PART I ANTI INFLAMMATORY and ANALGESIC ACTIVITY of KARUVILANCHI VER CHOORANAM (Smilax Zeylanica Linn.)
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PART I ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF KARUVILANCHI VER CHOORANAM (Smilax zeylanica Linn.) & PART II DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF JALAMANJARI CHENDOORAM The dissertation Submitted by I.NITHYAMALA Under the Guidance of Dr. A. KUMAR, M.D(S) Dissertation submitted to THE TAMILNADU DR. MGR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600032 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF MEDICINE (SIDDHA) BRANCH-II-GUNAPADAM POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF GUNAPADAM THE GOVERNMENT SIDDHA MEDICAL COLLEGE CHENNAI – 106. APRIL 2013 CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (Smilax zeylanica, Linn)” and “Diuretic Activity of Jalamanjari Chendooram” is submitted to the Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R.Medical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of M.D (Siddha) is the bonafide and genuine research work done by I.Nithyamala Under my supervision and guidance and the dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar title. Date: Seal & Signature of the Guide Place: Chennai GOVT. SIDDHA MEDICAL COLLEGE, CHENNAI-106 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (Smilax zeylanica, Linn)” and “Diuretic Activity of Jalamanjari Chendooram” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. A. Kumar MD (Siddha), HOD, Post Graduate Department of Gunapadam, Govt.Siddha Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106 and the dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar title. Date: Signature of the Candidate Place: Chennai Dr. I. Nithyamala GOVT. SIDDHA MEDICAL COLLEGE, CHENNAI-106 ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL/HEAD OFTHE INSTITUTION This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (Smilax zeylanica, Linn)” and “Diuretic Activity of Jalamanjari Chendooram” is a bonafide work carried out by Dr.I.Nithyamala under the guidance of Dr. A. Kumar, M.D (S), HOD, Post graduate department of Gunapadam, Govt.Siddha Medical College, Chennai - 106. Seal and Signature of the HOD Seal and Signature of the Principal Date: Date: Place: Chennai Place: Chennai CONTENTS PART-I S.No TITLE Page. No 1. INTRODUCTION 01 2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 05 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURES 06 3. 1 BOTANICAL ASPECT 06 3. 2 SIDDHA ASPECT 09 3.3 SIDDHA ASPECT OF THE DISEASE 13 3.4 MODERN ASPECT OF THE DISEASE 18 3.5 LATERAL RESEARCH 22 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 4.1 PREPARATION OF THE DRUG 24 4. 2 STANDARDIZATION OF THE DRUG 27 4.2.1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC ASPECT 27 4.2.2 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 28 4.2.3 QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL 30 ANALYSIS 4.2.4 PROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33 4.3 TOXICITY STUDY 35 4.4 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY 37 4.5 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT 38 5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 60 6. CONCLUSION 75 7. SUMMARY 76 PART-II S.No TITLE Page. No 1. INTRODUCTION 77 2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 80 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURES 81 3. 1 MATERIA MEDICA ASPECT 81 3. 2 MODERN ASPECT 90 3.3 SIDDHA ASPECT OF THE DISEASE 97 3.4 MODERN ASPECT OF THE DISEASE 100 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS 107 4.1 PREPARATION OF DRUG 107 4. 2 STANDARDIZATION OF DRUG 112 4.2.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 112 4.2.2 PROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 114 4.3 TOXICITY STUDY 117 4.4 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY 119 4.5 CLINICAL STUDY 121 5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 137 6. CONCLUSION 154 7. SUMMARY 155 8. BIBILIOGRAPHY 156 PART I Sl.No. Title of the Tables Page 1. 3.1. Scientific classification 6 2. 4.2.3. Qualitative Phytochemical analysis 31 3. 4.2.4. Proximate Chemical analysis 33 4. 4.5.1.1 to 4.5.1.5 Clinical study 43 5. 4.5.2.1. to 4.5.2.5 Haematological parameters 48 6. 4.5.3.1 & 4.5.3.2 Algofunctional Index 53 7. 4.5.4 Age wise distribution 55 8. 4.5.5 Sex distribution 56 9. 4.5.6.Improvement in signs and symptoms 57 10. 4.5.7.Gradation Report 58 11. 4.5.8 Statistical analysis 59 12. 4.2.2.1.Physico chemical analysis results 67 13. 4.2.2.2.TLC Rf value 68 14. 4.2.3. Qualitative phytochemical Analysis 68 15. 4.2.2.4. FTIR results 70 16.. 4.3.1.Toxicity Study 71 17. 