DOCSLIB.ORG

Reduction in Penis Size and Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators Living in a Contaminated Environment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reduction in Penis Size and Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators Living in a Contaminated Environment JOBNAME: 101#1 96 PAGE: 1 SESS: 4 OUTPUT: Wed Jun 12 20:05:05 1996 /xypage/worksmart/tsp000/66754g/17pu General and Comparative Endocrinology 101, 32–42 (1996) Article No. 0005 Reduction in Penis Size and Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators Living in a Contaminated Environment Louis J. Guillette Jr.,* Daniel B. Pickford,* D. Andrew Crain,* Andrew A. Rooney,* and H. Franklin Percival† *Department of Zoology, 223 Bartram Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and †National Biological Service, Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Accepted September 19, 1995 The development of the male reproductive ducts and drotestosterone. These sex steroids are responsible for external genitalia in vertebrates is dependent on el- the differentiation of the Wolffian duct into the male evated androgen concentrations during embryonic de- internal duct system as well as the formation of the velopment and the period of postnatal growth. We have external genitalia in reptiles (see Raynaud and Pieau, observed that a population of juvenile alligators living 1985). During embryonic development in alligators, on Lake Apopka exhibit significantly smaller penis size secretion of androgens and Müllerian-inhibiting hor- (24% average decrease) and lower plasma concentra- mone from the testis produces an internal anatomy tions of testosterone (70% lower concentrations) when similar to that commonly described in other reptiles compared to animals of similar size on Lake Woodruff. (Austin, 1989, 1990). In addition to embryologically In addition to smaller phalli, no relationship exists be- organizing the male reproductive system, androgens tween plasma testosterone concentrations and penile are also responsible for stimulating the ontogenetic size in males from Lake Apopka, whereas a positive re- development of this system during juvenile (especially lationship exists for males from Lake Woodruff. The during puberty) and adult periods (Raynaud and alligators on Lake Apopka are known to have elevated Pieau, 1985). Additionally, seasonal fluctuations in the concentrations of the antiandrogenic DDT breakdown secretory activity and size of the testis and glands of product p,p؅-DDE stored in their fat. We suggest a num- the reproductive system are androgen dependent ber of hypotheses that could explain the modification in (Licht, 1984; Raynaud and Pieau, 1985). the phenotype of the juvenile male living in Lake Reptiles exhibit three distinctly different patterns of Apopka. These modifications in phenotype include a copulatory organ development, as the squamates (liz- smaller penis size, lower plasma androgen concentra- ards and snakes) have paired hemipenes, the turtles tions, and lack of responsiveness of the penis to the and crocodiles (includes alligators and caiman) have a plasma androgens present. © 1996 Academic Press, Inc. single penis, and the tuatara have no copulatory organ (Raynaud and Pieau, 1985). There has been an exten- sive debate on the homologies of the various copula- tory organs in reptiles over the last century but a con- In vertebrates, the development of the male internal clusion is still forthcoming. The available data suggest reproductive ducts and external genitalia is largely de- that the embryological development of the hemipenes pendent on the androgens testosterone and dihy- in squamates is less complex than that seen in turtles 0016-6480/96 $18.00 Copyright © 1996 by Academic Press, Inc. 32 All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. JOBNAME: 101#1 96 PAGE: 2 SESS: 2 OUTPUT: Wed Jun 12 20:05:05 1996 /xypage/worksmart/tsp000/66754g/17pu Guillette et al. 33 (for a review see Raynaud and Pieau, 1985). Little is growth in juvenile female alligators (Pickford, 1995). It known of the embryological development of the copu- should be noted that, in alligators, incubation tem- latory organ in crocodilians. It is apparent that the perature also influences the size of the clitoris in fe- crocodilian males and females have a homologous males, with females derived from eggs incubated at structure generally similar in gross morphology. It has near male temperatures exhibiting larger clitorides been termed the cliteropenis by some workers (see than females from eggs incubated at lower tempera- Raynaud and Pieau, 1985; Allsteadt and Lang, 1995), tures (Allsteadt and Lang, 1995). However, the size, whereas others use the term penis or phallus for this shape, and coloration of the phallic structures in structure in males to denote its functional role (Forbes, 3-month-old juvenile males and females are distinc- 1939; Ramaswani and Jacob, 1965). Even in light of the tive, allowing the correct diagnosis of sex 96% of the possible lack of homology between squamate hemipe- time (Allsteadt and Lang, 1995). Thus, phallus size nes and the chelonian or crocodilian penis, all avail- could represent an obvious marker of abnormal an- able studies indicate that the steroid environment dur- drogen concentrations or functioning in reptiles as has ing embryonic development directly influences the been reported for mammals. development of the copulatory organ. That is, growth A number of environmental contaminants act as cel- and differentiation of the penile anlagen in some rep- lular signal transduction modifiers (Colborn et al., tilian species is stimulated by the presence of andro- 1993; McLachlan, 1993; McLachlan et al., 