Fotografia I Film W Praktyce Artystycznej Oraz Propozycjach Teoretycznych Davida Hockneya

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Fotografia I Film W Praktyce Artystycznej Oraz Propozycjach Teoretycznych Davida Hockneya PIOTR ZAWOJSKI FOTOGRAFIA I FILM W PRAKTYCE ARTYSTYCZNEJ ORAZ PROPOZYCJACH TEORETYCZNYCH DAVIDA HOCKNEYA Zbadaj wpierw wiedzę, potem weź się do praktyki, zrodzonej z wiedzy. Praktyka musi być zawsze zbudowana na podstawie dobrej teorii, do której perspektywa jest przewodniczką i bramą i bez niej nie zdziałasz nic dobrego w dziedzinie malarstwa1. Leonardo da Vinci Czy fotografia sprawia, że świat wydaje się nijaki? Tak uważam, gdyż fotografia różni się od człowieka. Aparat widzi świat w zgodzie z zasadami geometrii, a my – psychologii2. David Hockney Camerę uważa się powszechnie i niesłusznie za wynalazek dziewiętnastowieczny. Camera nie jest jednak wynalazkiem, jest zjawiskiem przyrodniczym. Rzutowanie optyczne może nastąpić w sposób zupełnie naturalny przez szparę w żaluzji okiennej przyciemnionego pokoju. Camera obscura oznacza dosłownie „ciemny pokój”. Nie potrzeba tu ani soczewek, ani luster, chociaż rzutowany obraz będzie ciemny lub nieostry, albo ciemny i nieostry równocześnie. Przy użyciu soczewki umocowanej w większym otworze, obraz będzie jaśniejszy i może być bardzo ostry. Wynalazek fotografii oznaczał w istocie wynalezienie chemikaliów, dzięki którym rzutowaną scenę można było zatrzymać wewnątrz camery. Ale obrazy rzutowane w camerach oglądano przez setki lat, zanim to się stało. Jeżeli zrozumiemy, dlaczego to jest takie ważne, zrozumiemy też różnicę między oglądaniem świata w trzech wymiarach i oglądaniem przedstawień świata w dwóch wymiarach3. David Hockney 1 L. da Vinci, O malarstwie, tłum. L. Staff, Kraków–Budapeszt–Syrakuzy 2019, s. 86, 88. 2 D. Hockney, M. Gayford, Historia obrazów. Od ściany jaskini do ekranu komputera, tłum. E. Hornowska, Poznań 2017, s. 25. 3 D. Hockney, Wiedza tajemna. Sekrety technik malarskich dawnych mistrzów, tłum. J. Holzman, Kraków 2006, s. 200. 102 PIOTR ZAWOJSKI 1 Inspiracją do namalowania przez Davida Hockneya Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) (1972) – przez krótki okres najdroższego obrazu żyją- cego artysty, sprzedanego na aukcji Christie’s w Nowym Jorku w listopadzie 2018 roku za rekordową sumę 90 milionów dolarów – były fotografie. Jedna przedstawiała mężczyznę pływającego w basenie, druga – młodzieńca spoglą- dającego na ziemię. Był nim asystent i partner Hockneya – Peter Schlesinger4. Jego wizerunek, będący rodzajem studium do obrazu, został zarejestrowany na pięciu osobnych zdjęciach (głowy i ramion, tułowia, talii, kolan, stóp), co – jak tłumaczył artysta – wydawało mu się o wiele bardziej realistyczne i prawdzi- we, niż gdyby został utrwalony za pomocą jednego zdjęcia wykonanego przy użyciu szerokokątnego obiektywu5. Po blisko dekadzie od tego doświadczenia Hockney zaczął tworzyć joiners, czyli duże kolaże fotograficzne wykonywane poprzez połączenie w jedną całość kilkudziesięciu zdjęć polaroidowych6. Te poszukiwania miały go z kolei doprowadzić do eksperymentów ze sztuką ru- chomego obrazu w drugiej dekadzie XXI stulecia. Tak jak w wielu innych przypadkach fotografie stały się dla niego źródłem inspiracji malarskich, ale też filmowych. Napięcia