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Redalyc.Immunomodulatory Effect of Fibres, Probiotics and Synbiotics In Nutrición Hospitalaria ISSN: 0212-1611 info@nutriciónhospitalaria.com Grupo Aula Médica España Romeo, J.; Nova, E.; Wärnberg, J.; Gómez-Martínez, S.; Díaz Ligia, L. E.; Marcos, A. Immunomodulatory effect of fibres, probiotics and synbiotics in different life-stages Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 25, núm. 3, mayo-junio, 2010, pp. 341-349 Grupo Aula Médica Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=309226757002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Nutr Hosp. 2010;25(3):341-349 ISSN 0212-1611 • CODEN NUHOEQ S.V.R. 318 Revisiones Immunomodulatory effect of fibres, probiotics and synbiotics in different life-stages J. Romeo1, E. Nova1, J. Wärnberg1,2, S. Gómez-Martínez1, L. E. Díaz Ligia1 and A. Marcos1 1Immunonutrition Research Group. Department of Metabolism and Nutrition. Instituto del Frío. ICTAN. Scientific National Research Council (CSIC). Madrid. Spain. 2Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health University of Navarra. Pam- plona. Spain. Abstract EFECTO INMUNOMODULADOR DE LA FIBRA, PROBIÓTICOS Y SIMBIÓTICOS EN LAS Chronic diseases associated to modern lifestyle habits are usually related to immune system malfunction. In this DIFERENTES ETAPAS DE LA VIDA context, since diet is very well-known to modulate host resistance to infectious and inflammatory processes, the Resumen consumption of fibre and probiotics seems to be a promis- ing nutritional tool for immune system modulation in dif- Las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con el estilo ferent populations. Health effects of dietary fibres and pro- de vida frecuentemente están asociadas con una altera- biotics have been extensively documented in numerous ción del sistema inmunológico. En este sentido, ya que la epidemiological and intervention studies, especially their dieta es capaz de modular la resistencia a infecciones y beneficial effect on intestinal microbiota with important procesos inflamatorios, el consumo de fibra y probióticos clinical implications in the prevention and/or treatment of parece ser una herramienta prometedora en la modula- infectious and inflammatory diseases. Mechanisms may ción del sistema inmune en diferentes poblaciones. Los include modulation of the functional properties of the efectos saludables de la fibra dietética y los probióticos microbiota, epithelial cells, dendritic cells and immune cell han sido documentados en numerosos estudios epidemio- types. Prebiotics have been extensively reported to affect lógicos y de intervención, especialmente sus efectos bene- the composition of the gut microbiota, stimulating directly ficiosos sobre la microbiota del intestino con implicacio- or indirectly putative beneficial gut commensals other than nes clínicas importantes en la prevención y/o tratamiento lactic acid bacteria, opening promising areas of research for de enfermedades infecciosas e inflamatorias. Los meca- the discovery of new probiotic strains and synbiotic combi- nismos incluyen la modulación de las propiedades funcio- nations. Age-related changes in gut physiology, microbiota nales de la microbiota, células epiteliales, dendríticas e and mucosal immune response are well established. More- inmunológicas. Se han estudiado en profundidad cómo over, exposure to different challenges during life such as los prebióticos afectan a la composición de la microbiota early encounter of environmental insults in the newborn, del intestino, estimulando beneficiosamente a otros infant formula feeding, antibiotic treatment, gastrointesti- comensales además de las bacterias acido lácticas, nal diseases and stress, also interferes with the normal abriendo así una futura línea de investigación con nuevas development and balance of the healthy gut microbiota. cepas de probióticos y combinaciones de sinbióticos. Por Therefore, the current short review gives an overview of otro lado, están bien establecidos los cambios en la fisiolo- today’s main aspects of the effect of fibres, probiotics and gía del intestino, microbiota y respuesta inmune atribui- synbiotics on the immune system in different life-stages. dos al envejecimiento están bien establecidos. Además, las agresiones externas en los primeros días de vida, la ali- (Nutr Hosp. 2010;25:341-349) mentación con formulas infantiles, el tratamiento con probióticos, las enfermedades gastrointestinales y el DOI:10.3305/nh.2010.25.3.4517 estrés, también alteran el desarrollo y equilibrio de la Key words: Immunomodulation. Fibre. Probiotics. Lifes- microbiota intestinal. Por todo ello, esta revisión ofrece pan. una visión actual sobre los aspectos mas relevantes del efecto de la fibra, probióticos y simbióticos sobre el sis- tema inmune en las diferentes etapas de la vida. Correspondence: Ascensión Marcos. Tesorera de la FENS. Ex-Presidenta de la SEN. (Nutr Hosp. 2010;25:341-349) Profesora de Investigación del CSIC. Grupo de Inmunonutrición. Dpto. Metabolismo y Nutrición. DOI:10.3305/nh.2010.25.3.4517 ICTAN. Instituto del Frío. CSIC. C/ José Antonio Novais, 10. Palabras clave: Inmunomodulación. Fibra. Probióticos. 