FP Fell Pony* 101 Kab Kabarda 12 Arp Araappaloosa 42 Cay Cayuse 72 Fin Finnhorse* 102 Kar Karabair 13 A Arabian / Arab* 43 Ch Cheju 73 Fl Fleuve 103 Kara Karabakh 14 Ard Ardennes 44 CC Chilean Corralero 74 Fo Fouta 104 Kaz Kazakh 15 AC Argentine Criollo 45 CP Chincoteague Pony 75 Fr Frederiksborg 105 KPB Kerry Bog Pony 16 Ast Asturian 46 CB Cleveland Bay 76 Fb Freiberger* 106 KM Kiger Mustang 17 AB Australian Brumby 47 Cly Clydesdale* 77 FS French Saddlebred 107 KP Kirdi Pony 18 ASH Australian Stock Horse 48 CN Cob Normand* 78 FT French Trotter 108 KF Kisber Felver 19 Az Azteca
    [Show full text]
  • Mini Horse Project Horsemanship I
    Missoula County 4-H Mini Horse Project Horsemanship I 1 Introduction So you want to be a 4-H Horse Program member! This can be an exciting and worthwhile experience both for you and for your horse. Many people young and old, are discovering the satisfaction and pleasure that horses can bring them. The six main objectives of Missoula 4-H Mini Horse Project are: • Learn to problem solve using your knowledge and other resources • Learn to select and know a good mini horse • Learn to care for mini horses • Learn to use your mini horse • Learn to train and handle mini horses • Enjoy a healthful outdoor recreational lifetime activity • Learn safety in housing, handling, hauling and showing your mini The Missoula County 4-H Mini Horse Program has been divided into areas: Mini Horse Horsemanship: designed to help you develop basic handling skills and more advanced training skills of a mature miniature horse. Mini Horse Driving: learn driving skills and train your horse to drive. Mini Horse Obstacle: learn skills and train your horse to safely complete an obstacle course. Mini Horse Jumping: learn skills and train your horse to complete a Hunter Jumper course. These are very brief descriptions of the projects. There are many opportunities to learn about all different types of horses and horse-related activities. The skills you learn through your 4-H Horse Projects will be skills that you will use throughout your life, as a hobby or, perhaps, as a career. Before entering these project areas, all new 4-H Horse Program members must complete this introduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Osteochondrosis and Subchondral Bone Cysts
    New England Equine Medical & Surgical Center 15 Members Way · Dover NH 03820 · www.newenglandequine.com · 603.749.9111 Osteochondrosis and Subchondral Bone Cysts OSTEOCHONDROSIS: Osteochondrosis (OC) is a developmental disorder that leads to failure of bone and cartilage formation (endochondral ossification). Failure of normal bone and cartilage formation results in irregularities in the thickness of cartilage at joint surfaces. This creates areas of weakness and affects the nutrition of the deeper layers of cartilage and bone and can lead to necrosis (decay). Biomechanical influences, mainly shearing forces, lead to the formation of fissures (tiny fractures) and produce cartilage flaps, or detachment of cartilage or fragments of cartilage and bone. DIAGNOSIS: The typical OC patient is a yearling with effusion (swelling) of the upper hock joint or stifle joint. The horse is typically not lame, and radiographs reveal a fragment on part of the tibia called the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia or irregularities of the femur at what is called the lateral trochlear ridge. However, there are many variations on this scenario and age, lameness, effusion, and the joint affected can vary. Most OC patients are juvenile with the most severe cases being seen in foals as young as 6 months of age. OC can also only manifest itself when the horse is put into training and the joint becomes challenged by activity, which varies with discipline. Radiography is the gold standard for diagnosing OC but it is not capable of detecting subtle lesions. DISTRIBUTION OF LESIONS: OC is most commonly diagnosed in the tarsus (hock), femoropatellar joint (stifle), and the fetlock, but it has been described in almost every synovial joint.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter January 2021 All About the Hocks…
    NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2021 ALL ABOUT THE HOCKS… Those watching racing on Boxing Day need no reminder what happens when a horse gallops and jumps for fun. The same applies to all horse sports - the hock is the engine and horses find it uncommonly uncomfortable when the hocks are inflamed and sore. Grumpiness is a common clinical sign of hock pain as is a crossing HL action, pain on palpation of the medial hind splints and if they are bad enough for long enough secondary back pain especially in the saddle area. Those fillies that greet you with a snarl nearly always have sore hocks and beware testing the splints as they will kick. Hock pain along with facet and sacroiliac pain are the top causes of hanging in racehorses and resistance in sports horses. Any horse can get sore in its hocks, even a young horse being broken in will naturally get some inflammation and if that doesn’t naturally settle then the horse carries a legacy for its working life unless some kind owner asks a vet to medicate the hocks and set things right at the princely sum of around £180. Emma has been off work with long covid since October but is slowly returning to work and we are very glad to see her recovering. She has done an epic information sheet on hocks and all the various things that can go wrong which is attached to this short newsletter. Our day to day hock medications are into the lower hock joints (tarsometatarsal - TMT) which usually communicate with the middle hock joints (distal intertarsal - DIT) so treat one you treat both but not always.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hock Examined the Anatomy, Conformation, and Movement of This Critical Joint
