Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks ______
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FORCE ATTENUATION PROPERTIES OF PADDED DANCE SUPPORT SOCKS ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University _______________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from the Honors Tutorial College with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Translational Health—Exercise Physiology ______________________________________ by Isabella Mueller April 2019 Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks Page 1 This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the Department of Applied Health Sciences __________________________ Dr. Jeff Russell Associate Professor, Athletic Training Thesis Adviser ___________________________ Dr. Cheryl A. Howe Associate Professor, Exercise Physiology Director of Studies, Translational Health ___________________________ Cary Roberts Frith Interim Dean, Honors Tutorial College Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks Page 2 PREFACE Chapter 1 and Chapter’s 4⎼7 contained within the thesis document serve as a prepublication manuscript. This manuscript has been formatted to meet the guidelines set forth by the Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. The reference citation style follows the guidelines provided in the American Medical Association Manual of Style and the Chicago Manual of Style. Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks Page 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Apolla Performance, Inc. for supplying the socks for this study. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Ohio University students and faculty members of the dance department for their time in participating in this project. I am thankful to Dr. Howe for her guidance, expertise, and compassion throughout my academic career at OU and the thesis process. Her assistance to me throughout the past four years is more than I could have asked for. I would also like to thank Dr. Yom for assisting me in identifying ways to analyze and make sense of the data. Dr. Russell for being an exceptional thesis advisor. His enthusiasm, knowledge, and most importantly his confidence in me have been so crucial to my success in not only my thesis project, but also throughout my academic career. His door was always open to help guide me in the right direction. I could not have asked for a better mentor and I cannot thank him enough for all of his encouragement support throughout this process. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family. I want to especially recognize my mom and dad. You both played a huge role in encouraging and supporting me throughout this project. I am very grateful to have such special people in my life and I would not be the person I am today without you both. This project was funded in part by the Dean’s Research and Travel Fund. Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks Page 4 Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 4 INDEX OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 6 INDEX OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 7 ABSTRACT:.......................................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ........................................................................................... 12 2.1 DANCE INJURIES ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF MODERN DANCE ..................................................................................................... 13 2.3 ANALYSIS OF FORCES ACTING ON THE BODY .................................................................................................. 15 2.4 DANCE FOOTWEAR ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.5 PROTECTIVE MEASURES ............................................................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND APPROACH .......................................................................... 19 3.1 SPECIFIC AIMS ......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 HYPOTHESIS ............................................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 4: MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 21 4.1 STUDY DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 21 4.2 PARTICIPANTS .......................................................................................................................................... 21 4.3 INSTRUMENTATION................................................................................................................................... 22 4.4 TEST PROCEDURES.................................................................................................................................... 23 4.5 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 33 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 34 APPENDIX A: RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................. 36 RECRUITMENT EMAIL ...................................................................................................................................... 36 ANNOUNCEMENT AT DANCE CLASS ................................................................................................................... 37 RECRUITMENT SLIPS ....................................................................................................................................... 37 APPENDIX B: SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRES ....................................................................................... 38 APPENDIX C: CONSENT FORM............................................................................................................ 39 Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks Page 5 INDEX OF FIGURES Figure 1. Bertec Force Plate.............................................................................................. 22 Figure 2. Sensors and Transmitters ................................................................................... 23 Figure 3. Sensor Placement............................................................................................... 24 Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks Page 6 INDEX OF TABLES Table 1. Characteristics of Participants ............................................................................ 27 Table 2. Force (N) Data for Dance Sequence Across Conditions .................................... 27 Table 3. Landing Data from Sauté Jump Across Conditions............................................ 28 Force Attenuation Properties of Padded Dance Support Socks Page 7 ABSTRACT: Foot injuries frequently occur in dancers, and researchers have investigated different protective measures that prevent injuries for this population. Research has primarily focused on ballet dancers, but foot injuries also are common in modern and contemporary dance where footwear is not worn. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the padded dance-support socks can serve as a protective measure for modern dancers by attenuating force on their feet during a dance sequence and when landing from a sauté jump. In this randomized, cross-over designed study, seventeen injury-free dancers (2 M, 15 F; age=21.7±7.3 yrs; height=165.4±6.2 cm, mass=69.5±15.5 kg) volunteered to perform a 40-second modern dance sequence and a sauté jump landing under two conditions: while wearing DS and BF. A 0.5 cm2 Flexiforce A201 445N sensor (Tekscan, Boston, MA) was affixed under the first metatarsophalangeal joint (great toe); a second was affixed under the heel. The sensors wirelessly recorded foot forces during dancing. A Bertec 600x1200mm force plate (Bertec Inc., Columbus, OH) measured vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and time to peak VGRF of the jump landings. A Noraxon MR3.12 biomechanics system (Noraxon,