sign in sign up
<<
Home , Barque, Boom (sailing), Outhaul, Sailing yacht, Sail plan, Tack (square sail)

THE DYNARIG: EFFICIENT, SAFE AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE SYSTEM FOR TOMORROW’S SAILING

innovative solutions in composites to meet a complex array of design challenges UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED

Magma Structures is a global leader in composite technology, providing world-class structural engineering expertise and flexible manufacturing resources and processes to deliver high-performance solutions for unique and challenging requirements.

PAGE 3

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED INTRODUCING THE DYNARIG A safe, high-performance sailing system, delivering ease of handling, reliability and efficiency, even when sailing at 18 knots. The DynaRig addresses key challenges from escalated loads and unprecedented scale, making it especially suitable for two and three masted performance from 60m to 110m in length.

Photo by Sargentini / Perini

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED Private sailing yachts are increasing in size year by year. Crew numbers should be minimal and the crew must be Today’s sailing superyachts are approaching, and in some able to perform all sailing manoeuvres with ease and The Maltese Falcon, cases surpassing, the size of the major sailing vessels of at short notice. Large loads, flogging and moving launched in 2006, has the late 18th and early 19th century; huge vessels that lines should be avoided. The pleasure of a sailing carried rigs developed over years that distributed the vessel underway, powered up in a seaway, should not be proved that the DynaRig area into reasonable portions enabling them to be sailed tempered by any concerns of safety and ease of handling efficiently by relatively small crews. by the crew or guests on board. is a highly efficient, Today, many of the large yachts recently built or currently The DynaRig meets all of these requirements; its sails can reliable, practical, in build have rigs based on scaling up sailing rigs that be deployed and furled away with considerable ease, the owe their origin to and small sailing vessels. This loads are significantly reduced and the masts can rotate to easy to use and, above scaling leads to escalated loads, resulting in today’s vessels depower the rig and feather the sails quickly. In addition, all, safe solution for carrying highly loaded lines across decks with huge sails embedded fibre optic sensors can give a comprehensive that harness potentially lethal loads. load status of all aspects of the rig and provide warnings, meeting the challenges historical data and information to optimise the sail sets. Today’s super-sized sailing yachts need to deliver safe of today’s . sailing systems, be practical and easy to use whilst The DynaRig makes it possible for a large superyacht to guaranteeing performance. leave and arrive at an anchorage under sail and to cross oceans without having to start an engine.

PAGE 5

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED The DynaRig owes its origins to work carried out in the 60s as a THE CREATION OF THE DYNARIG potential fuel saving solution for large commercial vessels. Wilhelm Prölss believed such a system could provide additional The DynaRig is about twice as efficient propulsion for in the face of a looming energy crisis. Despite refinement and some wind tunnel tests, no DynaShips as a traditional . were ever built and the idea went into the archives. This initial work however provided a starting point in 2000 for the team to design and engineer the working solution for the sailing Maltese Falcon. The high strength, lightweight and fatigue resistant nature of modern advanced materials (carbon fibre) has been the key enabler. The DynaRig solution can be seen as a modern, evolutionary development of classic, very large sailing vessel rigs. In a limited way, its appearance can be likened to a square-rigger. However, in practice, it is very different.

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED The masts are free-standing and rotating; the yards are curved and are rigidly connected to the via trusses. Sails are set individually, using automated systems, in such a way that when deployed there are no gaps between the sails enabling each ’s to work as a single sail. The mast and all its sails rotate, enabling optimum trimming to take place at the bridge or remote station by simple push button activity. The sails furl into the mast and the sail is trimmed to the wind by rotating the mast.

The low windage spars fitted with curved yards, the effectively single piece sails and the freedom from rotation limits, all combine to give the rig improved aerodynamic efficiency when compared to a traditional square-rigged vessel.