    VETERINARY CONNECTION The Hock Examined The anatomy, conformation, and movement of this critical joint BY HILARY M. CLAYTON, BVMS, PHD, MRCVS HE HOCK JOINT IS IMPORTANT both as a key joint in deter- Tmining performance ability and tibia also as a frequent site of lameness, not tibia only in dressage horses but in horses trochlea of talus competing in all types of equestrian trochlea of talus sports. Staff and students at the central tarsal bone third tarsal bone fourth tarsal bone McPhail Equine Performance Center central tarsal bone fourth tarsal bone third tarsal bone have been actively engaged in a num- ber of studies designed to provide in- cannon bone cannon bone formation about the function and dysfunction of the hock joint. These Figure 2. The bones of the left hock joint, as seen from the lateral (left) side and from the front (right). studies have been possible thanks to a grant from the Bernice Barbour Foundation. This column will describe of the ankle and foot, which include the running) lifestyle is that the bones of the results of some of these studies and metatarsals and the phalanges, lie flat the digit have been elevated from the the implications for dressage riders and on the ground, bearing weight directly ground. The weight is borne by the trainers. from below. The underside of the foot structures on the underside of the hoof: is called the plantar side, and this type the hoof wall, which is a greatly Hock Anatomy of stance is called plantigrade stance. strengthened toe or fingernail; the sole, The hock joint is equivalent to the human One of the adaptations associated and the frog.
    [Show full text]
  • Official HQC Study Guide
    General Information Horsemanship Quiz Challenge STUDY GUIDE HORSEMANSHIPUSHJA QUIZ CHALLENGE Enriching Horsemanship Knowledge 1 USHJA Horsemanship Quiz Challenge • Enriching Horsemanship Knowledge Table of Contents ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ..................................... 4 HORSE HEALTH ........................................................... 59 Musculoskeletal System .............................................. 5 General Horse Health .................................................59 Circulatory System ....................................................... 8 Signs of an Unhealthy Horse ....................................59 Respiratory System ...................................................... 9 Isolation or Quarantine Procedures .......................59 Digestive System .......................................................... 9 Infectious Diseases ......................................................61 Integumentary System ...............................................10 Vaccinations .................................................................62 Nervous System............................................................10 Parasites ........................................................................62 Endocrine System .........................................................11 Inflammation ................................................................63 Immune System .............................................................11 Edema ............................................................................63
    [Show full text]
  • Osteochondrosis in the Horse: Review and Research Update Annette M Mccoy, DVM, MS, Phd, DACVS; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine
    Osteochondrosis in the Horse: Review and Research Update Annette M McCoy, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVS; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine Terminology and History • Osteochondrosis (OC) • Osteochondritis vs osteochondrosis dessicans (OCD) • Not primary inflammatory etiology • In humans, different disease location = different disease name • Theimann’s disease (fingers/toes) • Panner’s disease (elbow) Franz • Freiberg’s disease (metatarsophalangeal joint) König • OCD (elbow/knee/ankle) 1887 • Juvenile osteochondral condition (JOCC) Osteochondrosis is a developmental orthopedic disease (DOD) • Also included under this umbrella term: physitis, flexural limb deformity, incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones, angular limb deformity, subchondral bone cysts • Most simply defined as a failure of normal endochondral ossification • Affects individuals across species: horse, pig, dog, chicken, cow, human Predilection sites • Known predilection sites in the horse include fetlock, hock, stifle; less commonly neck, shoulder, hip • Predilection sites are shared across species: stifle, elbow, tarsocrural, metacarpal(tarsal)phalangeal • Predilection sites within joints (in order of frequency) o Hock: Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT), lateral trochlear ridge of the talus (LTR), medial malleolus of the tibia (MM), medial trochlear ridge of the talus (MTR) o Fetlock: Dorsal distal mid-sagittal ridge MC/MTIII, dorsal margin P1 . Controversial: palmar/plantar margin P1 o Stifle: Lateral trochlear ridge of the femur (LTR), medial trochlear ridge of the femur (MTR), distal patella, intertrochlear groove • Multiple OC lesions in the same horse are not uncommon o Bilateral lesions: . Stifle: 17.5-20.5% of affected animals . Hock: 6-10% of affected animals (probably underreported) . Fetlock: can be bilateral or all 4 affected o Multiple lesions within the same joint .
