Example of News Article English
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CHAPTER 1 the STUDY of COLLOCATIONS 1.0 Introduction 'Collocations' Are Usually Described As "Sequences of Lexical Items W
CHAPTER 1 THE STUDY OF COLLOCATIONS 1.0 Introduction 'Collocations' are usually described as "sequences of lexical items which habitually co-occur [i.e. occur together]" (Cruse 1986:40). Examples of English collocations are: ‘thick eyebrows’, 'sour milk', 'to collect stamps', 'to commit suicide', 'to reject a proposal'. The term collocation was first introduced by Firth, who considered that meaning by collocation is lexical meaning "at the syntagmatic level" (Firth 1957:196). The syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of lexical items can be schematically represented by two axes: a horizontal and a vertical one. The paradigmatic axis is the vertical axis and comprises sets of words that belong to the same class and can be substituted for one another in a specific grammatical and lexical context. The horizontal axis of language is the syntagmatic axis and refers to a word's ability to combine with other words. Thus, in the sentence 'John ate the apple' the word 'apple' stands in paradigmatic relation with 'orange', 'sandwich', 'steak', 'chocolate', 'cake', etc., and in syntagmatic relation with the word 'ate' and 'John'. Collocations represent lexical relations along the syntagmatic axis. 114 Firth's attempt to describe the meaning of a word on the collocational level was innovative in that it looked at the meaning relations between lexical items, not from the old perspective of paradigmatic relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms) but from the level of syntagmatic relations. Syntagmatic relations between sentence constituents had been widely used by structural linguists (e.g. 'John ate the apple' is an 'Subject-Verb-Object' construction), but not in the study of lexical meaning. -
In This Media Briefing: Most People Get Almost All Their News and Information Pg.1 Plan a Media Strategy from Mainstream Media
Dealing with the Media In this media briefing: Most people get almost all their news and information Pg.1 Plan a media strategy from mainstream media. This means that for many Pg.2 Write your news release projects it can be useful to be reported on in newspa- Pg.5 Follow up on a story pers and on the local TV and radio. Pg.6 Interviews Pg.8 Media stunts Using the media can help you win your campaign. But Pg.8 Media and direct action there are some important things you should bear in mind Pg.9 Other ways to use the media when you are preparing contact with the media. Pg.10 Unwelcome media attention Pg.11 A sceptical look at the main- stream media Plan a media strategy Pg.12 Media contacts With a little planning you'll have more success in getting your message across. Preparation gives you a chance to set the agenda, not just respond to events. Don't just engage the media because you can – always use your media work strategically. Ask whether engaging with the media is the best way to get across your message, and if so, how that can be done best. First of all: you need a clear aim . Why contact the media? What message are you trying to convey? Generally an unclear aim results in an unclear message . Don't forget: however complicated the argu- ments for your campaign are you need to keep them simple when using the mainstream media. Now decide who your target audience is. -
Maximising Income Controlling Costs a Handbook
Maximising Income and Controlling Costs in small and medium broadcasting operations A Handbook Mano Wilkramanayake Maximising Income and Controlling Costs in small and medium broadcasting operations A Handbook Mano Wikramanayake © 2009 by Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development All rights reserved. No part of this publication nay be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted in any for or by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior permission from the copyright owner of this publication. Published in 2009 by Asia Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development 2nd Floor Bangunan IPTAR, Angkasapuri 50614 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Disclaimer The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this handbook and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of CBA or AIBD and do not commit the organizations. Title: Maximising Income and Controlling Costs in small and medium broadcasting operations Key words: Broadcasting, radio, television, management, finance, equipment, manpower resources ISBN 978-983-43747-4-7 Edited by Gita Madhu Layout design and printing by Drei Angle Zentrum Foreword With TV sets nestling even in the humblest of homes around the world and with the proliferation of satellites beaming programmes to the remotest corners of the planet, channels sprout overnight even in the least developed countries. While there is no dearth of people seeking employment in this ever in demand media machine, sustainability is a major issue especially given recession driven cutbacks. The creative talents that this field draws more often than not lack the financial know-how required to even stay afloat when so many enterprises are sinking around the world. -
