DOCSLIB.ORG

Resource Efficiency in the ICT Sector, Oeko

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Resource Efficiency in the ICT Sector, Oeko Resource Efficiency in the ICT Sector Silver 2 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY IN THE ICT SECTOR Resource Efficiency in the ICT Sector Final Report, November 2016 Authors: Andreas Manhart; Markus Blepp; Corinna Fischer; Kathrin Graulich; Siddharth Prakash; Rasmus Priess; Tobias Schleicher; Maria Tür Oeko-Institut e.V., Head Office Freiburg: P.O. Box 17 71, 79017 Freiburg, Germany; Street address: Merzhauser Strasse 173, 79100 Freiburg, Germany www.oeko.de Imprint Greenpeace e. V., Hongkongstraße 10, 20457 Hamburg, Tel. +49 (0) 40 / 3 06 18-0, [email protected], www.greenpeace.de Contact Marienstraße 19 – 20, 10117 Berlin, Tel. +49 (0) 30 / 30 88 99 - 0 V. i.S.d.P. Manfred Santen Design Henning Thomas / Grennpeace Grafik, Hamburg Production Ute Zimmermann 11/ 2016 Resource efficiency in the ICT sector Table of Contents List of Figures 6 List of Tables 7 List of Abbreviations 8 1. Background and introduction 9 2. Market trends 10 3. Material requirements of ICT gadgets 11 3.1. Environmental impacts and risks 14 3.1.1. Cobalt 14 3.1.2. Palladium 15 3.1.3. Tantalum 16 3.1.4. Silver 16 3.2. Social issues & human rights 17 3.2.1. Cobalt 17 3.2.2. Palladium 18 3.2.3. Tantalum 18 3.2.4. Silver 19 3.3. Material-uses in other sectors 19 3.3.1. Cobalt 19 3.3.2. Palladium 20 3.3.3. Tantalum 20 3.3.4. Silver 20 4. Life-cycle global warming potential of ICT gadgets 21 4.1. From cradle to grave: Greenhouse gas emissions of tablets & smartphones 21 4.2. The big chunks – the most energy-intensive production processes 28 4.3. Smartphones and tablets – How do their impacts relate to those of other products? 32 5. Obsolescence: Life-time matters 34 5.1. Trends in life span and usage times of tablets and smartphones 34 5.2. Causes for obsolescence 36 5.2.1. Material obsolescence 37 5.2.2. Functional obsolescence 37 5.2.3. Economic obsolescence 38 3 Resource efficiency in the ICT sector 5.2.4. Psychological obsolescence vis-à-vis Business-model driven obsolescence 38 6. Recycling – status and challenges 40 6.1. Collection 41 6.2. Pre-processing 43 6.3. End-processing 44 6.4. Exports of used and end-of-life EEE 45 7. Existing improvement strategies 47 7.1. The legislative landscape 47 7.1.1. EU RoHS Directive 47 7.1.2. EU WEEE Directive 49 7.1.3. EU Battery Directive 50 7.1.4. EU REACH Regulation 51 7.1.5. EU Ecodesign Directive and product specific Regulations 52 7.1.6. Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) initiative of the European Commission 56 7.1.7. Conflict mineral regulations 56 7.2. Voluntary initiatives 58 7.2.1. Responsible sourcing of raw materials 58 7.2.2. Best-environmental management options in manufacturing 60 7.2.3. Addressing labour and human rights issues in manufacturing and assembly 62 7.2.4. Approaches to extend product life-time 64 7.2.4.1. Robust and repair-friendly product design 64 7.2.4.2. Repair services 65 7.2.4.3. Take-back and refurbishment / re-use services 65 7.2.4.4. Device-independent contract packages 66 7.2.5. Initiatives on sound end-of-life management and recycling 66 7.2.6. Fairphone 67 7.2.7. Voluntary Ecolabels for tablets and smartphones 67 8. Summary & recommendations 69 9. Literature 73 10. Appendix: Ecolabel criteria 81 10.1. Ecolabel criteria on responsible sourcing of raw materials 81 10.2. Ecolabel criteria on socially responsible manufacturing 81 10.2.1. Blue Angel 81 10.2.2. TCO 81 4 Resource efficiency in the ICT sector 10.2.3. EU Ecolabel 82 10.3. Ecolabel criteria on prolonging product lifetime 83 10.3.1. Design for Durability 83 10.3.2. Design for upgrades and repair 84 10.3.3. Warranty / guarantee 84 10.3.4. Availability of spare parts 85 10.4. Ecolabel criteria on end of Life management 85 10.4.1. Take back schemes 85 10.4.2. Design for recycling 85 5 Resource efficiency in the ICT sector List of Figures Figure 3-1: Country shares of primary cobalt production in 2014 14 Figure 3-2: Country shares of primary palladium production in 2014 15 Figure 3-3: Country shares of primary tantalum production in 2014 16 Figure 3-4: Country shares of primary silver production in 2014 17 Figure 3-5: Applications of cobalt 19 Figure 3-6: Applications of palladium 20 Figure 3-7: Applications of silver 21 Figure 4-1: Life-cycle-based greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2e) of various smartphone models 24 Figure 4-2: Percentage distribution of life-cycle-based greenhouse gas emissions of smartphone models (%) 25 Figure 4-3: Life-cycle-based greenhouse gas emissions of tablet models (CO2e) 26 Figure 4-4: Percentage distribution of life-cycle-based