    [Show full text]
  • Radiography of the Carpus and Hock
    HOW TO TAKE AND INTERPRET RADIOGRAPHS OF THE YOUNG PERFORMANCE HORSE Radiography of the Carpus and Hock Carter E. Judy, DVM, Diplomate ACVS Author’s address: Alamo Pintado Equine Medical Center, 2279 Alamo Pintado Road, Solvang, CA 93463-9747; e-mail: [email protected]. © 2013 AAEP. 1. Introduction all systems function the same, and a complete Radiography of the carpus and hock are routine understanding of how a particular system procedures performed by most equine veterinarians. works in conjunction with the generator is When evaluating a performance issue or obtaining imperative. radiographs for purchase examination, use of the ● Develop a technique chart. A technique chart proper technique to obtain radiographs of the carpus for the various anatomic regions that is based and hock is essential. Use of the proper technique on the available equipment will improve image produces radiographs of diagnostic quality, allowing quality. Although most digital systems are for a detailed analysis and interpretation of the very tolerant of poor technique, they will excel joints and associated structures. Poor-quality ra- when proper techniques are used. diographs make interpretation much more challeng- ● Know your anatomy and do not be afraid to ing. Many excellent textbooks and review articles experiment. Knowledge of the anatomy of the are available for a more in-depth discussion of this region allows for better radiographs. Some- topic.1,2 times, routine positioning will not highlight a problem as well as does a novel position. In General Comments particular, specialized oblique projections can High-quality radiographs are a sum of various com- be extremely useful.
    [Show full text]
  • Taylor, Susan Mary (1977) Some Studies on Equine Hock Joint Disease with Particular Reference to Tarsal Osteoarthritis
    Taylor, Susan Mary (1977) Some studies on equine hock joint disease with particular reference to tarsal osteoarthritis. MVM(R) thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2590/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] SOME STUDIES ON EQUINE HOCK JOINT DISEASE WI'f'ri 11 IICULAR REFERENCE TO TARSAL OSTEOARTHRITIS. SUSAN (GARY TAYLOR. BVlS MRCVS Dissertation for the degree of MVM submitted in conjunction ui. h written and practical examinations, in equine orthopaedics. Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Glasgow. December 1577 CONTENTS Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... """"""""""" SUMMARY 2 ................................ 3 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................ SECTION 1 HOCK. 4 ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE .............................. SECTION 2 TARSAL OSTEOARTHRITIS "Spavin" 15 Introduction - .............................. the Literature 18 Review of .... ......... ý................ Survey 40 Clinical .............................. Pathology
    [Show full text]
  • Horse-Bowl-Questions
    No. Reference Category Question Answer 1 Evans Anatomy The periople, wall, white line, frog, and sole are all parts of what? A horses hoof 2 AYHC A301-2L Nutrition When traveling long distances, how often should a horse be offered water? Every 3-4 Hours 3 AYHC 320-6 Management What is the recommended width of a horse stall door? Four Feet 4 HIH 13 Physiology What is an abnormal bony growth usually on the inside of the cannon or splint bone? Splint 5 Evans 83 Color Leg Markings-What are the dark spots on a white coronet band called? Distal Spots 6 AYHC B118-IL Tack What is the purpose of Panniers? To carry supplies 7 CHA-L1 13 Tack How should the stirrups be laid when placing the English saddle on the horse? Run up the stirrup leathers 8 Evans Physiology Soluble carbohydrates are digested and absorbed where? Small Intestine 9 LEWIS 30 Nutrition Name the most common method of meeting the Sodium and Chloride needs of a horse Block Form 11 HIH 52 Activities How many hands should be used to hold the lead rope when leading a horse at halter? Two 12 CES 34 Tack What is the plaited rawhide part of the hackamore that fits over the nose? A Bosal 13 HIH 51 Physiology What is the normal pulse or heart rate for a normal healthy adult idle horse? 32-42 BPM 14 HIH 11 Physiology What is the term that describes eyes that are too small? Pig Eyed 15 Color Atlas Anatomy What is the name for the tendon located above the hock? Hamstring 16 HIH Tack How do you measure the size of an English saddle? Distance from saddle nail to the mid-point of the cantle.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultrasound of the Collateral Ligaments of the Equine Tarsus