PAGE 7 SUBSTANTIAL BENEFITS AND PROVEN DESIGN ADVANTAGES

PERFORMANCE Extensive wind tunnel testing shows the This not only reduces rotation loads and - Safe, fast speeds are easily achievable for performance comparison of two and three loads, but also makes the vessel easier to ocean sailing masted DynaRig vessels against their steer (with much less ) enabling - Sailing off the wind requires no additional or rigged counterparts. In general, the vessel to bear away, luff, and gybe at costly, specialist sails, handling systems or the polar curves show improved straight line any moment specialised crew performance in most downwind reaching and - Ease of manoeuvring; the ability of the Master running angles. - At , the mizzen sail can be used for to carry out any manoeuvres unassisted stabilizing the yacht. These polar curves are however somewhat encourages the use of the sails theoretical. What really counts are practical - Ease of sail set and recovery; the ability to set aspects such as: sails individually or remove sails in one minute - Ease of setting and recovering sails, enabling encourages the use of the vessel as a sailing the crew to set the sails at every opportunity vessel rather than as a power - Balanced nature of the individual rigs, HOW DOES THIS AFFECT resulting in overall balanced rigs (ie. half sail A TYPICAL DAY SAIL? to windward and half to leeward). On a DynaRig yacht, the Captain would hoist the sails as soon as guests were on board, would sail off the anchor and be sailing to the next destination within six minutes of guests boarding the vessel. Thus enabling the guests’ instant relaxation, no engine noise and the enjoyment of hassle-free, exhilarating sailing to and from each anchorage.

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED TYPICAL PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN A KETCH RIG AND A TWO MASTED DYNARIG ON A 65M

On a typical downwind transatlantic crossing, a DynaRig yacht would outperform a ketch rigged yacht without the need for ever setting additional downwind sails.

Polars and plan drawings by Dykstra Naval Architects

PAGE 9 EASE OF HANDLING - Push button sail handling means sailing can be managed by significantly less crew than conventionally rigged yachts - All the sails can be deployed or furled away in six minutes - The unique sail handling system results in much more precise manoeuvring under sail enabling the sails to be used on more occasions and for much longer periods, including in close quarters of harbours and sailing on and off moorings - Having multiple sails means that they can be progressively furled into the mast in a controlled manner and without the need for highly loaded sheets or captive - Rotating rigs mean that the vessel does not need to be to wind to hoist or reef the sails. The masts can also rotate to depower the rig and feather the sails - The sail load in each sail is low.

The DynaRig enables large sailing superyachts to leave anchorages under sail and to cross oceans without having to start the engine.

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED HOISTING SAIL 70M KETCH - 30 MIN 70M DYNARIG - 6 MIN Keep all guests out of the way (UPWIND OR DOWNWIND) Get sea room Set sequence on touch screen Turn head to wind and hold head to wind and sea Set sails Throttle back engine Guests can circulate anywhere on deck Ease leeward main runner and take forwards Ease mainsheet Hoist main (main flogs) Ease leeward mizzen runner and take forwards Ease mizzen sheet Bear away easing sheets SAILING COMPARISON Unfurl headsail(s) Pull in headsail sheets GYBING THE BOAT Guests must not circulate near highly loaded lines. winches, the foredeck or other sail movement areas 70M KETCH - 30 MIN 70M DYNARIG - 2 MIN Keep all guests out of the way Turn rigs through 60 degrees while turning to new Drop mizzen , remove stay GYBE DROPPING SAIL Pull in mainsheet Guests can circulate anywhere on deck 70M KETCH - 25 MIN 70M DYNARIG - 6 MIN Pull in mizzen sheet Keep all guests out of the way (UPWIND OR DOWNWIND) Pull in leeward main runners Get sea room Set sequence on touch screen Pull in mizzen runners Start and engage engines Furl sails Fly asymmetric and pull in windward sheet Furl headsail(s) Guests can circulate anywhere on deck GYBE Turn head to wind and hold head to wind and sea Ease leeward runners Pull in mainsheet Pull in asymmetric sheet Tighten leeward runners Set mizzen stay Furl Hoist mizzen staysail Furl mizzen Guests must not circulate near highly loaded lines. Guests must not circulate near highly loaded lines. winches, the foredeck or other sail movement areas winches, the foredeck or other sail movement areas