greenhouse gas emissions of tablet models (%) 27 Figure 4-5: Share of components in the greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2e) of the production of a tablet 29 Figure 4-6: Share of components in the greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2e) of the production of a smartphone 29 Figure 4-7: Share of components in the greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2e) of the production of a notebook 30 Figure 4-8: Comparison of annual greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2e / year) of various products 33 Figure 5-1: Life span of tablet PCs is increasing 35 Figure 5-2: Usage times of mobile phones (years) 36 Figure 5-3: The indicated price of a device does not correlate with total contract costs 39 Figure 6-1: Generic recycling chain for end-of-life EEE 40 Figure 6-2: Collection rate for WEEE in the EU in 2012 41 Figure 6-3: E-waste collection in a German municipality 43 Figure 7-1: Process for creating Ecodesign Implementing Measures 53 Figure 7-2: The variety of common charging interfaces for mobile phones 55 6 Resource efficiency in the ICT sector List of Tables Table 2-1: Shipment volumes and market shares of major smartphone producers 10 Table 2-2: Shipment volumes and market shares of major tablet producers 10 Table 3-1: Indicative material composition of smartphones 11 Table 3-2: Indicative material composition of tablets 12 Table 3-3: Total material requirements of smartphones and tablets in relation to the world primary production of mineral commodities 13 Table 4-1: Average annual consumption of ICT devices in the use-phase (2011) 28 Table 6-1: Overview on major recycling options for smartphones and tablets 45 Table 7-1: Ecolabels relevant for tablet computers and smartphones 68 7 Resource efficiency in the ICT sector List of Abbreviations AMD Acid Mine Drainage ASM Artisanal and Small-scale Mining CFS Conflict Free Smelter Programme CFTI Conflict-Free Tin Initiative CPU Central Processing Unit CRT Cathode ray tube CVD Chemical Vapour Deposition DR Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo ECHA European Chemical Agency EEE Electrical and Electronic Equipment EICC Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition EoL End-of-Life EPR Extended Producer Responsibility FC Fluorinated Compounds GeSI Global e-Sustainability Initiative HDD Dard Disk Drive ICT Information and Communication Technology ITRI International Tin Research Institute iTSCi ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative LCA Life Cycle Assessment NGO Non-Government Organisation NiMH Nickel-metal hydride PBB Polybrominated biphenyls PBDE Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PC Personal Computer PCB Printed Circuit Board PFC Perfluorocompounds PGM Platinum Group Metals RAM Random Access Memory REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals REE Rare Earth Elements REO Rare Earth Oxides RoHS Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances SfH Solutions for Hope SMD Surface-mounted Device SVHC Substance of Very High Concern 3Ts Tin, Tantalum, Tungsten 3TGs Tin, Tantalum, Tungsten, Gold USGS United States Geological Survey VOC Volatile Organic Compounds WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 8 Resource efficiency in the ICT sector 1. Background and introduction Mobile electronic devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs have become an integral part of our daily lives and are used for virtually all aspects of modern communication and information sharing. While consumers and societies embrace the advantages of these modern information and communication technologies, NGO reports and other surveys reveal devastating environmental and social practices in the mining, manufacturing and disposal of mobile electronic devices. This includes UN-reports of warlords financing their existence with mining and trading of “high-tech minerals”; reports from devastating practices in cobalt-, tin-, gold-, palladium- and rare earth- mining; sub-standard working conditions in manufacturing and assembly and irregular recycling and disposal in third-world countries. In addition to these reports, it is well known that some pro- duction processes, such the microchip manufacture consume huge amounts of energy, water and chemicals. Moreover, electronic devices also contain substances which have adverse impacts on human and environmental health if not properly managed at the end of the product lifetime. In response, various countries have already introduced legislation aimed at reducing the negative environmental and social impacts of electronic devices. In parallel, the industry has also made considerable progress in terms of efficient use of materials, chemicals and the phase-out of substances of concern during the past years. However, many of the issues listed above have not been sufficiently addressed. Against this background, Greenpeace assigned Oeko-Institut to give an overview of all the resource relevant steps of smartphones and tablets. Thus, the study’s aim is to present a compre- hensive analysis of the resource related issues of smartphones and tablets, with relevance for the environment and human rights.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Restrictions and PVC Free Policies Worldwide