1992). These gens, as reported for eutherian mammals, whereas in contaminants interact with various cellular recep- other species phallic development is inhibited by es- tors—genetic transcription factors—so as to act as en- trogens, as observed in birds (Raynaud and Pieau, docrine system agonists or antagonists. The vast ma- 1985). jority of the compounds studied to date appear to bind Androgens are essential for normal maturation and to the vertebrate estrogen receptor, acting as xenoes- growth of the male reproductive system in reptiles. trogens or antiestrogens (McLachlan, 1981, 1993; Safe Seasonal growth of the testis produces elevated et al., 1991; Soto et al., 1992, 1994; Peterson et al., 1993). plasma concentrations of testosterone that are directly Exposure to these compounds during embryonic de- correlated with increased reproductive tract weight velopment can have either catastrophic (e.g., mortal- and synthesis of protein secretory products (Licht, ity, cancer) or subtle (e.g., changes in enzyme func- 1984; Raynaud and Pieau, 1985). Exogenous androgen tion) effects as they are capable of modifying the or- treatment of orchidectomized males reestablished re- ganization of differentiating cells and organs (for productive tract growth and secretory activity. Previ- discussion, see Guillette et al., 1995a). ous studies have demonstrated that phallus growth is A series of recent studies suggests that endocrine- androgen dependent in alligators (Forbes, 1939) and disrupting contaminants can interact with other cellu- crocodilians (Ramaswani and Jacob, 1965), as ob- lar receptor types, such as the androgen receptor served in other reptiles (Raynaud and Pieau, 1985) and (Gray et al., 1993; Kelce et al., 1994). For example, the in mammals (van Teinhoven, 1983). Interestingly, Ra- fungicide vinclozolin is not an active endocrine sys- maswani and Jacob (1965) observed that the penis of tem antagonist until it is metabolized to produce two juvenile Indian mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) compounds that act as antiandrogens. Exposure of de- exhibited the greatest androgen responsiveness of any veloping rats to various doses of vinclozolin via ma- male reproductive organ they examined, which in- ternal exposure produced a series of developmental cluded the secondary sexual ducts, the Wolffian duct, abnormalities of the reproductive system in male off- and the renal sex segment of the kidney. Likewise, spring, including cryptorchidism, cleft phallus, hypo- recent studies have shown that significant penis spadias, and strophic seminal vesicles and prostate growth in juvenile alligators can be induced by exog- glands (Gray et al., 1993; Kelce et al., 1994). enous treatment with pharmacological levels of testos- Abnormalities of the male reproductive system have terone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (Jeff Lang, per- been reported in wildlife living in wetlands known to sonal communication), whereas treatment with DHT be contaminated with endocrine-disrupting chemicals at lower concentrations stimulated no significant (for a review see Colborn et al., 1993). For example, Copyright © 1996 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. JOBNAME: 101#1 96 PAGE: 3 SESS: 2 OUTPUT: Wed Jun 12 20:05:05 1996 /xypage/worksmart/tsp000/66754g/17pu 34 Sex Characteristics of Alligators in Polluted Water male alligators hatched from eggs collected from a and a control lake. As penis size is dependent on cir- contaminated lake in Florida, Lake Apopka, exhibit a culating androgen concentrations during fetal and ju- number of developmental abnormalities such as de- venile development, it represents an excellent marker pressed plasma testosterone concentrations, elevated of normal or abnormal steroid-induced development. testicular estradiol synthesis in vitro, and aberrant cel- lular structures in the seminiferous tubules (Guillette et al., 1994, 1995b). The underlying cause of these ab- MATERIALS AND METHODS normalities, as well as the reported developmental problems in females,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metatarsalgia
    just the symptoms. What can I expect from treatment? With a proper diagnosis, and a well-rounded treatment plan including orthotics, the prog- nosis is excellent. With Sole Supports™ foot or- thotics you can expect either a dramatic loss The Truth About . of pain within the first weeks of use or a more gradual reduction of symptoms, depending Metatarsalgia on how long the problem has existed, normal body weight or how well you follow other ther- For more information and a apeutic regimens prescribed by your provider. professional consultation regarding Did you know that, with Sole whether Sole Supports may be Supports, metatarsal pads are rarely helpful for you, please contact the needed? following certified Sole Supports practitioner: What is it? Metatarsalgia is a term used to describe a pain- ful foot condition in the area just before the Arch Flattened small toes (more commonly referred to as the ball of the foot). The condition is characterized by pain and inflammation on the sole in the region of the metatarsal heads, which are the ends of the long bones in your foot. The joint This handout provides a general overview on this capsule or tendons may also be inflamed. topic and may not apply to everyone. To find out if this handout applies to you and to get more infor- mation on this subject, consult with your certified Sole Supports practitioner. Arch Restored The pain is generally aggravated by putting ments but your doctor is likely to recommend pressure off the metatarsals should also be pressure (as in walking) through the ball of a conservative approach first including: followed.