TACKING THE BOAT MOB / EMERGENCY 70M KETCH - 5 MIN 70M DYNARIG - 5 MIN 70M KETCH - 20 MIN 70M DYNARIG - 3 MIN Keep all guests out of the way Turn rigs through 120 degrees while turning to new course Keep all guests out of the way Immediate bear away and gybe Take up leeward runners TACK Drop any downwind sails Luff and stop boat Furl headsail or remove babystay Guests can circulate anywhere on deck Get sea room Deploy rescue boat and crew Pull in main and mizzen Start and engage engines Guests can circulate anywhere on deck TACK Furl headsail(s) Tension new main and mizzen runners Turn head to wind and hold head to wind and sea Ease leeward main and mizzen runners Pull in mainsheet Set headsail and sheet in Tighten leeward runners Trim main and mizzen Deploy rescue boat and crew Guests must not circulate near highly loaded lines. Guests must not circulate near highly loaded lines. winches, the foredeck or other sail movement areas winches, the foredeck or other sail movement areas

PAGE 11 SAFETY MAINTENANCE - Free-standing rigs are intrinsically safer and more reliable than - The DynaRig offers significantly reduced wear and tear than a conventional rigs where failure, through fatigue or overload of any conventional rig, with no standing or running to maintain single rigging element, or termination can lead to catastrophic and replace mast failure - The 15 or so balanced sails take the load of the boat, rather than - The absence of highly loaded lines or flogging sails on deck mean 2 or 3 in a conventional rig. Each sail therefore is lightly loaded, that crew and guests can move safely around the decks at all times has no rigging to chafe on, and is held by tracks and bottom so there is no possibility of flogging. This results in significantly - The absence of and sheets result in a much cleaner reduced wear and an exceptionally longer sail life and uncluttered deck plan - The reduced loads mean that the sails can be built out of robust, - The automated sail handling systems mean that no crew have to simple Dacron-type materials and will last significantly longer in climb the rig to set or furl the sails. terms of shape and ultimate life span than conventional rig sails - Gybing is safe and easy with a DynaRig - The free-standing rig has only two attachment points, the upper - Load sensors can communicate the status of all aspects of the rig and lower bearing; both easily accessible for regular inspection, and provide safety warnings servicing and maintenance - The DynaRig strength has been determined based on a theoretical - Other than the built in and man aloft hoist (gant) lines, capability to carry full sail plan in wind speeds of 50 to 60 knots; which need occasional servicing, there is no traditional rigs are not able to come even close to this that, on a conventional rig, would require constant maintenance - The DynaRig offers a backup to the operating system; either and replacement. the handheld controls or the CPU control panel can furl the sails in an emergency.

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED PROVEN DESIGN - Maltese Falcon has been successfully cruising and - This fibre optic monitoring data is invaluable to show “The DynaRig is the safest, racing since 2006, covering well over 100,000 miles that the rigs have never been overloaded and provide easiest, most trouble-free rig with the large majority of these under sail. The yacht a wealth of information, ranging from details of I have ever utilized to power has executed more than 11,000 individual sail sets, specific incidents to long-term data analysis a sailing vessel. In the Trans- through storms, gales and calms, and raced in many Atlantic race the DynaRig allowed - The data also provides evidenced verification of the superyacht events and transatlantic regattas without us to go where we wanted, when design concepts of the DynaRig any failures we wanted. No big decision of - The fibre optic monitoring data gives the crew getting the other watch up to - The rigs on Maltese Falcon have an embedded optical complete confidence when sailing and limits any tack, gybe or reef.” fibre based system for monitoring loads and providing potential safety risks. a comprehensive load history of the rig Robbie Doyle, Sailmaker

PAGE 13 The DynaRig is a state-of-the-art, modern, high-tech rig, relying on the use of cutting edge, high-strength materials, currently widely used in advanced aerospace, race cars and high-performance racing yachts.

