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General Roy Stone

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General Roy Stone PORTRAIT OF A GENERAL: GENERAL ROY STONE by Richard F. Weingroff In the corridor outside the Federal Highway Administrator's office on the fourth floor of the Department of Transportation Headquarters in Washington, D.C., the wall is lined with portraits of previous chief executives of the Federal highway agency. The portraits begin with General Roy Stone. On October 3, 1893, he established the Office of Road Inquiry (ORI) in the Department of Agriculture. In the black-and-white photograph, General Stone looks sternly to his left, a handsome man with short gray hair and a well-trimmed beard. The narrative accompanying the portrait gives us only the sketchiest outline of his life and accomplishments. Who, then, was General Roy Stone? EARLY YEARS Roy Stone was born on October 17, 1836, in Plattsburg, New York, to Ithiel V. and Sarah Stone. His family had been among the early settlers of the region and his father owned a large estate.1 Roy, who was Ithiel and Sarah's only son, graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1856. By the start of the Civil War, Stone was 24 years old and had moved to Warren County, Pennsylvania, where he managed his father's lumber operation. Edwin A. Glover, writing in Bucktailed Wildcats: A Regiment of Civil War Volunteers, provided a description of Stone as a young man at the start of the war: Major Roy Stone, a little more than a year before [had been] busily engaged in directing lumbering operations in the cool mountains of northern Pennsylvania . [His] full beard and hard-bitten demeanor belied his comparative youth . Major Stone was only of medium height, but his erect carriage . and dark eagle eyes gave him a commanding appearance.2 According to a statement by Stone's wife many years later, he had a fair complexion, blue eyes, and brown hair when he enlisted. She did not list his height, but stated that his occupation was "engineer and lumberman."3 THE CIVIL WAR Enter the Bucktails4 Fort Sumter in South Carolina was a symbol for all that had come before–the raging debate over slavery that had divided the Nation in fiery rhetoric and political stalemate; the secession of seven lower-South States from the Union in February 1861; their attempt to pull the rest of the southern 2 States into the Confederate States of America (C.S.A.); and the pledge of the new President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, to hold the Union together. Sumter was a Union fort in a seceded State. With Union ships on the way to supply the fort and protect it from the hostile forces surrounding it, President Jefferson Davis of the C.S.A. ordered General Pierre G. T. Beauregard to capture or destroy the fort before the fleet arrived. First, in keeping with form, General Beauregard asked the commander of Fort Sumter, Major Robert Anderson, to surrender. Anderson, as expected, rejected the request. On April 12 at 4:30 a.m., Beauregard opened fire. Historian James M. McPherson described the end: After thirty-three hours of bombardment by four thousand shot and shells which destroyed part of the fort and set the interior on fire, Anderson’s exhausted garrison surrendered . On April 14, the American flag came down and the Confederate stars and bars rose over Sumter.5 On April 15, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve in the Union army for 90 days. The war that was about to begin was not expected to last even that long. Within 2 weeks of the President’s proclamation, Roy Stone was recruiting lumbermen and mountaineers from western Pennsylvania to join the forces of the Union. O.R. Howard Thomson and William H. Rauch described the start of Stone's Civil War years in History of the "Bucktails": Kane Rifle Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps: The Raftsman Guards were organized at Warren, Pa., on April 28th, 1861, Roy Stone being one of the most energetic in collecting the men who enlisted. Its members came from the lumber districts and were . hardy mountaineers, trained to the use of rifles since their childhood. While waiting at Warren, endeavoring to get the State to accept them . Stone furnished lumber, out of which the men constructed twelve boats, each capable of carrying ten men with their equipment.6 Stone also drilled his men, who had acquired dark blue fatigue uniforms and adopted their name, the Raftsman Guards. Each man clung to his own hunting rifle.7 After receiving assurances from Governor Andrew G. Curtin in May, the 101 men of the Raftsman Guards rowed 125 miles down the Allegheny River to Pittsburgh, arriving on May 23, expecting to join a 3-month