    [Show full text]
  • Wound Classification
    Wound Classification Presented by Dr. Karen Zulkowski, D.N.S., RN Montana State University Welcome! Thank you for joining this webinar about how to assess and measure a wound. 2 A Little About Myself… • Associate professor at Montana State University • Executive editor of the Journal of the World Council of Enterstomal Therapists (JWCET) and WCET International Ostomy Guidelines (2014) • Editorial board member of Ostomy Wound Management and Advances in Skin and Wound Care • Legal consultant • Former NPUAP board member 3 Today We Will Talk About • How to assess a wound • How to measure a wound Please make a note of your questions. Your Quality Improvement (QI) Specialists will follow up with you after this webinar to address them. 4 Assessing and Measuring Wounds • You completed a skin assessment and found a wound. • Now you need to determine what type of wound you found. • If it is a pressure ulcer, you need to determine the stage. 5 Assessing and Measuring Wounds This is important because— • Each type of wound has a different etiology. • Treatment may be very different. However— • Not all wounds are clear cut. • The cause may be multifactoral. 6 Types of Wounds • Vascular (arterial, venous, and mixed) • Neuropathic (diabetic) • Moisture-associated dermatitis • Skin tear • Pressure ulcer 7 Mixed Etiologies Many wounds have mixed etiologies. • There may be both venous and arterial insufficiency. • There may be diabetes and pressure characteristics. 8 Moisture-Associated Skin Damage • Also called perineal dermatitis, diaper rash, incontinence-associated dermatitis (often confused with pressure ulcers) • An inflammation of the skin in the perineal area, on and between the buttocks, into the skin folds, and down the inner thighs • Scaling of the skin with papule and vesicle formation: – These may open, with “weeping” of the skin, which exacerbates skin damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Metatarsalgia
    Metatarsalgia Definition Metatarsalgia is a generic term for pain or discomfort in the sole of the forefoot (the ball of the foot). It is an inflammatory condition of the metatarsal heads due to a drop or collapse of the metatarsal arch. The arch flattens and the bone ends (metatarsal heads) move closer together causing the soft tissue to be pinched or trapped between the bones. With every step, the arch rises and falls causing repeated stress to the area. More specific type of Metatarsalgia can be: • Morton’s Neuroma ( nerve issue) • Bursitis • Arthritic joint change • Stress Fractures Symptoms • Vague pain, ache or burning in the sole of the forefoot, during weight-bearing activities • Tingling / numbness in toes • Sharp or shooting pain in toes • Aggravated when dorsi-flexing (lifting) toes • Callousing under 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes • Feeling of “walking on pebbles” Causes Anything that puts extra stress on the forefoot can cause Metatarsalgia. Common examples are: • Use of improper footwear (i.e. high-heeled shoes and boots) • High-arched or “cavus” foot or flat arch feet “pes planus” which causes the bones in the front of the foot (metatarsals) to point down into the sole to an excessive extent, or a long metatarsal bone which takes extra pressure • Claw or hammer toes which press the metatarsals down towards the ground • A nerve problem near the 3rd and 4th toes • A stretched or irritated nerve in the ball of the foot (inter-digital neuroma) or behind the ankle (tarsal tunnel syndrome) can produce pain in the ball of the foot • A bunion or arthritis in the big toe can weaken the big toe and throw extra stress onto the ball of the foot.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Spastic Foot Deformities
    TREATMENT OF SPASTIC FOOT DEFORMITIES penn neuro-orthopaedics service Table of Contents OVERVIEW Severe loss of movement is often the result of neurological disorders, Overview .............................................................. 1 such as stroke or brain injury. As a result, ordinary daily activities Treatment ............................................................. 2 such as walking, eating and dressing can be difficult and sometimes impossible to accomplish. Procedures ........................................................... 