    PVC-Free Future: A Review of Restrictions and PVC free Policies Worldwide A list compiled by Greenpeace International 9th edition, June 2003 © Greenpeace International, June 2003 Keizersgracht 176 1016 DW Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 523 6222 Fax: +31 20 523 6200 Web site: www.greenpeace.org/~toxics If your organisation has restricted the use of Chlorine/PVC or has a Chlorine/PVC-free policy and you would like to be included on this list, please send details to the Greenpeace International Toxics Campaign 1 Contents 1. Political......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 International Agreements on Hazardous Substances............................. 4 Mediterranean........................................................................................................... 4 North-East Atlantic (OSPAR & North Sea Conference)..................................... 4 International Joint Commission - USA/Canada................................................... 6 United Nations Council on Environment and Development (UNCED)............ 7 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).............................................. 7 UNEP – global action on Persistent Organic Pollutants..................................... 7 UNIDO........................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 National PVC & Chlorine Restrictions and Other Initiatives: A-Z.......10 Argentina..................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Item 4.4 Towards Zero
    TOWARDS ZERO BYRON WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY STRATEGY Technical Report 20 FEBRUARY, 2019 CONTACT DOMINIC SCHLIEBS Associate Technical Director – Waste Advisory T 07 3337 0010 Arcadis M 0432 469 083 120 Edward Street E [email protected] Brisbane QLD 4000 Copyright © 2015 Arcadis. All rights reserved. arcadis.com BYRON SHIRE COUNCIL TOWARDS ZERO: BYRON WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY STRATEGY Technical Report Dharshi Hasthanayake, Tayla Edmunds, Joshua Benjamin, Duncan Lummis, Dominic Schliebs Author and Richard Collins Checker Dominic Schliebs Approver Dominic Schliebs Report No R02 Date 20/02/2019 Revision Text 02 This report has been prepared for Byron Shire Council in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment for Integrated Waste Strategy Development dated 29 March 2018. Arcadis Australia Pacific Pty Limited (ABN 76 104 485 289) cannot accept any responsibility for any use of or reliance on the contents of this report by any third party. REVISIONS Approved Revision Date Description Prepared by by 01 02/11/18 Draft for review DH, TE, DS & RC DS DH, TE, JB, DS & 02 20/02/19 Final DS RC V CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 3 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 3 Strategic framework...................................................................................................... 4 2 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecological Footprint Emerged As a Response to the Challenge of Sustainable Development, Which Aims at Securing Everybody's Well-Being Within Planetary Constraints
    16 Ecological Footprint accounts The Ecological Footprint emerged as a response to the challenge of sustainable development, which aims at securing everybody's well-being within planetary constraints. It sharpens sustainable development efforts by offering a metric for this challenge’s core condition: keeping the human metabolism within the means of what the planet can renew. Therefore, Ecological Footprint accounting seeks to answer one particular question: How much of the biosphere’s (or any region’s) regenerative capacity does any human activity demand? The condition of keeping humanity’s material demands within the amount the planet can renew is a minimum requirement for sustainability. While human demands can exceed what the planet renew s for some time, exceeding it leads inevitably to (unsustainable) depletion of nature’s stocks. Such depletion can only be maintained temporarily. In this chapter we outline the underlying principles that are the foundation of Ecological Footprint accounting. 