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Searles Mazzacano Pollinators V2 - September 20, 2016 Who Pollinates? Who Pollinates?

Searles Mazzacano Pollinators V2 - September 20, 2016 Who Pollinates? Who Pollinates?

Understanding and sustaining Pollinators insect pollinators in your garden

A. Importance of pollinators

B. Cast of characters

C. Creating habitat Mining ; CASM

Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D. D. Sustaining habitat Presented for EMSWCD E. Projects & resources

Flower scarab; CASM

© 2016 C. A. Searles Mazzacano yellow-faced bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano 1 2

Why are pollinators important? Why are pollinators important?

• pollination: transfer of • 70% of flowering plants within or between flowers for pollinated by fertilization, seed & fruit set • ~1,000 plants grown • wind, insects, birds, mammals worldwide for food, fibers, drinks, spices, & medicine honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano pollinated by

Bat Conservation International • most pollinated by

Importance of bees to food production Bumble bee on echinacea; (Wilson & Carrill, 2016) Wikimedia Commons

3 4 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Who pollinates? Who pollinates?

More than bees!!!!! sand wasp; C.A.S. Mazzacano

More than insects!!!!! • Wasps

• Bats • Tayler/naturepl.com • Hummingbirds •

• Moths & butterflies

Bee ; C.A.S. Mazzacano

C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Who pollinates? Who pollinates?

summer leafcutter bee, Bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano “Managed” bees are Crown Bees catalog

Much more than economically important European honey bees!!!!! • honey bees, bumble bees, - native bees (> 4000 NA spp.) orchard mason bees, leafcutter bees ‣ social: bumble bees

‣ solitary: mining, mason, leafcutter, orchard, sweat, digger, and carpenter bees

Sweat bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano CA almond grove; Kathy Keatley Garvey

7 8 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Challenges for pollinators Challenges for pollinators

Many stressors • Colony Collapse Disorder (2006) in managed honey • habitat loss bee hives

• pesticides fouldbrood-infected larvae; Univ. of GA • many bumble bees are also declining dead bees; Rodale’s • diseases (viruses, fungi, bacteria) • much less known about status of other wild bees • parasites (varroa mite, tracheal mite)

Varroa mite on bee pupa; Jason Graham, Univ. of FL Franklin’s Bumble Bee; Dana Campbell

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Challenges for pollinators Bees

• managed bees may spread & intensify disease in wild bees

• wild bees pollinate many plants C.A.S. Mazzacano more efficiently C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano than honey bees

C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

11 12 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Bees Bees

Types of flowers pollinated vary

• short- vs. long-tongued bees

• generalist vs. specialist foragers

short-tongued cuckoo sweat bee; Tom Murray

long-tongued Eastern Bumble Bee; sankax, Flickr

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Bees Social vs. solitary bees

Not all bees are pollinators • solitary: each female builds & provisions own nest • nest parasites (cuckoo bees) • social: shared nests, • “nectar robbers” castes with different roles

Coelioxys cuckoo bee; Laura Clark, iNaturalist wild honey bee nest; vickbird

nectar-robbing hole; C.A.S. Mazzacano

mining bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

15 16 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Social vs. solitary bees Social vs. solitary bees

Social (honey bees, bumble bees, Social (honey bees, bumble bees, some sweat bees) some sweat bees)

• several generations at one • members care for offspring C.A.S. Mazzacano time in colony or nest drone & workers; Max Westby, EoL that aren’t theirs

• nest may be perennial (honey • division of labor bee) or annual (bumble bee) (reproduction, hive cleaning, brood care, foraging)

Bumble bee nest; Panoramedia C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Social vs. solitary bees Social vs. solitary bees

Solitary bees (mining bees, Solitary bees (mining bees, mason bees, sweat bees, mason bees, sweat bees, plasterer bees) plasterer bees) • tunnel nesters use existing • one female provisions “cells” interior of Alfalfa leafcutter bee nest board; tunnels in wood or chew USDA ARS in nest where she lays eggs Miner bee on nest; C.A.S. Mazzacano tunnels in pithy twigs • aggregated, communal, • ground nesters dig tunnels semisocial in patches of bare soil