4 The Penn Neuro-Orthopaedics Service assists patients with Achilles Tendon Lengthening .........................................4 orthopaedic problems caused by certain neurologic disorders. Our Toe Flexor Releases .....................................................5 team successfully treats a wide range of problems affecting the limbs including foot deformities and walking problems due to abnormal Toe Flexor Transfer .......................................................6 postures of the foot. Split Anterior Tibialis Tendon Transfer (SPLATT) ...............7 This booklet focuses on the treatment of spastic foot deformities The Extensor Tendon of the Big Toe (EHL) .......................8 under the supervision of Keith Baldwin, MD, MSPT, MPH. Lengthening the Tibialis Posterior Tendon .......................9 Care After Surgery .................................................10 Notes ..................................................................12 Pre-operative right foot. Post-operative
    [Show full text]
  • The Indications for Toe Transfer After ''Minor
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Invited personal view article THE INDICATIONS FOR TOE TRANSFER AFTER ‘‘MINOR’’ FINGER INJURIES F DEL PINAL* From the Institute for Hand and Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, and Mutua Montan*esa, Santander, Spain Toe-to-hand transfer is widely considered to be unjustified for ‘‘minor’’ finger injuries. In this invited personal view article the indications for toe-to-hand transfer for finger amputation and neurocutaneous and major pulp defects are discussed, and a classification of multidigital injury that has both prognostic and decision-making value is presented. In the author’s opinion a toe transfer should always be considered as an option when reconstructing ‘‘minor’’ finger injuries, as it can reproduce significant long-term benefit to the hand and the patient’s sense of well being. The procedure should be carried out in the acute period, not only because it is technically easier and better for hand function, but above all because the surgeon can save structures that will be lost if the transfer is delayed. Journal of Hand Surgery (British and European Volume, 2004) 29B: 2: 120–129 Keywords: microsurgery, toe-to-hand, finger amputation Since the hand is always naked and exposed, even if reconstruction. In this personal view article only the only the fingertip is lost, it presents a very large most ‘‘typical’’ indications will be discussed. The handicap for the patient. (Hirase! et al., 1997) metacarpal hand (Tan et al., 1999; Wei et al., 1997, 1999; Yu and Huang, 2000), congenital reconstruction There was a time when only loss of the thumb was (Kay and Wiberg, 1996; Shibata et al., 1998; Van Holder considered an acceptable indication for toe-to-hand et al., 1999), joint transfer (Dautel and Merle 1997; transfer (Buncke et al., 1973; Cobbett, 1969).
    [Show full text]
  • How to Self-Bandage Your Leg(S) and Feet to Reduce Lymphedema (Swelling)
    Form: D-8519 How to Self-Bandage Your Leg(s) and Feet to Reduce Lymphedema (Swelling) For patients with lower body lymphedema who have had treatment for cancer, including: • Removal of lymph nodes in the pelvis • Removal of lymph nodes in the groin, or • Radiation to the pelvis Read this resource to learn: • Who needs self-bandaging • Why self-bandaging is important • How to do self-bandaging Disclaimer: This pamphlet is for patients with lymphedema. It is a guide to help patients manage leg swelling with bandages. It is only to be used after the patient has been taught bandaging by a clinician at the Cancer Rehabilitation and Survivorship (CRS) Clinic at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. Do not self-bandage if you have an infection in your abdomen, leg(s) or feet. Signs of an infection may include: • Swelling in these areas and redness of the skin (this redness can quickly spread) • Pain in your leg(s) or feet • Tenderness and/or warmth in your leg(s) or feet • Fever, chills or feeling unwell If you have an infection or think you have an infection, go to: • Your Family Doctor • Walk-in Clinic • Urgent Care Clinic If no Walk-in clinic is open, go to the closest hospital Emergency Department. 2 What is the lymphatic system? Your lymphatic system removes extra fluid and waste from your body. It plays an important role in how your immune system works. Your lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes that are linked by lymph vessels. Your lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs that are found all over your body.