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Runninghead Right-hand pages: 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Runninghead Left-hand pages: Mathis Wackernagel et al. 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Principles 1 Mathis Wackernagel, Alessandro Galli, Laurel Hanscom, David Lin, Laetitia Mailhes, and Tony Drummond 1. Introduction – addressing all demands on nature, from carbon emissions to food and fibres Through the Paris Climate Agreement, nearly 200 countries agreed to keep global temperature rise to less than 2°C above the pre-industrial level. This goal implies ending fossil fuel use globally well before 2050 ( Anderson, 2015 ; Figueres et al., 2017 ; Rockström et al., 2017 ). The term “net carbon” in the agreement further suggests humanity needs far more than just a transition to clean energy; managing land to support many competing needs also will be crucial.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Report 2007
    Sustainability Report 2007 Sustainability Report 07 KYOCERA MITA GROUP Corporate Attitude Corporate Attitude Special Feature （Interview） Corporate Motto Corporate Motto Respect the Divine and Love People Preserve the spirit to work fairly and honorably, respecting people, our work, our company and our global community. Environmental Report Management Rationale To provide opportunities for the material and intellectual growth of all our employees, and through our joint efforts, contribute to the advancement of society and humankind. Management Philosophy To coexist harmoniously with nature and society. Harmonious coexistence is the underlying foundation of all our business activities as we work together to create a world of abundance and peace. Social Report Environmental Data Round-table Discussion Involving Third Parties 01 KYOCERA MITA Sustainability Report 2007 Editorial Policy and Duration Contents This report covers the environmental protection activities conducted at domestic business sites of Kyocera Mita Cor- Corporate Attitude 01� poration and its affiliates during fiscal year 2006 (April 2006 to March 2007). Corporate Motto ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・�01� We used the Environmental Reporting Guidelines of the Jap- Top Commitment・ ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・�03 Corporate Attitude anese Ministry of the Environment as a reference in prepar- � ing this report. The history of our environmental efforts be- fore fiscal 2006, as well as activities at our overseas plants, Special Feature （Interview） 05� are also contained herein. , , , This year s cover design, like last year s, represents our cor- Kyocera Mita s environmental � � porate motto, "Living Together–harmonious coexistence with management approach, � nature." embodied in its long-life printers/� � Business sites of Kyocera Mita Corporation multifunction machines Japan: Head Office, Yoga Office, Tamaki Plant, Hirakata Plant Guest: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Vermont Waste Characterization Study
    2018 VERMONT WASTE CHARACTERIZATION FINAL REPORT | DECEMBER Prepared14, 2018 for: VERMONT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, SOLID WASTE PROGRAM Prepared by: With support from: 2018 Vermont Waste Characterization FINAL REPORT | DECEMBER 14, 2018 REPORT TO THE: Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Solid Waste Program Prepared by: With support from: 2018 VERMONT WASTE CHARACTERIZATION | FINAL REPORT Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................. 1 Gate Surveys to Determine Generator Source ................................................................................................. 1 Residential Waste Composition ........................................................................................................................ 3 ICI Waste Composition...................................................................................................................................... 4 Aggregate Composition .................................................................................................................................... 4 Materials Recovery Rates ................................................................................................................................. 5 Construction and Demolition Waste ................................................................................................................ 5 Backyard Composting ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Report: Fukushima Fallout | Greenpeace