4.4.1. Effect of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam on pain induced by hot 73 plate method 18. 4.4.2. Effect of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam on writhing response in 73 mice 19. 4.4.3 Effect of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam on formalin-induced edema 74 in hind Paw of rats PART II Sl.No. Title of the Tables Page 1. 3.1 Other diuretic preparations in siddha literatures 87 2. 3.4.1 Classification of diuretics 100 3. 3.4.2 Aetiology and types of oedema 102 4. 3.4.3 Investigations of urolithiasis 106 5. 4.2.2 Methodology for chemcial analysis 114 6. 4.5.1.Age distribution 125 7. 4.5.2..Sex distribution 126 8. 4.5.3 to 4.5.7. Clinical study 127 9. 4.5.8.1 to 4.5.8.3 Hematological report 132 10. 4.5.9. 24 hrs urine volume BT & AT 135 11. 4.2.1.1.Physicochemical analysis result 137 12. 4.2.1.2.FTIR results 138 13. 4.2.2.4.Chemical analysis results 139 14. 4.3.1 Toxicity study 141 15. 4.4.1.1. Diuretic activity of Jalamanjari Chendooram in rats 143 16. 4.4.1.2. Effect of Jalamanjari Chendooram on electrolyte levels in urine 144 17. 4.5.10. Net increase in 24hrs urine volume 149 18. 4.5.11. Comparison of clinical features 150 19. 4.5.12. Gradation of result 151 20. 4.5.13 Statistical analysis 152 PART I Sl. No Title of figure Page 3.1.1. Smilax zeylanica Linn. 7 4.1.1 Dry root of Smilax zeylanica Linn. 26 4.1.2 Karuvilanchi ver chooranam 26 4.2.1.1.1 T.S of thin root – Entire view 62 4.2.1.1.2 T.S of thick root – half sector 62 T.S. of thin root – A sector enlarged showing radial 63 4.2.1.2.1 alignment of exarch xylem and phloem T.S of thick root - A sector showing exarch xylem 4.2.1.2.2 63 and phloem strands 4.2.1.3.1 A single exarch xylem strand – Enlarged 64 4.2.1.3.2 Exarch phloem strand – Enlarged 65 Raphide type of crystal seen in cross sectional view 4.2.1. 3.3 66 within pith parenchyma 4.2.2.2 TLC 67 4.2.2.3 SEM 69 4.2.2.4 FTIR graph 70 PART II Sl. No Title of figure Page 4.1.1 Jalamanjari chendooram 109 4.1.2 Purified Vediyuppu 110 4.1.3 Purified Kalnaar 110 4.1.4 Purified Gomoothira Silasathu 110 4.1.5 Purified Karpoora Silasathu 110 4.1.6 Purified Kaantham 110 4.1.7 Purified Ayam 110 4.1.8 Purified Ganthakam 111 4.1.9 Purified Venkaaram 111 4.1.10 Purified Padikaram 111 4.1.11 Purified Navachaaram 111 4.1.12 Purified Kaavikkal 111 4.1.13 Purified Sangu 111 4.2.2.2 FTIR graph 137 4.2.2.3 SEM 139 4.3.2.1.1 145 Sub acute toxicity to Histopathological features 4.3.2.12.3 4.4 Evaluation of Diuretic activity of 120 Jalamanjari chendooram ABBREVIATIONS WHO World health organization OA Osteoarthritis HIV Human immunodeficiency virus ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate pH Potential of hydrogen TLC Thin layer chromatography BT Before treatment AT After treatment KVC Karuvilanchi ver chooranam OECD Organization of economical co operative development L Lymphocyte Alb Albumin E Eosinophil Dep Deposits TC Total count ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate OPC Occasional Pus Cells OEC Occasional Epithelial Cells DC Differential count FPC Few Pus Cells seen P Polymorphs Hb Haemoglobin FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy SEM Scanning Electron Microscope g.f.r glomerular filtration rate SZE Smilax zeylanica IEC Institutional Ethical Committee IRB Institutional Review Board SZLM Methanol extract of Smilax zeylanica PPT Precipitate ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I thank my parents and express my whole hearted gratitude to my parents for their valuable support and encouragement from the very beginning. I would like to acknowledge and extent my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have helped me in the completion of this dissertation study. I offer my deep sense of gratitude to my guide to Prof.Dr.A.Kumar M.D (S), Head of the Dept of PG Gunapadam and Research guide in this study, for his valuable guidance throughout the study. I express my sincere thanks to Principal Prof. Dr.V.Banumathi M.D. (S), Govt. Siddha Medical College, Chennai for her permission to perform this study and also for her valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the course of the study. I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. V.Velpandian, M.D. (S), Ph.D, Lecturer, Govt Siddha Medical College, Chennai for his valuable guidance, encouragement, good advice and ideas offered during the course of my study. I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.M.Pitchiah kumar M.D (S), Lecturer, Govt. Siddha Medical College, and Chennai-106, for his excellent guidance for selection of dissertation drugs, good advice and ideas offered during the course of my study.