Colletes nest aggregation; bumblebee.org Cellophane bee brood cell;NatureWorks

19 20 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Bees Bees • Carpenter, bumble, squash, long-hroned, and honey bees • Carpenter, bumble, long- (Apidae) horned, squash, and honey bees (Apidae) • Sweat bees () - medium to large

• Mining bees () Anthophora; C.A.S. Mazzacano Anthophoridae; C.A.S. Mazzacano - fuzzy/hairy • Mason, carder, leaf-cutter bees () - may have hair bands/ stripes • Polyester & yellow-faced bees (Colletidae) - long-tongued • Oil-collecting bees (Melittidae) Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Bees Bees

• Carpenter, bumble, long- Bumble bees (Bombus) horned, and honey bees (Apidae) • medium to large; robust, hairy - carry pollen on hind legs • yellow, black, orange, white, Anthophoridae; C.A.S. Mazzacano or brown hair bands C.A.S. Mazzacano - many specialists

• carry pollen & nectar mix in stiff - most are ground-nesting hairs (scopa) in concave basket - majority of parasitic bees on hind legs (corbiculum) in N. America

Tri-colored Bumble Bee; Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano themountaincampus, iNat

23 24 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Bees Bees

The short-haired bumblebee project

Bumble bees (Bombus)

• generalists on wide range of plants Annual bumble bee colony • buzz pollination Nevada Bumble Bee; Mike Patterson, iNat

Fog-belt Bumble Bee; Cara Fitchett, iNat

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Bees Bees

Perennial Honey bees (Apis mellifera) honey bee colony

• medium size; hairy body & eyes

• brown/black with golden bands wild honey bee hive; C.A.S. Mazzacano • generalists on a queen mates with 12-15 variety of flowers drones

• carry pollen in corbiculae

Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

27 28 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Long-horned bees Digger bees Bees

• Sweat bees (Halictidae) Anthophora; Hank Wallays, EoL

Eucera; Alvesgaspar, Wikimedia Commons Melissodes; Laura Jansen Simpson, iNat - range of sizes & colors Small carpenter bees - may be metallic, striped

Anthophora digging out nest tunnel; C.A.S. Mazzacano Agapostemon splendens; - short-tongued Sean McCann, EoL Ceratina; Ceratina; Valter Jacinto, EoL Valter Jacinto, EoL Cuckoo bee Carpenter bees

Xylocopa; Xylocopa varipunctata; Nomada; Barbara Vance, iNaturalist C.A.S. Mazzacano Discover Life Dieunomia; Anne Reeves

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Metallic green bees Bees

• Sweat bees (Halictidae)

Agapostemon odoratissimus; Agapostemon; Nomia melanderi (); Mary Keim, EoL Darwin Bell Entomology Today - carry pollen on hind legs Sweat bees

- most are ground-nesting;

varying sociality ; BioImages, Encyclopedia ofLife Dieunomia nevadensis; John Ascher, Discover Life

Halictus ligatus; Lasioglossum; pura; Ricardo Ayala, EoL - Stephen Cresswell Sam Kieschnick, EoL Sphecodes davisii; specialists & generalists Ilona Loser, Discover Life

Dufourea novaeangliae; Xeralictus; Dufourea; Laurence Packer, Michael Veit, Discover Life Cory Sheffield Discover Life

31 32 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Bees Bees

• Mining bees (Andrenidae) • Mining bees (Andrenidae)

- range of sizes & colors - carry pollen on hind legs

Perdita minima; Jillian Cowles, Discover Life - may be red, orange, - ground-nesting Protoxaea gloriosa; cream, dark blue, striped Robert Behrstock, Discover Life - generalists and - short-tongued specialists ; Valter Jacinto, EoL

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Andrena barbilabris; Andrena prima; Henk Wallays, EoL Oklahoma Panhandle State Univ. Bees

• Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees

Panurginus; (Megachilidae) Jules Barlet

Protandrena abdominalis; Smithsonian - small to medium

- moderately hairy head & thorax

Andrena cerasifolii; Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life - robust; cylindrical body;

Calliopsis puellae; yellow & black stripes/spots, Lynette Schimming, Discover Life brilliant metallic colors Anthidium; Anita Gould, iNaturalist

Macrotera; Protoxaea; Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life

35 36 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Bees

• Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees (Megachilidae) Megachile rotundata; Osmia ribifloris; USDA Anthidium; Miroslav Deml, EoL spider-bite, iNaturalist Megachile periharta; North Thurston HS Science Club, BugGuide.net - carry pollen beneath abdomen

- solitary nesters in

existing tunnels in Lithurgopsis apicalis; hypocrita; xenomastax; soil, wood, stems Bob O’Kennon, iNaturalist Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life Atoposmia copelandica; leavitti; Coelioxys sayi; Laurence Packer, Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life - many specialists

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Wasps Wasps

Wasps vs. bees Pollen wasps (Pseudomasaris)

• less hairy • black or brown; yellow, white or red bands; • more pronounced “waist” • clubbed antennae

• brighter color patterns • generalists; prefer pollen from waterleaf • most are predators, but & figwort families some feed young on pollen & nectar Pseudomasaris coquilletti; Mathesont

39 40 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Wasps Flies

Pseudomasaris vespoides; Hartmut Wisch Pollen wasps (Pseudomasaris) Flies vs. bees

• • only wasps that feed only 1 pair of wings; stick young on nectar & out more when perched

pollen, collected in Villa lateralis; • Linda Dahlberg, Discover Life internal crop big round eyes dominate head

Pseudomasaris vespoides nest; USDA Bee Lab • shorter, thinner antennae • solitary nesters • may be bare or hairy

Eristalis arbustorum; Hadel Go, Discover Life

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Flies Flies

Flower flies Helophilis syrphid; C.A.S. Mazzacano Flower flies • adults eat nectar, • bare or fuzzy pollen, honeydew

• bee & wasp mimics • larvae prey on aphids • characteristic hovering darting flight

Thomas Bresson

Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield

43 44 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Flies Flies

Bee flies Bee flies

• hairy, brightly-colored • adults eat nectar, honeydew, pollen bumble bee mimics • larvae mostly external • wings may have dark Villa bee fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano parasitoids of soil- markings, stick out dwelling insect larvae sideways when perched

Chrysanthrax cypris; Royal Tyler

Sinuous bee fly; Sam Kieschnick

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Beetles Beetles

Soldier Beetles Soldier Beetles

• long body, soft wing covers, • adults eat nectar, pollen, long antennae and other insects

Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert • yellow/orange & Podabrus Soldier ; vncdatatech01 • prefer sunflower, black markings coneflower, goldenrod

• velvety larvae prey on insect eggs & larvae

Cantharis ; Stanislav Krejcik

Podabrus tricostatus; Robert L. Curtis, iNat

47 48 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Beetles Beetles

Blister Beetles Longhorned Beetles • medium to large; dark, • large, oblong body elongated,cylindrical body • very long antennae Banded Alder Borer; C.A.S. Mazzacano • some with bright warning colors • often bright colors/patterns

Meloe strigulosus; C.A.S. Mazzacano • wing cases rolled over abdomen

Red-eared Blister Beeetle; Ken-ichi Uchida Locust Borer; Patrick Coin

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Beetles Beetles

Blister Beetles Flower Scarabs

• adults feed on nectar & pollen, • medium to large; broad, esp. aster, pea, & sunflower slightly flattened body

families Black ; Kern’s Flower Scarab; C.A.S. Mazzacano Bruce Marlin, EoL • flower scarabs often • larvae parasitic on ground- brightly colored, bee mimics nesting bees triungulins awaiting bees; John Walters • antennae end in club made of small plates