    [Show full text]
  • Hammer Toe Information Sheet
    Fitter Feet For Life Hammer toe information sheet. (ref. A15) A hammer toe is a deformity of the first small toe joint with in toes. (proximal inter-phalangeal joint) This deformity can occur in the second, third, fourth or fifth (relatively rare) toes, causing it to be permanently bent, resembling a hammer. This abnormality can create pressure on the foot when wearing shoes and cause discomfort and problems walking. The joints themselves can be arthritic and painful. There is a choice of different procedures to straighten a hammer toe. This information sheet has been written to help you choose which procedure is best for you. Fig 1 Hammer toe . Fig 2 Arthrodesis with K wires . Fig 3. Smart toe implant An arthrodesis is a surgical procedure to treat hammer toes. The deformed joint is fully removed and the apposing bone ends fused together in a corrected position. The joint will no longer move. The joint closer to the end of the toe will still move. The joint where the toe joins the foot will also continue to move. 1 Fitter Feet For life. 34 North Street. London SW40HD 0207 627 4901 Fitter Feet For Life 1. K-Wire Arthrodesis. Traditionally hammer toe correction is performed by arthrodesis surgery using K-Wires. The procedure is successful in most cases and has been performed for many years. The deformed joint is removed and the bone ends are secured together with a K-wire which protrudes though the tip of the toe. The foot must be kept dry, dressed and the k-wire protected in a post operative shoe for six weeks after the operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Upper and Lower Limbs-A Phylogenetic Concept
    IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 8 Ver. I (Aug. 2015), PP 14-16 www.iosrjournals.org Comparison of the Upper and Lower Limbs-A Phylogenetic Concept Dr.Vandana Sinam1, Dr.Thonthon Daimei2, I Deven Singh3, N Damayanti Devi4 1.Medical officer,2. Senior Resident,3. Assistant Proffessor,4. Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur Abstract: The upper and lower limbs of the human body are phylogenetically homologues of the forelimbs and hind limbs of the quadrupeds. Primates started lifting of the forelimbs off the ground for various functional adaptations as evolution progressed and this led to the deviation of the forelimbs from lower limbs. With the gradual diversification of the functions, morphological evolution of the two limbs follows closely leading to the differences in upper and the lower limbs in the human. Since the inception of the Anatomy as one of the curriculum in medical subjects, the anatomical position has been termed as one that the body stand erect with the eyes looking straight forward and the two upper limbs hanging by the side of the body with the palm facing forward. Therefore in this position the upper limb looked forward with the palm also accordingly faced forward too whilst with the thumb on the lateral side whilst in the lower limb, the big toe which is homologous to the thumb, is placed on the medial side. The anatomical position in the upper limb is not normally a comfortable position as it is kept in this position with effort.
    [Show full text]
  • TRUFORM Classic Medical Closed Toe 20-30 Mmhg Thigh High
    TRUFORM Classic Medical Closed Toe 20-30 mmHg Thigh High Stockings Measuring Guide for Compression Stockings Measuring your legs for compression stockings, support socks, support hose, and gradient compression hosiery: • For knee-highs: measure around your ankle and calf. Then, measure the distance from the floor to the back of your knee. • For thigh-high and pantyhose: measure around your ankle, calf, and upper thigh. Then, measure the distance from the floor to your upper thigh (bottom of your buttocks). An Important Measuring Tip... If swelling is an issue with you, measure your legs, first thing in the morning, after you get out of bed. This is when swelling is at a minimum, and the size of your legs should remain once the swelling is eliminated. Each of our compression products has a sizing chart on the product page. ANKLE CALF LENGTH Measure Measure Measure from around the around the the floor to the ankle at the calf muscle bend behind the narrowest at the knee. point, widest part. generally above the ankle bone. THIGH THIGH Measure LENGTH around the Measure thigh the distance approx. 3" from the below the bottom of gluteal fold your (crease of buttocks to buttocks). the floor. Sizes may differ between various brands of support stockings. Keep in mind that each manufacturer of support hose has their own sizing chart. A medium size in one brand of circulation stockings, may not be a medium in another. Some brands of compression stockings offer petite (shorter) lengths, while others do not. Knowing your measurements will ensure you get compression hosiery that fits properly and comfortably.