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED SUMMARY OF THE KEY COMPONENTS OF A KETCH AND DYNARIG YACHT

KETCH RIG COMPONENTS DYNARIG COMPONENTS Masts (main and mizzen, carbon fibre) Masts (Carbon fibre, fibre optic load sensing) (main and mizzen, carbon fibre) Yards (6 per mast, carbon fibre) Mast heel fittings, hydraulic jack system. Including load sensing Mandrel (electrically driven) mast compression winches (4 per sail, electrically driven) Mast collars Tensioners (4 per sail) Spreaders (approx 8 sets, carbon fibre) COST BENEFITS OF THE DYNARIG Sails (Dacron, including outhauls and luff tapes) Structural reinforcing in both and deck to take the Standing rigging: cross braces (Aramid fibre) The high-strength materials used can be more high rig loads expensive than traditional materials but the Standing rigging set, shrouds, fore , back stays, runners Deck bearing benefits are not necessarily only in performance including load sensing pins (carbon and aramid fibre) Lower bearing and mast rotation unit (hydraulically driven) but also in longevity. Combining these aspects as Running rigging: (approx 5), man hoist, sheets Mast winches (4 per mast, deck mounted for man/sail hoist) well as the reduction in running costs can make Boom vangs (hydraulic cylinder) CPU control panel and handheld control boxes for an interesting cost comparison for traditionally Boom furling systems (mandrel, hydraulic or electric) rigged versus DynaRig yachts and can make furling system running a DynaRig yacht more cost effective. Deck winches (mast winches, 4 per mast, primaries MPS sheet, mizzen staysail sheet) Reel winches (main sheet, sheet, sheet, mizzen sheet) Deck foundations for winches Deck lockers for reel winches Hydraulic lines to all winches Mizzen staysail furling system MPS system Sails (Carbon, 3DI) Mast track system & cars Sail battens Storage and access hatches for downwind sails and their handling equipment Complex sail handling control panel

PAGE 15 Motor yacht - operational profile Sailing yacht - operational profile

Shore power Hotel load Sailing GREEN BENEFITS Motorsailing A fuel consumption reduction of approximately 300 Economic cruising speed tonnes can be achieved based on the operational Cruising speed profile presented on this page. Max speed This profile shows a typical fuel consumption calculation comparison between a motor yacht and a sailing yacht based on the following criteria: - 1,100 GT yacht Typical fuel consumption 1100 GT Superyacht - 6,000 hours use per year (250 days) 800 - 31,000 nautical miles per year Hotel load 700 Sailing Motorsailing 600 Economic cruising speed 500 Cruising speed 400 Max speed

300

200

100 Fuel consumption in tonnes per year

0 Sailing yacht Motor yacht

PAGE 16

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED DynaRig yachts consume much less fuel over their lifetime due to sailing much more than comparable ketch, schooner or rig yachts. PAGE 17

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DYNARIG FOR THE SUPERYACHT MALTESE FALCON

Photo by Carlo Borlenghi / Perini

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED In 2000, Dykstra Naval Architects were one of a The rig for the yacht was developed, tested and number of naval architects asked to come up with built by a specialist engineering team with years a proposal for a Perini Navi 87m hull for a fast and of successful large yacht and rig experience, under safe ocean passage making rig. the personal guidance of the yacht’s first visionary owner, Tom Perkins. Several rig options were proposed, including a schooner rig, a traditional and modernised The team spent over 90,000 design and rig and the DynaRig. The owner quickly development hours on the rig, the fittings, selected the DynaRig as he was trying to revive the sails and the sailing systems. the ‘’ sailing concept of safe, fast sailing speeds in ocean conditions, together with single person button-controlled sail handling and good windward performance.