28040 Madrid. Spain. E-mail: [email protected] - [email protected] Recibido: 18-IX-2009. Aceptado: 2-XI-2009. 341 Introduction after weaning.15-17 The colonization of the human intes- tine begins at birth and the composition of the intestinal Developed societies are facing up to a progressive microbiota is influenced by diet composition.13 Breast increase on immune-mediated and gut-related health feeding constitutes one route for oral delivery of problems, such as allergies and auto-immune and microbes and antigens. In addition, it has been reported inflammatory diseases.1 Recent compelling evidence that human milk provides molecules with antimicro- has suggested that emerging nutritional strategies may bial activity18 as well as probiotic bacteria such as Lac- contribute to decrease these host-related diseases tobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus fermentum.19 manipulating the microbiota by diet.2,3 In this context, On the other hand, the activity of the immune system the increased use of prebiotic fibres and probiotics has and the development of mucosal immune responses to become a major area of interest within the nutrition new antigens decline with age.4,20 The number of fac- community1 and seems to be a promising nutritional tors affecting the idiosyncratic immune characteristics tool to modulate the immune system in different popu- of the individual, such as environmental insults, alter- lations. These specific nutrients/ingredients are ation of the microflora, along with the risk of inflam- included into several functional foods that may matory diseases, increase with age.4,21 For example, improve the functions of both the immune system and numbers of bifidobacteria in the gut decrease markedly the gut physiology as well as metabolic functions.4-6 after 55-60 years of age.22 Therefore, prebiotics and Mechanisms contributing to altered in vivo immune probiotics may have a particular interest in this high- function induced by functional foods may include risk group, even preventing immune senescence and modulation of the microflora itself, improved barrier several age-related diseases. function and direct effects of bacteria on different epithelial and immune cell types (monocytes/ macrophages, B cells, T cells and NK cells).3 The Prebiotic and probiotic immune protection increasing incidence of allergies may be explained by a in infants and children dysregulation in the T helper (Th1/Th2) balance linked to the modern hygienic lifestyle, but this does not Prebiotics target indigenous beneficial bacteria explain the increased incidence of other disorders such already established in the gut and have become rele- as inflammatory bowel diseases, which are all primar- vant in infant nutrition, as formula-fed infants usually ily driven by Th1 cells.7-9 In this respect some animal have lower numbers of bifidobacteria compared to the studies have suggested that induction of regulatory T breastfed infants.23-25 Taking breast-feeding as the nat- cells by certain microorganisms can prevent or allevi- ural example of infant nutrition, the prebiotics ate such diseases.10 In any case, despite the positive approach should be considered as a physiological clinical effects on the prevention and treatment of sev- approach to influence intestinal microbiota early in eral immune-related diseases, the mechanisms of this life. In this regard, Bruzzese et al.13 suggested that the type of functional foods are still not completely under- addition of non digestible oligosaccharides and inulin stood.11 to infant food may exert a comparable effect to human milk. Moreover, prebiotics can simulate the bifido- genic effects of breast milk oligosaccharides and have Age-related physiological changes been shown to exert long-term effects (up to two years) for protecting against infection, lowering the incidence Although relatively little work has been done to of allergy and also exerting positive consequences for describe the gastrointestinal changes associated with the postnatal development of the immune system.26,27 normal aging in humans, age-related changes in gut The prebiotic fibres inulin and oligosaccharides physiology, microflora and mucosal immune response have been extensively studied in infants and children. are well established.12
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