Blister Beetle; Patrick Coin

Bumble Flower Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

51 52 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Beetles Beetles

Flower Scarabs Checkered Beetle

• adults feed on pollen • small to medium

• larvae feed on roots, organic • long, narrow, hairy body mater in soil, decaying wood • often patterned in red,

Texas Flower Scarab; vadalton, iNaturalist yellow, orange, or blue Enoclerus eximius; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Delta Flower Scarab; Patrick Coin, EoL

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Beetles Beetles

Checkered Beetle Soft-winged Flower Beetle

• adults & larvae prey on bark • small; dark hairy body beetles, weevils, wood-boring insects • bright red/orange markings Endeodes collaris; C.A.S. Mazzacano Ornate Checkered Beetle; Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist • adults of some species • some have inflatable sacs eat pollen along abdomen

Four-spotted Collops; European Red-bellied Clerid; Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist Jürgen Mangelsdorf, iNaturalist

55 56 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Beetles Beetles

Tumbling Flower Beetle Soft-winged Flower Beetle • small, humpbacked, • adults eat flower-visiting wedge-shaped body insects and pollen Hoshihananomia perlata; Stanislav Ktejcik, EoL Scarlet Malachite Beetle; • Jason Michael Crockwell, iNaturalist pointy abdomen not • larvae are predators in soil, covered by wings leaf litter, under bark • dark, hairy, some with light spots or bands

Mordellistena comata; kimberlietx, iNaturalist Anthocomus; oldbilluk, iNaturalist

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Beetles Moths & Butterflies

Tumbling Flower Beetle Butterflies

• adults are predators, • thin antennae with also eat pollen club or hook at tip

• prefer composite flowers • day-flying Western Pine Elfin; C.A.S. Mazzacano

• larvae in decaying wood, • wings held vertically plant stems, fungi when perched

Falsomordellistena hebraica; Katja Schulz, iNaturalist

Zabulon Skipper; C.A.S. Mazzacano

59 60 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Moths & Butterflies Moths & Butterflies

Moths Butterflies • feathery antennae • long straw-like proboscis to feed on nectar • often night-flying

• visit variety of flowers Queen butterfly; C.A.S. Mazzacano • wings held rooflike White-banded Black Moth; C.A.S. Mazzacano or flat against surface • not specialized to collect when perched or transfer pollen

Red-spotted Purple; C.A.S. Mazzacano LeConte’s Haploa; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Moths & Butterflies Moths & Butterflies

Moths Moths • hawk moths, owlets, underwings, • can be important geometers, many others pollinators of night- blooming plants

White-lined Sphinx; Mary Keim Primrose Moth; Susan Elliott • Yucca and Primrose moths highly specialized

Blinded Sphinx; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Grapevine Epimenis; C.A.S. Mazzacano Xestia mustelina; C.A.S. Mazzacano Yucca Moth; Ann Cooper

63 64 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Creating habitat Planting for pollinators

• Nectar & pollen sources

- diverse

- long bloom time

- native plants Flower Fly; Pat Reed

- species groupings

- low & tall plants

Sweat bees swarming red osier dogwood; Portland OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Flowers for bees Flowers for bees

• purple, yellow, blue flowers; • may reflect UV light often sweet scent • can have nectar guides • nectar-rich • often with bilateral symmetry • landing platform

Foxglove; C.A.S. Mazzacano

day lily, visible vs. UV light; David Kennedy Small-flowered penstemon; Paul Noll checkermallow; Portland Nursery

67 68 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators Flowers for bees Flowers for bees • short-tongued bees prefer • clusters of tiny flowers (herbs, long-tongued bees can access daisy, marigold, phlox tubular flowers (penstemon, Phlox; C.A.S. Mazzacano foxglove) Seep monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus); Russ Kleinman

English thyme; milkandhoneyherbs

Fleabane (Erigeron); Max Licher Woodland Penstemon; Lyn Topinka Grand Collomia; Mark Turner

