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Scanlon Niu 0162D 12291.Pdf (1.686Mb) ABSTRACT INTENT THROUGH EVENT: THE PROMOTION OF IDENTITY AND INTERESTS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES Joseph M. Scanlon, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Northern Illinois University, 2015 Daniel Unger, Ph.D., Director Why do states accept the risks associated with hosting a sporting mega-event? This dissertation argues states pursue sporting mega-events for the purposes of promoting identity and interests. Specifically, this dissertation explores the hypothesis that emerging states use sporting mega-events as moments of public diplomacy to facilitate the promotion of identity and pursuit of national interests. This dissertation uses a qualitative case study methodology framed within the constructivist international relations literature. Cases include the 1936 Berlin Olympic Summer Games, 1964 Tokyo Olympic Summer Games, 1980 Moscow Olympic Summer Games, and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Summer Games. To date, the international relations literature has been silent on the role of sporting mega-events. Therefore, this paper not only contributes to the discussion on sporting mega-events, but also connects key theoretical propositions drawn from the international relations scholarship to the study of sporting mega- events. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DE KALB, ILLINOIS August 2015 INTENT THROUGH EVENT: THE PROMOTION OF IDENTITY AND INTERESTS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES BY JOSEPH SCANLON © 2015 Joseph Scanlon A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Doctoral Director: Daniel Unger, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my committee members, Dr. Daniel Unger, Dr. Andrea Radasanu, and Dr. Matthew Streb, for their patience and understanding over the course of this project. DEDICATION This is dedicated to my parents, Robert and Judith Scanlon, for a lifetime of encouragement and inspiration. This is also dedicated to my wife, Mary McLean-Scanlon, for seven years of constant support. She made quitting never an option. Finally, this is dedicated to the golden trio. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. viii LIST OF APPENDICES....................................................................................... ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement...................................................................................... 7 Theoretical Rationale.................................................................................. 9 Statement of Purpose.................................................................................. 13 Research Question...................................................................................... 14 Potential Significance of Study.................................................................. 15 Definitions of Terms.................................................................................. 16 Case Studies............................................................................................... 18 Chapter Summary...................................................................................... 20 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction and Purpose........................................................................... 22 Theoretical Framework.............................................................................. 23 The Constructivist Dimensions of Sporting Mega-Events........................ 34 Sport and International Relations.............................................................. 56 ! v! Chapter Page Chapter Summary....................................................................................... 65 3. METHODOLOGY Introduction................................................................................................ 68 Problem Statement..................................................................................... 68 Research Question..................................................................................... 70 Description of Research Design................................................................ 71 Limitations of Study.................................................................................. 78 Research Context....................................................................................... 82 Method of Data Analysis........................................................................... 84 Chapter Summary...................................................................................... 86 4. CASE STUDIES Revisionism At the Olympic Games: Berlin 1936.................................... 87 Emerging State.............................................................................. 87 The 1936 Berlin Games................................................................ 90 German Identity, Interests, and the 1936 Berlin Games............... 95 Conclusion.................................................................................... 111 Great Power at the Olympic Games: Moscow 1980................................ 113 Emerging State............................................................................. 113 Securing the 1980 Games............................................................. 116 The 1980 Moscow Olympic Games............................................. 129 Soviet Identity, Interests, and the 1980 Games............................ 133 ! vi! Chapter Page Conclusion..................................................................................... 137 Coming Out Parties: Tokyo 1964 and Seoul 1988.................................... 138 The 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo............................... 138 The 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul................................ 159 Conclusion..................................................................................... 175 5. CONCLUSION Introduction................................................................................... 179 Implications of Findings............................................................... 181 Limitations.................................................................................... 185 Recommendations......................................................................... 186 Conclusion..................................................................................... 189 REFERENCES.......................................................................................... 190 APPENDICES........................................................................................... 206 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 4.1: GDP Growth in Selected States, 1919-1939 (1990 Int$ millions)........................ 88 Table 4.2: Military Expenditures in Selected States, 1919-1939 (1990 USD$ thousands).. 89 ! Table!6.1:!GDP!Growth!in!Japan,!1955:1975!(million!Int$!dollars).......................................!!139! ! Table!6.2:!GDP!Per!Capita!Growth!in!Japan,!1955:1975!(thousand!Int$!dollars)............!!140! ! Table!6.3:!Non:Western!Hosts!and!Candidate!Cities,!1896:1964...........................................!!154!! ! Table!6.4:!Non:Western!Hosts!and!Candidate!Cities,!1964:Present......................................!!155! Table 6.5: GDP Growth in South Korea, 1976-2001 (millions Int$ dollars).............................! 160 Table 6.6: GDP Per Capita Growth in South Korea, 1976-2001 (thousands Int$ dollars)....! 161 LIST OF FIGURES Page Chart 4.1: Participation at the Games, 1936.......................................................................... 94 Chart 5.1: Soviet and American Military Expenditures: 1970-1991..................................... 114 Chart 5.2: Soviet and American GDP: 1970-1991................................................................ 115 Chart 5.3: Soviet and American Military Expenditures as Percent of GDP: 1970-1991...... 116 Chart 5.4: Participation at the Olympic Games, 1980........................................................... 132 Chart 6.1: Participation at the Olympic Games, 1964........................................................... 143 Chart 6.2: Japanese Membership in IGOs: 1975-1975.......................................................... 158 Chart 6.4: South Korean Membership in IGOs: 1950-2000.................................................. 163 Chart 6.4: Participation at the Olympic Games, 1988........................................................... 165 LIST OF APPENDICES Page Appendix A: JAPANESE MEMBERSHIP IN IGOs: 1875-1975........................................ 206 Appendix B: SOUTH KOREAN MEMBERSHIP IN IGOs: 1950-1975............................. 209 Appendix C: PARTICIPATION AT THE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES: 1896-2012... 212 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Built for the 1976 Summer Olympic Games, Montreal’s Olympic Stadium is known as the Big O. Some people simply refer to it as the Big Owe (Newton, 2012). In 2006, 30 years after it hosted the Olympic Games, the city of Montreal finally finished paying its Olympic debt (Broudehoux, 2007; Newton, 2012). Montreal exceeded its original budget by 25%, and the city was left with an average annual bill of $30 million over the next thirty years (Broudehoux, 2007). According to several reports, Russia spent $40-$50 billion hosting the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. If true, that
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