Crossing the Line Between News and the Business of News: Exploring Journalists' Use of Twitter Jukes, Stephen
www.ssoar.info Crossing the line between news and the business of news: exploring journalists' use of Twitter Jukes, Stephen Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Jukes, S. (2019). Crossing the line between news and the business of news: exploring journalists' use of Twitter. Media and Communication, 7(1), 248-258. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1772 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Media and Communication (ISSN: 2183–2439) 2019, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 248–258 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v7i1.1772 Article Crossing the Line between News and the Business of News: Exploring Journalists’ Use of Twitter Stephen Jukes Faculty of Media and Communication, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] Submitted: 7 September 2018 | Accepted: 4 January 2018 | Published: 21 March 2019 Abstract Anglo-American journalism has typically drawn a firm dividing line between those who report the news and those who run the business of news. This boundary, often referred to in the West as a ‘Chinese Wall’, is designed to uphold the inde- pendence of journalists from commercial interests or the whims of news proprietors. But does this separation still exist in today’s age of social media and at a time when news revenues are under unprecedented pressure? This article focuses on Twitter, now a widely used tool in the newsroom, analysing the Twitter output of 10 UK political correspondents during the busy party conference season. -
Grammar for Academic Writing
GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Tony Lynch and Kenneth Anderson (revised & updated by Anthony Elloway) © 2013 English Language Teaching Centre University of Edinburgh GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Contents Unit 1 PACKAGING INFORMATION 1 Punctuation 1 Grammatical construction of the sentence 2 Types of clause 3 Grammar: rules and resources 4 Ways of packaging information in sentences 5 Linking markers 6 Relative clauses 8 Paragraphing 9 Extended Writing Task (Task 1.13 or 1.14) 11 Study Notes on Unit 12 Unit 2 INFORMATION SEQUENCE: Describing 16 Ordering the information 16 Describing a system 20 Describing procedures 21 A general procedure 22 Describing causal relationships 22 Extended Writing Task (Task 2.7 or 2.8 or 2.9 or 2.11) 24 Study Notes on Unit 25 Unit 3 INDIRECTNESS: Making requests 27 Written requests 28 Would 30 The language of requests 33 Expressing a problem 34 Extended Writing Task (Task 3.11 or 3.12) 35 Study Notes on Unit 36 Unit 4 THE FUTURE: Predicting and proposing 40 Verb forms 40 Will and Going to in speech and writing 43 Verbs of intention 44 Non-verb forms 45 Extended Writing Task (Task 4.10 or 4.11) 46 Study Notes on Unit 47 ii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Unit 5 THE PAST: Reporting 49 Past versus Present 50 Past versus Present Perfect 51 Past versus Past Perfect 54 Reported speech 56 Extended Writing Task (Task 5.11 or 5.12) 59 Study Notes on Unit 60 Unit 6 BEING CONCISE: Using nouns and adverbs 64 Packaging ideas: clauses and noun phrases 65 Compressing noun phrases 68 ‘Summarising’ nouns 71 Extended Writing Task (Task 6.13) 73 Study Notes on Unit 74 Unit 7 SPECULATING: Conditionals and modals 77 Drawing conclusions 77 Modal verbs 78 Would 79 Alternative conditionals 80 Speculating about the past 81 Would have 83 Making recommendations 84 Extended Writing Task (Task 7.13) 86 Study Notes on Unit 87 iii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Introduction Grammar for Academic Writing provides a selective overview of the key areas of English grammar that you need to master, in order to express yourself correctly and appropriately in academic writing. -
Too Much Bad News: How to Do an Information Fast
WHOLE HEALTH: INFORMATION FOR VETERANS Too Much Bad News: How to Do an Information Fast Whole Health is an approach to health care that empowers and enables YOU to take charge of your health and well-being and live your life to the fullest. It starts with YOU. It is fueled by the power of knowing yourself and what will really work for you in your life. Once you have some ideas about this, your team can help you with the skills, support, and follow up you need to reach your goals. All resources provided in these handouts are reviewed by VHA clinicians and Veterans. No endorsement of any specific products is intended. Best wishes! https://www.va.gov/wholehealth/ Too Much Bad News: How to Do an Information Fast Too Much Bad News: How to Do an Information Fast Crime is going down, but you wouldn’t know that from looking at national media because we still cover the same number of crimes, the same number of murderous trials, so there is a danger that we are not reflecting the world. – Tony Gallagher If it bleeds, it leads. – Adage about the news How does the news affect my health? In 2014, Harvard researchers asked 2,500 American adults what causes stress in their daily lives. Forty percent admitted that “watching, reading, or listening to the news” was one of their top life stressors.1 Since then, more studies have shown that learning about bad news hurts our mental health more than listening to good news helps our mental health.2 Unfortunately, the media spends more time focusing on bad news than good news. -