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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Tachninid on catmint; Beatriz Moisset, USDA Flowers for beetles Flowers for flies • dull white, green, or • small shallow flowers reddish flowers; can smell fruity, spicy, or bad • drab; pale or brown/purple

• open bowl shape; Prickly Poppy; CASM • bad odor may lack nectar • red trillium, elderberry, • magnolia, aster, sunflower, skunk cabbage rose, goldenrod, Spirea

Magnolia; Red trillium; USDA Plants Portland Nursery

71 72 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Flowers for butterflies Clearwing on Blazing Star; Flowers for moths TG Barnes, Univ. of KY • composite flowers • white or pale flowers in clusters • orange, yellow, pink, blue

• open late afternoon or night • perching Blanketflower; C.A.S. Mazzacano platform • strong sweet smell • light scent • honeysuckle, Showy Milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano primrose, stock • honeysuckle, lily, sages, trumpet flower

Funereal Duskywing; C.A.S. Mazzacano Joshua Tree; Marisa Anderson, USDA

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Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom

Western Tiger Swallowtails “puddling” for minerals; • water & nutrients C.A.S. Mazzacano • shelter & nesting sites

- safe access - dead snags (mason & for small insects leafcutter bees) - “puddling” sources - rotting logs (sweat for butterflies bees, flower flies) • sun - old rodent burrows - warming in the morning (bumble bees)

- refuge in the afternoon standing dead tree; C.A.S. Mazzacano

75 76 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom

• shelter & nesting sites • Nesting & egg-laying sites - rock & brush piles (beetles, caterpillars, pupae) - bare soil (miner bees)

- Miner bees; C.A.S. Mazzacano - undisturbed soil (ground- brush pile; C.A.S. Mazzacano snags (leafcutter & nesting bees, beetle & fly mason bees) larvae) - grass tussocks, brush - grass clumps (bumble bees; piles (bumble bees) nesting & overwintering)

Bumble bee nest in leaf pile; Al Eggenberger fescue; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Flower Fly; Pat Reed 77 78

Beyond the bloom Sustaining habitat

• Nesting & egg-laying sites Integrated pest management (IPM): - stem bundles (teasel, • ecosystem-based strategy bamboo, plastic straws • long-term prevention of pests/damage - bee blocks Leafcutter bees in block; using multiple techniques Kathy Keatley Garvey/UC Davis

- open at 1 end only - biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, use of - tunnels <1⁄4” diameter, 3-5” resistant varieties deep; if >1⁄4”, then 5-6” deep - preserves natural system as much as possible

Osmia rufa in nesting tube; BioImages

79 80 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Sustaining habitat Sustaining habitat

• Reduce/eliminate pesticides • Reduce/eliminate pesticides - removing natural enemies - disrupt natural enemies may allow addtional pests to establish - pests faster to disperse & re-colonize treated areas - non-lethal levels can than natural enemies impair reproduction, foraging

Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Creating & maintaining habitat Sustaining habitat

Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; • build healthy soil • use pesticides use only after C.A.S. Mazzacano monitoring indicates need • proper plant placement & irrigation • treat with goal of removing target organism only • plant mostly natives Cluster Rose; C.A.S. Mazzacano

• minimize risks to human • “scout” your gardens health, non-target organisms, & environment

Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano

83 84 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Sustaining habitat Resources

• tolerate some damage

• use multiple compatible methods

• if pesticides necessary, select most suitable, timely, selective, least toxic to non-targets

Oregon grape; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Resources Resources

http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/ stelprdb5306468.pdf Koch, Strange, & Williams; USFS

www.oregon.gov/ODA

free entomology.oregonstate.edu

$3.99 Great Sunflower Project Encyclopedia of Life

87 88 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016 Resources Projects

greatsunflower.org

bumblebeewatch.org

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Questions? Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, [email protected]

Visit emswcd.org to find

additional workshops Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; Netwinged Beetle, and resources! C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

Flower scarabs; C.A.S. Mazzacano Western Swallowtail, C.A.S. Mazzacano

Copyright © 2016 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author.

91 92 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators v2 - September 20, 2016

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