Between Crown and Commerce Takeda, Junko Thérèse Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Takeda, Junko Thérèse. Between Crown and Commerce: Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.1852. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/1852 [ Access provided at 1 Oct 2021 07:15 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Between Crown and Commerce the johns hopkins university studies in historical and po liti cal science 129th Series (2011) 1. Junko Thérèse Takeda, Between Crown and Commerce: Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean Between Crown and Commerce Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean junko thérèse takeda The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2011 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2011 Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Mary land 21218- 4363 www .press .jhu .edu Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Takeda, Junko Thérèse, 1976– Between crown and commerce : Marseille and the early modern Mediterranean / Junko Thérèse Takeda. p. cm. ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 8018- 9982- 9 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN- 10: 0- 8018- 9982- 6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Marseille (France)— Commerce—History—18th century. 2. Marseille (France)— Commerce—Mediterranean Region. 3. Mediterranean Region— Commerce—France—Marseille. 4. Merchants— France—Marseille—History—18th century. 5. Marseille (France)— Social conditions— 18th century. 6. Marseille (France)— Politics and government— 18th century. 7. Citizenship— France—Marseille—History—18th century. 8. Plague— France—Marseille—History—18th century. 9. France— History—Louis XV, 1715– 1774. I. Title. HF3560.M3T35 2011 382'.094491201822—dc22 2010026158 A cata log record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410- 516- 6936 or [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post- consumer waste, whenever possible. All of our book papers are acid- free, and our jackets and covers are printed on paper with recycled content. in memoriam Kinuko Takeda Efu Takeda Iwao Takeda Edward Randall Odetta Gordon Henry Y. K. Tom This page intentionally left blank Contents A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s i x Introduction: Commerce, State- Building, and Republicanism in Old Regime France 1 1. Louis XIV, Marseillais Merchants, and the Problem of Discerning the Public Good 20 2. Between Republic and Monarchy: Debating Commerce and Virtue 50 3. France and the Levantine Merchant: The Challenges of an International Market 78 4. Plague, Commerce, and Centralized Disease Control in Early Modern France 106 5. Virtue Without Commerce: Civic Spirit During the Plague, 1720– 1723 131 6. Civic Religiosity and Religious Citizenship in Plague- Stricken Marseille 158 7. Postmortem: Virtue and Commerce Reconsidered 180 Notes 197 Bibliography 225 Index 249 This page intentionally left blank A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s I owe the completion of this book to the generous support of mentors, colleagues, family, friends and institutions. First, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advisors and teachers in the History Department and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in the Humanities at Stanford University. The idea for a re- search project on Marseille began in conversations between me and my mentor, Keith Michael Baker. I would like to thank him for his intellectual guidance and friendship. Jessica Riskin helped shape and clarify my ideas at every stage of the project, from its inception, through its completion as a dissertation, to its trans- formation into a monograph. Paul Robinson instilled in me an appreciation for clear writing and tried to teach me perfect punctuation. Carolyn Lougee Chap- pell’s knowledge of archival work provided the basis for my own journey into the archives in France. Helen Brooks, Bob Gregg, Brad Gregory, Mary Lou Roberts, and James Sheehan expanded my understanding of early modern and modern Eu ro pe an history in profound ways. I am fortunate to have such teachers. My graduate training also benefi ted from the assistance of several colleagues and friends who provided me with advice and encouragement. I am grateful to Sebastian Barreveld, John Broich, Malgorzata Fidelis, Suzanne Mariko Miller, Yair Mintzker, Kaneez Munjee, Libby Murphy, Mary Jane Parrine, Maria Ria- sanovsky, Alvaro Santana, Cecilia Tsu, and Marie- Pierre Ulloa at Stanford Uni- versity for making life on The Farm and in the San Francisco Bay Area such a memorable experience. I thank the members of my dissertation- writing group, Alex Bay, Abosede George, Jehangir Malegam, and Erika Monahan, for their critiques and suggestions. Linda Huynh, Lynn Kaiser, Monica Moore, Debra Pounds, Margo Richardson, Monica