A Contrastive Study of Determiner Usage in EST Research Articles
International Journal of Language Studies Volume 7, Number 1, January 2013, pp. 33-58 A contrastive study of determiner usage in EST research articles Peter MASTER, San Jose State University, USA This paper analyzes the use of determiners in the research article (RA) genre. Research articles representing eight fields within the domain of science and technology were selected from respected journals, two articles in each field, with a total of 65,729 words. Two research articles from TESOL, a field outside the realm of science and technology, were also selected for comparison. The determiners were identified and counted in each article. The total number of words per RA was determined by means of a computer word-count utility to guarantee accuracy and uniformity. The zero articles, which are not visible to the word-counting program, were added to the total word count for each article before the percentages of occurrence were calculated. The data obtained were analyzed not only in terms of the whole corpus but also with the life and physical sciences treated separately. It is concluded that, as far as determiner use is concerned, the research article as a genre appears to maintain its boundaries no matter what the topic while it differs in specific ways from fictional prose. The study also confirms that although the may appear to be the most frequent word, the zero article is the most frequent free morpheme in the English language. Keywords: Determiners; Predeterminers; Central Determiners; Postdeterminers; Genre; Research Article; RA; EST; Zero Article 1. Introduction The research article is the primary means of disseminating new scientific knowledge in the English language. -
Reading the News
Wider interests Use this document with the glossary A helper should take you Beginner’s guide to through this guide Media and entertainment 7.1 Reading the news This activity will help you use the Internet to catch up on the latest news from newspapers, TV and radio. What will I learn? • How you can read your favourite paper online • How you can watch TV news or listen to radio news online • How you can explore news reports from lots of sources www.connectingcumbria.org.uk How do I do it? Be safe! If you’re using this hand-out on a shared or public computer, remember to: • Log on using a ‘strong password’: one that includes upper and lower case letters, numbers, and isn’t something that someone else could guess. • Never share or write down your password. • Log out when you’re finished. Daily Telegraph web page 3. Go to a search engine such as Google: • Type in the name of your newspaper (eg The web links referred to throughout this ‘Daily Telegraph’ or ‘Daily Mirror’). document can be found in the Useful Links section at the end. • Click to go to your newspaper’s home page. • Explore the site and find the links to your favourite parts of the paper, such as lifestyle or sport. How can I read my favourite paper online? • Click on some links and images to find out 1. There are lots of ways to use the Internet to how best to get to the articles you’d like get your news fix! You can read your favourite to read. -
Acquisition of the English Article System by Speakers of Polish in ESL and EFL Settings
Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, Vol. 4, No. 1 Acquisition of the English Article System by Speakers of Polish Acquisition of the English Article System by Speakers of Polish in ESL and EFL Settings Monika Ekiert1 Teachers College, Columbia University ABSTRACT This paper examines the second language (L2) developmental sequence of article acquisition by adult language learners in two different environments: English as a Second Language (ESL), and English as a Foreign Language (EFL). On the basis of an existing classification of English articles (a, the, zero), data on article usage were obtained from adult learners who were native speakers of Polish, a language that has no articles or article-like morphemes. Data analyses led to some limited conclusions about the order of acquisition of the English article system, and may contribute to a more detailed understanding of the nature of interlanguage representations. INTRODUCTION The English article system, which includes the indefinite article a(n), the definite article the, and the zero (or null) article,2 is one of the most difficult structural elements for ESL learners, causing even the most advanced non-native speakers of English (NNS) to make errors. These errors occur even when other elements of the language seem to have been mastered. According to Master (2002), the difficulty stems from three principle facts about the article system: (a) articles are among the most frequently occurring function words in English (Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999), making continuous rule application difficult over an extended stretch of discourse; (b) function words are normally unstressed and consequently are very difficult, if not impossible, for a NNS to discern, thus affecting the availability of input in the spoken mode; and (c) the article system stacks multiple functions onto a single morpheme, a considerable burden for the learner, who generally looks for a one-form-one-function correspondence in navigating the language until the advanced stages of acquisition. -