The fully automated, precise control of the setting and recovering sails using this system had never been done successfully before.

PAGE 19 “On some of the big , its a real trial to get all the sails up and go for a sail, whereas on the Maltese Falcon, it only takes one to press the buttons and you’re off.” Andy Claughton, Naval Architect

Ken Freivokh was the external stylist and interior designer for the Maltese Falcon project.

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED The Maltese Falcon was launched in 2006. The yacht has 3 free-standing, rotating masts approximately 58m in height which hoist a total sail area of 2400m². Since its launch, the vessel has cruised and raced extensively in the Pacific, Caribbean, Atlantic and Mediterranean, covering well over 100,000 miles; a large majority under sail. The yacht has executed more “The free-standing, carbon spars on Maltese Falcon stand 200 ft tall than 11,000 individual sail sets, through storms, gales and support nearly the same bending moment as the wings on 767. and calms and raced in many superyacht events and Each of three carries more sail area than the entire wing on a 747 or transatlantic regattas. A380. The wall thickness at the deck level is over two inches, which exceeds that of the 787 wing, which is the thickest, most highly loaded part of our Dreamliner. There is a display in the wheelhouse on Maltese Falcon based on 96 fiber optic sensors that tell the crew what percent of design load they are at when sailing. This is more advanced than any aerospace application for composite structure.“

Boeing Aircraft Corporation William Roeseler, Technical Fellow Boeing (Composites and Structural Engineering) Advisory Board AIAA, MIT

PAGE 21 The system has proved so reliable and easy to sail that Maltese Falcon is considered to be one of the greenest superyachts afloat, having the capability to rely, in the main, on sailing performance, therefore minimising fuel consumption.

Photo by Sargentini / Perini

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED Remarkably, for a 1200 tonne, 89m LOA vessel, Maltese “We just dropped the anchor in the harbour of St Barth’s after almost exactly 16 days of Falcon has won several regattas including wins in three sailing from Gibraltar. We sailed every inch and remained totally ‘green’, but at times it consecutive Perini Navi Cups in conditions ranging from was quite difficult to keep our speed. There were no trade winds; the hurricanes on the flat calm to 35 knots plus. In each of these regattas, the American East Coast totally disrupted the Atlantic wind. We had to find our way through entire sailing operation was carried by a crew of just three; some baffling low troughs drifting across our course. helmsman, trimmer and tactician. We sailed every point on our polars and at times our speed was only three knots, but we The unique characteristics of her rig enable Maltese Falcon to always kept going; our top speed (briefly) was 18 knots, a fraction of the Falcon’s potential. be sailed easily by just a few crew, as well as being able to Finally, we finished with a good breeze and made a great show of sailing around this island manoeuvre confidently in confined waters, sail on and off her among a racing fleet to the final spot to drop the hook in bright sunshine. mooring and set sails for even very short trips; something other We averaged 10.25 knots for the passage of 3,900 nautical miles and burned only 11,000 sailing superyachts are not able to achieve. litres of fuel for our generators. This is about 5 hours worth of fuel for a big motor yacht going at a similar speed! The Maltese Falcon is unquestionably the greenest yacht ever created and the sails, now with some 100,000 miles on their clock, still look brand new. There is no wear and tear or chafe on this rig, unlike all other sailing yachts. It is not a modest thing to say, but my creation remains an unrivaled masterpiece!“ Tom Perkins The original owner and builder of Maltese Falcon

PAGE 23

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED KEY CONTACTS If you would like to talk to Tel +44 (0) 2393 233241 This document has been put Magma Structures about or email [email protected] together with special thanks your specific requirements, Magma Structures to Dykstra Naval Architects. please contact us for an Unit 3, Trafalgar Wharf informal discussion. Hamilton Road Portsmouth Hampshire PO6 4PX

UNIQUE CHALLENGES: ENGINEERED