    Fukushima Fallout Nuclear business makes people pay and suffer February 2013 Contents Executive summary 4 Chapter 1: 10 Fukushima two years later: Lives still in limbo by Dr David McNeill Chapter 2: 22 Summary and analysis of international nuclear liability by Antony Froggatt Chapter 3: 38 The nuclear power plant supply chain by Professor Stephen Thomas For more information contact: [email protected] Written by: Antony Froggatt, Dr David McNeill, Prof Stephen Thomas and Dr Rianne Teule Edited by: Brian Blomme, Steve Erwood, Nina Schulz, Dr Rianne Teule Acknowledgements: Jan Beranek, Kristin Casper, Jan Haverkamp, Yasushi Higashizawa, Greg McNevin, Jim Riccio, Ayako Sekine, Shawn-Patrick Stensil, Kazue Suzuki, Hisayo Takada, Aslihan Tumer Art Direction/Design by: Sue Cowell/Atomo Design Cover image: Empty roads run through the southeastern part of Kawamata, as most residents were evacuated due to radioactive contamination.© Robert Knoth / Greenpeace JN 444 Published February 2013 by Greenpeace International Ottho Heldringstraat 5, 1066 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 7182000 greenpeace.org Image: Kindergarten toys, waiting for Greenpeace to carry out radiation level testing. 2 Fukushima Fallout Nuclear business makes people pay and suffer © NORIKO HAYASHI / G © NORIKO HAYASHI REENPEACE Governments have created a system that protects the benefits of companies while those who suffer from nuclear disasters end up paying the costs.. Fukushima Fallout Nuclear business makes people pay and suffer 3 © DigitaLGLOBE / WWW.digitaLGLOBE.COM Aerial view 2011 disaster. Daiichi nuclear of the Fukushima plant following the Image: Nuclear business makes people pay and suffer Fukushima Fallout 4 for its failures. evades responsibility evades responsibility The nuclear industry executive summary executive summary Executive summary From the beginning of the use of nuclear power to produce electricity 60 years ago, the nuclear industry has been protected from paying the full costs of its failures.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1
    CK-12 FOUNDATION Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1 Akre CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning. Copyright © 2010 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share Alike 3.0 Un- ported (CC-by-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Specific details can be found at http://about.ck12.org/terms. Printed: October 11, 2010 Author Barbara Akre Contributor Jean Battinieri i www.ck12.org Contents 1 Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1 1 1.1 Lesson 18.1: The Biodiversity Crisis ............................... 1 1.2 Lesson 18.2: Natural Resources .................................. 32 2 Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part I 49 2.1 Chapter 18: Ecology and Human Actions ............................ 49 2.2 Lesson 18.1: The Biodiversity Crisis ............................... 49 2.3 Lesson 18.2: Natural Resources .................................. 53 www.ck12.org ii Chapter 1 Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1 1.1 Lesson 18.1: The Biodiversity Crisis Lesson Objectives • Compare humans to other species in terms of resource needs and use, and ecosystem service benefits and effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Trash & Recycling Rates Effective 7/1/21
    XXXXXX Second Quarter, 2021 Single-family Home Edition Trash & Recycling Rates Effective 7/1/21 Rates for 1-unit homes include trash, compost, Rates for 2-4 unit homes include trash, compost, recycling and bulky pickup service. recycling and bulky pickup service. • Minimum trash service capacity is 20 gallons per unit. • Choose individual or shared containers to meet your needs. 20 gal $30.14/mo. $90.42/qtr. 32 gal $36.37/mo. $109.11/qtr. 64 gal $76.30/mo. $228.90/qtr. 20 gal 32 gal 64 gal 96 gal 96 gal $122.63/mo. $367.89/qtr. $46.13/mo. $52.36/mo. $92.29/mo. $138.62/mo. You will be billed an additional $138.39/qtr. $157.08/qtr. $276.87/qtr. $415.86/qtr. $15.99 per unit per month for recycling service. • Free backyard collection service for qualifying frail seniors and disabled residents. • Rate discount available for qualifying, low-income seniors. Contact Waste Management at 510-613-8710 to apply. Recyclables Must Be Loose! Recyclables must be placed loose into your recycling cart, free of a plastic bag liner to ensure workers are able to see the items and separate them by material type. Why aren’t plastic bags, film plastic, clear thin plastic and bubble wrap accepted in the recycling cart? Film plastic contaminates the recycling and slows down the recycling process by jamming or damaging machines used to separate recycling by material type. When film plastic and plastic bags mix with other recyclables, they are difficult to sort out. Plastic bags also create a health and safety hazard for recycling workers.