pomiędzy obrazami foto- graficznymi, malarskimi i ruchomymi zachęcają do refleksji nie tylko nad re- lacjami tych mediów, ujawniającymi się w praktyce artystycznej Hockneya, ale również do przyjrzenia się refleksjom teoretycznym brytyjskiego twórcy. Są one mniej znane niż jego burzliwe życie towarzyskie i uczuciowe, rekordo- we sumy osiągane na aukcjach czy też rekordy bite przez zwiedzających jego wystawy. Na przykład retrospektywa w roku 2018 w Tate Modern przyciągnę- ła blisko pół miliona widzów. David Hockney – pozostając jednym z najsław- niejszych artystów światowych – jest niedoceniany jako oryginalny i przeni- 4 Pierwsza wersja tego obrazu została zniszczona przez malarza, co zostało uwiecz- nione w A Bigger Splash (1973) w reżyserii Jacka Hazana. W tym filmie dokumentalnym, zrealizowanym w konwencji fly-on-the-wall, pomieszano wątki fikcyjne z autentycznymi scenami z życia Hockneya i jego otoczenia, głównym motywem zaś jest rozstanie z Pe- terem Schlesingerem (tytuł jest powtórzeniem tytułu jednego z jego najbardziej znanych obrazów). To jeden z dziesiątków materiałów audiowizualnych poświęconych artyście. Jak mało kto zrozumiał on bardzo wcześnie, że ruchomy obraz to dziś podstawowa forma budo- wania swego wizerunku i rozpoznawalności, środek komunikowania się z odbiorcami oraz medium kreacji. 5 Zob. L. Weschler, True to Life: Twenty-Five Years of Conversations with David Hock- ney, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 2008, s. 4–6. 6 Więcej na ten temat można dowiedzieć się z filmu dokumentalnego Dona Feathersto- ne’a David Hockney. Joiner Photographs (1983), <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG- traVb_0vY> [dostęp: 14 lutego 2020]. Fotografia i film w praktyce artystycznej oraz propozycjach teoretycznych 103 kliwy myśliciel rozprawiający o losach obrazów (zarówno nieruchomych, jak i ruchomych) w dobie rewolucji technologicznej i kolejnych przełomów wizu- alnych7. W tym artykule chciałbym zasygnalizować przenikanie się w działal- ności Hockneya praktyki twórczej i refleksji teoretycznej, co zaowocowało po- wstaniem kilku publikacji, w których artysta przedstawił własne poglądy na temat różnych rodzajów obrazów – malarskich, fotograficznych i filmowych. Ja chciałbym się skupić przede wszystkim na jego fotografiach i filmach oraz propozycjach teoretycznych im poświęconych. To fotografia bowiem dopro- wadziła Hockneya do realizacji audiowizualnych, stanowiła rodzaj wprowa- dzenia do eksperymentów z ruchomym obrazem. W początkowym okresie działalności artysty wypowiedzi dyskursywne dotyczące rozmaitych zagadnień sztuki właściwie były nieobecne, co nie zna- czy, że już wtedy, czyli w latach 60. i 70. ubiegłego stulecia, nie wykazywał on szczególnego zainteresowania jej teorią, historią i estetyką. W błyskotliwej analizie obrazu Portrait Surrounded by Artistic Devices (1965), namalowane- go przez dwudziestoośmioletniego Hockneya, Martin Hammer stawia tezę, że pomimo pozornej „lekkości i zalotności” prac z tamtego okresu można je postrzegać jako dzieła „filozoficzne w swych fundamentach i ambicjach”8. Zdecydowanie rozszerzyłbym tę opinię także na pozostałe obszary twórczości tego artysty, wykorzystującego różne media, które w pewnych okresach jego działalności odgrywały najważniejszą rolę, w kolejnych były porzucane albo