Wheeler, and the late Gertrud Pacheco took care of all my administrative needs. The Stanford Bay Area French Culture Work- shop, the Seminar on Enlightenment and Revolution, and the Modern Eu ro pe an Seminar provided venues for an inexperienced graduate student to pre sent her ideas to the academic community. x a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s Several professors, archivists, librarians, and friends off ered hospitality and supported my research in Provence. I owe a great debt to Arnaud Decroix, Pierre Echinard, Jacques Guilhaumou, and Frédéric Proal for their welcome and as- sistance. I would like to thank the Académie de Marseille and the wonderful staff at the Bibliothèque Méjanes in Aix- en- Provence, including Michèle Allard, Chantal Barrièlle, Jacqueline Benueviste, Philippe Ferrand, Michel de Laburthe, Florence Nielsen, and Marcel Roqueplan. Thank you to Henri Baldinger, Stéph- anie Jabbour, and François Jonniaux at the Archives de la Chambre de commerce de Marseille for their kindness. My gratitude also goes to Audrey Rio at the Musée national de la marine. As the book matured into its current form, I have benefi ted from the generos- ity and support of colleagues both near and far. John Ackerman, Andrew Aisen- berg, Rafe Blaufarb, Gail Bossenga, Michael Breen, Sara Chapman, Henry Clark, Eric Dursteler, Colin Jones, Richard Keller, Amalia Kessler, Richard Ma- ber, Natalie Rothman, David Kammerling Smith, Jay Smith, and Kent Wright provided invaluable advice at conferences, workshops, and dinners. The Medi- eval Re nais sance Seminar and the Workshop on Empires, Nations and Culture, both at Syracuse University, allowed me the opportunity to present chapters and work in progress. A special thank you to the Department of History at Syracuse University, whose members have shown more support and encouragement than any assistant professor could hope for. Thank you to the administrative assis- tants in my department for their patience and help shipping off articles and book printouts to their intended destinations. My gratitude to students who read parts of my work and off ered suggestions and comments. Henry Tom, Suzanne Flinchbaugh, and Deborah Bors at the Johns Hopkins University Press provided me with much guidance and support, helping me fi ne- tune my arguments and writing, and my anonymous readers off ered in- valuable suggestions and criticism. Peter Dreyer provided careful copyediting, and Tom Broughton- Willett created the index. I thank them all. The initial stage of my project was fi nancially assisted by the Stanford History Department Graduate Fellowship, Graduate Research Opportunity Grants from the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences, the Lurcy Fellowship, and the Mellon Foundation. My gratitude to Roni Holeton in the Stanford University Dean’s Offi ce and John Bender at the Stanford Humanities Center. In the book’s latter stages, I have been fortunate to receive support from the Society for French Historical Studies and the Western Society for French Historical Studies. From Syracuse University, the Appleby- Moser Faculty Research Grant for the Maxwell School of Citizenship, the Pigott Faculty Research Fund, the Laura J. and a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s x i L. Douglas Meredith Award and the Meredith Professorship Program, and the Department of History have provided assistance for my research and writing. I would like to thank Bronwyn Adam, Mitch Wallerstein, and Michael Wasylenko for their generosity. An earlier version of Chapter 1 was published by Cambridge University Press as “French Absolutism, Marseillais Civic Humanism, and the Languages of Public Good” in The Historical Journal, 49(3), September 2006, pp. 707– 734. An earlier version of sections in Chapter 3 was published by Maney Publishing (Leeds, UK) as “Levantines and Marseille: The Politics of Naturalization and Neutralization in Early Modern France, 1660– 1820” in Seventeenth- Century French Studies, 30(2), 2008, pp. 170– 181. Both are reprinted with permission. I should not forget to acknowledge those who shaped my intellectual develop- ment much prior to my discovery of Marseille and early modern history. Andrew Campbell, John Leistler, and Andrew Wittekind at Charlotte Latin School en- couraged my love of books and strange thoughts. Frank Borchardt, Malachi Hacohen, Catherine Peyroux, James Rolleston, and Ron Witt at Duke University introduced a very green undergraduate to the history of ideas. My family has been an unending source of support and laughs through my intellectual journey. The fi nal phase of my dissertation writing was darkened by the deaths of my grandparents, Iwao and Efu Takeda, and of my mother, Kinuko Takeda. The last stage of my book preparation was clouded by the passing of family friends, Odetta Gordon and Edward Randall.