    [Show full text]
  • Turf Toe Affects Everyone
    Plateau Footnotes Newsletter Turf Toe Affects Everyone– Not Just Athletes Here’s what you need to know to treat it 1 Volume 2 Tis foot injury with the funny name is particularly com- If your symptoms are indicative of turf toe, then you may mon among athletes who play on artifcial turf, hence the be able to relieve the pain and swelling with the following name “turf” toe. When athletes play sports on turf or other self-treatment. hard surfaces, the foot can stick to the ground, resulting in jamming of the big toe joint. Typically with turf toe the • Ice the injury injury is sudden, but it can also occur after sustaining mul- tiple injuries, such as pushing of repeatedly when running • Apply a compression bandage or jumping. • Rest and temporarily Turf toe is actually a sprain of the discontinue any phys- joint just below the big toe, also ical activity known as the frst metatarsopha- langeal (MTP) joint. Although • Wear a brace to pro- it’s a condition most commonly tect the toe and to associated with dancers, soccer limit bending players, wrestlers, gymnasts and football players, you don’t have For more severe cases of to be an athlete to get it. turf toe, visit our ofce. Dr Schaengold will take a look and can easily diagnose turf Symptoms of turf toe range from mild to severe, and toe through an evaluation that includes range of motion may gradually worsen with continued movement. Te and joint stability tests. Ten, we will design a treatment most common symptoms of turf toe include: plan that works best for you.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Beginning Was the Big Toe
    In the Beginning was the Big Toe: Bataille, Base Materialism, Bipedalism Matthew Beaumont I In the beginning was the big toe. Or, to formulate it in terms of a base-materialist philosophy, being begins with the big toe. In an essay on the mouth from 1930, the renegade Surrealist philosopher Georges Bataille stated that “man does not have a simple architecture like beasts, and it is not even possible to say where he begins”.i As Roland Barthes understood, it is a statement of some philosophical importance. In “Outcomes of the Text”, Barthes noted that “Bataille raises the question of the beginning where it had never been raised: ‘Where does the human body begin?’”ii Bataille’s claim is that the mouth is the beginning, or “prow”, of animals. Implicitly, then, the anus, or perhaps the tail, is the end of animals. Bataille confronted this end, in the form of an ape’s protuberant anus, its “anal projection”, on a visit to London Zoo in July 1927 – an encounter that, because it seemed to him to violate the discreet seclusion of the human anus, proved at the same time horrific and epiphanic.iii Bataille insists that, in contrast to an ape’s body, a man or woman’s body does not have a beginning or an ending. Reading Bataille against Bataille, in this article I want to argue instead that, as a species, the human being begins with the big toe. In 1 1929, a year before he published his essay on the mouth, Bataille wrote an essay on the big toe in which he contended that, although the big toe is routinely regarded as base, it is paradoxically the most noble bit of the human body.
    [Show full text]
  • Exercises for Gluteus Medius Strengthening
    Rehabilitation Program December 18 2012 Page: 1 Untitled www.physiotec.ca Notes: 1. Strengthening External rotatio • Lie face down with your legs bent and your feet touching together • Push your feet against each other by tightening your buttocks. • Relax and repeat. 2. Clam • Lie on your side with both legs slightly bent so that the soles of your feet are in line with your back. • Ensure that you maintain a neutral spine position. • Remember not to let your pelvis tip backwards. • Slowly lift the top knee upwards keeping your ankles together. Lower the knee back to the starting position and repeat. • You should feel this exercise working on the outside of your top buttock Sets: 3 Repetition: 10 Frequency: 2 x / day 3. Strengthening Gluteus Med. • Lie on your side with your knees bent. • Tie elastic around your knees. • Lift your upper knee without moving your pelvis. • Lower your knee and repeat. Sets: 3 Repetition: 10 Frequency: 2 x / day 4. Advanced clam • Immediately after the first clam exercise. • Lower the bottom leg but leave the top leg hovering. Bring your knee to your chest, keeping the angle at the knee constant (roughly 90 degrees). Ensure that your leg does not drop down (imagine it is resting on a table top). • 10x Sets: 3 Repetition: 10 Frequency: 2 x / day 5. Strengthening ABD/ER • Lie on your side • Place your top leg behind you • Lift up the top leg , hold for a second and gently lower. • Return to initial position and repeat. • Ensure that the top leg is always kept behind you • PROGRESSION: Repeat with a weight at the ankle.
    [Show full text]