    [Show full text]
  • AN ENERGY REVOLUTION for the 21ST CENTURY to Tackle Climate Change, Renewable Energy Technologies, Like Wind, Can Be Embraced by Adopting a DE Pathway
    DECENTRALISING POWER: AN ENERGY REVOLUTION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY To tackle climate change, renewable energy technologies, like wind, can be embraced by adopting a DE pathway. ©Greenpeace/Weckenmann. Cover: Solar thermal installation. ©Langrock/Zenit/Greenpeace. Canonbury Villas London N1 2PN www.greenpeace.org.uk t: +44 (0)20 7865 8100 DECENTRALISING POWER: 1 AN ENERGY REVOLUTION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY FOREWORD KEN LIVINGSTONE, MAYOR OF LONDON I am delighted to have been asked by Greenpeace to contribute a foreword to this timely report. Climate change has now become the problem the world cannot ignore. Addressing future global warming, and adapting to it now, will require making fundamental changes to the way we live. How we produce, distribute and use energy is key to this. My London Energy Strategy set out how decentralised electricity generation could deliver huge CO2 reductions in London by enabling the convergence of heat and power generation, leading to massive growth in renewable energy production, and providing the cornerstone of a renewable hydrogen energy economy. Decentralised energy allows the financial costs and energy losses associated with the long-distance national transmission system to be reduced and savings passed on to consumers. Bringing energy production closer to people’s lives helps in our efforts to promote energy efficiency. Security of supply can be ©Liane Harris. improved, with power blackouts reduced. The UK could take the opportunity to develop expertise and technologies, leading the developed world, and facilitating the developing world’s path to a sustainable energy future. In London the opportunities for decentralised energy supply range from solar panels on Londoners’ homes, to adapting existing full-sized power stations to more efficient combined heat and power systems supplying thousands of businesses and residential buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Materials Management Advisory Committee Report to the General Assembly July 1, 2021 I
    Illinois Materials Management Advisory Committee Report to the General Assembly July 1, 2021 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 4 A) Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 4 B) Recommendations ................................................................................................................................. 6 C) Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 7 II. Background ............................................................................................................................................... 9 A) Overview of Illinois Environmental Laws and Regulations ............................................................... 11 1) Illinois Environmental Protection Act ............................................................................................ 11 2) Solid Waste Planning and Recycling Act ....................................................................................... 12 3) Solid Waste Management Act ........................................................................................................ 12 4) Material-Specific Laws ................................................................................................................... 13 5) Pollution Control
    [Show full text]
  • Getting to Green: Understanding Resource Consumption in the Home Marshini Chetty, David Tran and Rebecca E
    Getting to Green: Understanding Resource Consumption in the Home Marshini Chetty, David Tran and Rebecca E. Grinter* GVU Center and School of Interactive Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA {marshini, beki*}@cc.gatech.edu, [email protected] ABSTRACT Rising global energy demands, increasing costs and Rising global energy demands, increasing costs and limited limitations on natural resources have elevated concerns natural resources mean that householders are more about resource conservation [13]. Ubicomp researchers conscious about managing their domestic resource have sought to address this issue through investigations of consumption. Yet, the question of what tools Ubicomp context aware power management techniques to help researchers can create for residential resource management buildings conserve energy [19], increasing awareness of remains open. To begin to address this omission, we present resource consumption in the workplace [20] and building a qualitative study of 15 households and their current homes that adaptively control a home’s energy systems for management practices around the water, electricity and householders [27]. Still, it is not well understood how natural gas systems in the home. We find that in-the- householders currently manage their consumption of natural moment resource consumption is mostly invisible to gas, electricity and water, what their frustrations or desires householders and that they desire more real-time are, or how they currently conceive of resource usage. More information to help them save money, keep their homes importantly, the question of what tools Ubicomp comfortable and be environmentally friendly. Designing for researchers can create to aid domestic resource domestic sustainability therefore turns on improving the consumption management remains open.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Demand Growth and Sustainability Due to Increased World Consumption
    Sustainability 2015, 7, 3430-3440; doi:10.3390/su7033430 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article Resource Demand Growth and Sustainability Due to Increased World Consumption Alexander V. Balatsky 1,2,*, Galina I. Balatsky 2 and Stanislav S. Borysov 1,3,† 1 Nordita, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Institute for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Nanostructure Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden † Present Address: Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #09-02, Create Tower, 138602 Singapore; E-Mail: [email protected]. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +1-505-231-4273. Academic Editor: Giuseppe Ioppolo Received: 7 November 2014 / Accepted: 17 March 2015 / Published: 20 March 2015 Abstract: The paper aims at continuing the discussion on sustainability and attempts to forecast the impossibility of the expanding consumption worldwide due to the planet’s limited resources. As the population of China, India and other developing countries continue to increase, they would also require more natural and financial resources to sustain their growth. We coarsely estimate the volumes of these resources (energy, food, freshwater) and the gross domestic product (GDP) that would need to be achieved to bring the population of India and China to the current levels of consumption in the United States. We also provide estimations for potentially needed immediate growth of the world resource consumption to meet this equality requirement.
    [Show full text]