The Development of the UK Television News Industry 1982 - 1998
-iì~ '1,,J C.12 The Development of the UK Television News Industry 1982 - 1998 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Alison Preston Deparent of Film and Media Studies University of Stirling July 1999 Abstract This thesis examines and assesses the development of the UK television news industry during the period 1982-1998. Its aim is to ascertain the degree to which a market for television news has developed, how such a market operates, and how it coexists with the 'public service' goals of news provision. A major purpose of the research is to investigate whether 'the market' and 'public service' requirements have to be the conceptual polarities they are commonly supposed to be in much media academic analysis of the television news genre. It has conducted such an analysis through an examination of the development strategies ofthe major news organisations of the BBC, ITN and Sky News, and an assessment of the changes that have taken place to the structure of the news industry as a whole. It places these developments within the determining contexts of Government economic policy and broadcasting regulation. The research method employed was primarily that of the in-depth interview with television news management, politicians and regulators: in other words, those instrumental in directing the strategic development within the television news industry. Its main findings are that there has indeed been a development of market activity within the television news industry, but that the amount of this activity has been limited by the particular economic attributes of the television news product. -
The Case of English Phrasal Verbs and Their Polish Equivalents
Lexicographic potential of corpus equivalents: The case of English phrasal verbs and their Polish equivalents Magdalena Perdek Keywords: phrasal verbs, equivalence, parallel corpora. Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate Polish equivalents of English phrasal verbs as found in an English-Polish (E-P) parallel corpus PHRAVERB. Given the semantic idiosyncrasy exhibited by phrasal verbs, it is assumed that the equivalents generated by PHRAVERB will often differ from those found in E-P dictionaries. The qualitative corpus analysis aims to show that arriving at the desirable Polish counterpart involves a detailed semantic breakdown of the English structure, a careful analysis of the context in which it is used, as well as linguistic and translation skills, necessary to detect the nuances and subtleties of meaning in both languages. PHRAVERB is used to analyze the lexicographic potential (LP) of corpus equivalents. Four levels of LP have been established – high, average, low and zero – to evaluate which corpus-derived equivalents are eligible for inclusion in E-P dictionaries. To this end, 2,514 occurrences of PVs in the parallel corpus, with their equivalents, have been identified and analyzed. 1. Introduction The English phrasal verb is a peculiar union of a verb and a particle (prepositional or adverbial) that often produces a unique meaning, uninferable from the meanings of its constituents. This semantic unpredictability of phrasal verbs (PVs) along with their specific syntactic configurations, poses major problems for the non-native speakers who often consciously choose to avoid using the structures and instead fall back on the synonymous, “safer”, Latinate verbs. Adding to the comprehension difficulties is the often stressed informal and colloquial character of phrasal verbs. -
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title English article usage as a window on the meanings of same, identical and similar Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5r0183cz Journal English Language and Linguistics, 20(2) ISSN 1360-6743 Authors Filipović, L Hawkins, JA Publication Date 2016-07-01 DOI 10.1017/S1360674316000083 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Proof Delivery Form English Language & Linguistics Date of delivery: Journal and vol/article ref: ELL 1600008 Number of pages (not including this page): 19 This proof is sent to you on behalf of Cambridge University Press. Please check the proofs carefully. Make any corrections necessary on a hardcopy and answer queries on each page of the proofs Please return the marked proof within 2 days of receipt to: Kay McKechnie, Copyeditor, 45 Northcroft Road Ealing, London W13 9SS UK Authors are strongly advised to read these proofs thoroughly because any errors missed may appear in the final published paper. This will be your ONLY chance to correct your proof. Once published, either online or in print, no further changes can be made. To avoid delay from overseas, please send the proof by airmail or courier. If you have no corrections to make, please email [email protected] to save having to return your paper proof. If corrections are light, you can also send them by email, quoting both page and line number. • The proof is sent to you for correction of typographical errors only. Revision of the substance of the text is not permitted, unless discussed with the editor of the journal.