czasowo zarzucane. Ale bez względu na to, jakie medium w danym okresie było główną dominantą praktyki artystycznej, zawsze w centrum jego zain- teresowań pozostawały kwestie obrazu i obrazowania, w tym sensie nie ma różnicy, czy były to obrazy malarskie, fotograficzne czy filmowe. Droga Hockneya to swego rodzaju powtórzenie historycznej ewolucji i pro- gresji mediów wizualnych, także – a może przede wszystkim – w wymiarze technologicznym. Artysta realizuje swoje projekty audiowizualne jako formy instalacyjne z przeznaczeniem do pokazów galeryjnych a nie kinowych, sam też dokumentuje swoje wystawy, tworząc filmy przy użyciu zaprojektowanego przez siebie systemu trójkamerowego: The Biggest Picture (2012) prezentuje wystawę w Royal Academy of Arts w Londynie, A Bigger Exhibition (2014) zrealizowany został na wystawie w de Young Museum w San Francisco. Ob- raz i jego medialne wcielenia często służą do uzmysłowienia specyficznej jed- 7 Maria Poprzęcka pisze, że Hockney to „współcześnie artysta najbardziej, nawet jeśli w sposób szalony, zainteresowany problemami widzenia”. M. Poprzęcka, Inne obrazy. Oko, widzenie, sztuka. Od Albertiego do Duchampa, Gdańsk 2008, s. 161. Szkoda, że autorka nie rozwija szerzej tego zagadnienia. 8 M. Hammer, Hockney as Philosophical Painter, w: David Hockney, red. C. Stephens, A. Wilson, London 2017, s. 213. 104 PIOTR ZAWOJSKI norodności, ale też dyskretnych – a czasem fundamentalnych – różnic. Natu- ra obrazu (w „perspektywie” – w wielorakim sensie tego słowa – zachodniej) od czasów renesansowego ustanowienia prymatu perspektywy centralnej za- sadniczo się nie zmieniła nawet wtedy, kiedy pojawiły się obrazy wirtualne, na co zwraca dobitnie uwagę Jean Claire, dzisiaj to pogląd dosyć powszech- nie podzielany, choć nie jedyny. Mówi on o tym, że „przestrzeń wirtualna jest w prostej linii kontynuacją racjonalnej, jednolitej i izotropowej przestrzeni Brunelleschiego”9. Podobny pogląd wyraża Anthony Vilder, który konstatuje, że „perspektywa nadal jest zasadą w środowiskach wirtualnych; obiekty ciąg- le są pojmowane i reprezentowane tak jak we wszystkich trójwymiarowych konwencjach osiemnasto- i dziewiętnastowiecznych praktyk”, a jedyne, co się zmieniło, to „technika symulacji i co ważniejsze – miejsce oraz pozycja podmiotu lub tradycyjnego «widza» przedstawienia”10. Wyrazem innego sta- nowiska może być przekonanie wyrażane przez Anne Friedberg, która pisze, że „perspektywa zbieżna zakończyła być może swój żywot na komputerowym pulpicie […], chociaż – jak dodaje – algorytmiczne konstrukcje […] opierają się na cyfrowej symulacji przestrzeni perspektywicznej, nie wszystkie cyfro- we przestrzenie zaprojektowane są tak, aby sugerować trzy wymiary”11 . Fun- damentalny paradygmat przedstawiania rzeczywistości na płaskiej, dwuwy- miarowej powierzchni, jakim jest perspektywa linearna, obecnie należałoby skonfrontować z nowym paradygmatem. Tak czynią w swoich propozycjach, próbujących odejść od reprezentacjonalistycznej teorii obrazu, Ingrid Hoelzl i Rémi Marie, opisujący rodzaj przejścia od softimages do postobrazów w okre- sie przełomu cyfrowego. Stary paradygmat określany jest przez nich mianem „fotograficznego paradygmatu obrazu”, nowy zaś nazywają „paradygmatem algorytmicznym”12. Obrazy
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