    Ultrasound of the Collateral Ligaments of the Equine Tarsus By Suzan C. Oakley, DVM, Diplomate ABVP (Equine) A. Long and short LCL B. The long LCL has been removed Tarsal collateral ligament injuries are not uncommon and should be considered when evaluating hock pain or swelling. Desmitis and enthesitis (injury at the site of attachment to the bone) of the collateral ligaments or avulsion fractures at sites of origin or insertion can occur.1,2,3,4 Severe injuries to the collateral ligaments are often caused by trauma, but mild or subclinical injuries could contribute to hock pain and/or distal tarsal joint degenerative joint disease (DJD) due to a lack of medial to lateral stability. It has been reported that injury to the medial collateral ligament resulted in DJD of the distal tarsal joints secondary to instability.4 Te collateral ligaments are easy to palpate and identify with ultrasound. Injuries to these ligaments, as with other ligaments in the body, are characterized by enlargement, hypoechoic areas and disruption of fber pattern. Calcifca- tion within the ligaments may also be present and identifed with ultrasound. Te anatomy and normal ultrasonographic appearance of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of Fig 1. Dissected specimen showing the lateral aspect of the hock with the the hock will be reviewed here. Tere are several excellent long and short lateral collateral ligaments. (1) long LCL (2) short LCL references which provide a comprehensive review of the anatomy and ultrasonography of the tarsus.1,6,7 Medial Collateral Ligament Te medial collateral ligament also consists of a long (superf- Anatomy of the collateral cial) component and three short (deep) components.7,8 Te com- ponents of the short MCL are referred to as superfcial, middle ligaments of the tarsus: and deep7,8 or alternately the talean and calcanean fasiculi.2 Te major portion of the short MCL is the middle component Lateral Collateral Ligament or calcanean fasciculus.
    [Show full text]
  • CCL INJURY HANDOUT.Pdf
    4229 VAN BUREN BOULEVARD, RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 92503 TELEPHONE: 951.689.0440 ~ FACSIMILE: 951.689.4214 EMAIL: [email protected] WWW.ARLINGTONANIMALHOSPITAL.BIZ ARLINGTON ANIMAL HOSPITAL, INC. CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (CCL) INJURY GENERAL INFORMATION, ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE CCL AND MENISCI: The Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL) is also commonly referred to as the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), although the term ACL is most commonly used to describe human anatomy. CCL injury is one of the most common stifle (knee) injuries in dogs, and less commonly cats. The CCL plays a key role in stabilizing the two major bones of the stifle, the femur on top of the stifle and the tibia on the bottom of the stifle. Although the animal stifle is similar to the human stifle, there are marked differences in the orientation of stifle structures and the forces applied to those structures during weight bearing. The human leg is oriented perpendicular to the weight bearing surface of the foot which places minimal stress to the ACL in humans. However animals, dogs and cats in specific, stand on their toes with the hock (ankle) raised and the stifle (knee) in a forward position. The top of the tibia (tibial plateau) is sloped and weight placement on the femur causes the femur to slide down the tibial slope. This is termed tibial thrust. The function of the CCL is to prevent tibial thrust. Injury to the CCL causes the stifle to become unstable with the femur sliding in relation to the tibia when weight bearing force is applied to the leg.
    [Show full text]