regiment. There, they learned that Pennsylvania had already filled its troop quota.8 The Guards traveled by rail to Harrisburg and marched to Camp Curtin, where the men elected Stone their leader with the rank of Captain. They were to join a volunteer regiment of “reserves” (troops above the number authorized by the Federal Government) raised by Thomas L. Kane in the "wildcat" lumbering counties of McKean and Elk. Kane had posted a call for volunteer marksmen: 3 I am authorized to accept at once for service, any man who will bring with him to my headquarters [at Smethport] a Rifle which he knows how to use.9 While the volunteers were waiting at Smethport, one of the recruits spotted a deer hanging outside a butcher's shop. Cutting off the tail, which was somewhat larger than usual, he placed it in his cap. Spotting the recruit with the big bucktail in his hat, Kane decided that Bucktail would be the perfect name for his volunteer regiment from the mountains of northern Pennsylvania. The Bucktails and Raftsman Guards had expected their recruitment to last 3 months as part of President Lincoln's initial call for 75,000 men, but that total had already been met. With the war expected to be a short one, the men were concerned they would miss the action if they waited until the next call for volunteers. Thomson and Rauch explained their solution to the dilemma: They therefore, without murmuring, consented to be mustered in as a regiment of the Reserve Corps, which was a body subject to military duty for three years.10 Major Stone and the Bucktails in Action On June 12, the men elected regimental officers. Stone was elected Major of Company D of the Bucktails, formally known as the Kane Rifle Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserve. The Wildcat recruits were forced to send their rifles home; they were issued Harper's Ferry muskets instead.11 Later, following the Seven Days in 1862, they demanded, and received, rapid-fire Sharps rifles.12 The Bucktails saw their first action at Dranesville, Virginia, in December 1861. Upon receiving orders to advance, Lt. Colonel Kane gave the command: "Forward, Bucktails, there's fun ahead." The Bucktails drove the Confederates back with a vigorous, well-directed fire. The engagement at Dranesville, although not classified as a battle, was hailed at the time as a Union victory, welcome news in the North after defeats at First Bull Run and Ball's Bluff. Glover put the incident in perspective: Although the record books could only list Dranesville as an "engagement," it was a Union victory, and [the Bucktails] had helped to gain it.13 In May 1862, the unit was split. One battalion under Lt. Colonel Kane was sent to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Major Stone was ordered to take the second battalion, consisting of six companies, to join the Pennsylvania Reserves of the Army of the Potomac on the Peninsula in Virginia.14 The Peninsula was so named because it had been formed by the York River on the north and the James River on the south, with the Hampton Roads shipping channel surrounding the southern tip. In June 1862, Major Stone played a prominent role when his Bucktails were engaged at Mechanicsville, Virginia, on the Chickahominy River. During the morning of June 26, at the start 4 of what became known as the Seven Days, Stone led three companies of Bucktails to Atlee's Station in support of the cavalry. The other three companies of Bucktails and the Fifth Regiment were assigned to watch the Meadow Bridge crossing of the Chickahominy River. When the three companies and the Fifth Regiment were mistakenly withdrawn from the bridge, General A. P. Hill's Confederate division began crossing the Chickahominy. Stone's three companies were cut off and at risk of capture or defeat. Learning of the withdrawal at Meadow Bridge, Stone warned Company B in time for it to retreat to safety by a roundabout route. He then rushed ahead to warn Company D, the next in line. Assisted by a small guard of cavalry, Stone led Company D on a long detour to safety. Stone's order to Company K to retire was not received, but after recognizing the danger, the company hid in a nearby swamp until the danger had passed and worked its way to safety over the next 5 days. By 2:30 p.m., Major Stone and the two companies he had helped extricate, B and D, had rejoined the three Bucktail companies that had been pulled back from Meadow Bridge. They were ordered into position, adjacent to two other companies, known as the U.S. Sharpshooters, to resist the main attack at Beaver Dam Creek. Stone directed last minute preparations for what would be his first as commander of the regiment.
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