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High-Quality Permanent Draft Genome Sequence of Ensifer Medicae Strain WSM244, a Microsymbiont Isolated from Medicago Polymorpha Growing in Alkaline Soil

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High-Quality Permanent Draft Genome Sequence of Ensifer Medicae Strain WSM244, a Microsymbiont Isolated from Medicago Polymorpha Growing in Alkaline Soil Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of Ensifer medicae strain WSM244, a microsymbiont isolated from Medicago polymorpha growing in alkaline soil. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87v4c2kq Journal Standards in genomic sciences, 10(1) ISSN 1944-3277 Authors Ardley, Julie Tian, Rui O'Hara, Graham et al. Publication Date 2015 DOI 10.1186/s40793-015-0119-5 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Ardley et al. Standards in Genomic Sciences (2015) 10:126 DOI 10.1186/s40793-015-0119-5 SHORT GENOME REPORT Open Access High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of Ensifer medicae strain WSM244, a microsymbiont isolated from Medicago polymorpha growing in alkaline soil Julie Ardley1 , Rui Tian1, Graham O’Hara1, Rekha Seshadri2, T. B. K. Reddy2, Amrita Pati2, Tanja Woyke2, Victor Markowitz3, Natalia Ivanova2, Nikos Kyrpides2,4, John Howieson1 and Wayne Reeve1* Abstract Ensifer medicae WSM244 is an aerobic, motile, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod that can exist as a soil saprophyte or as a legume microsymbiont of Medicago species. WSM244 was isolated in 1979 from a nodule recovered from the roots of the annual Medicago polymorpha L. growing in alkaline soil (pH 8.0) in Tel Afer, Iraq. WSM244 is the only acid-sensitive E. medicae strain that has been sequenced to date. It is effective at fixing nitrogen with M. polymorpha L., as well as with more alkaline-adapted Medicago spp. such as M. littoralis Loisel., M. scutellata (L.) Mill., M. tornata (L.) Mill. and M. truncatula Gaertn. This strain is also effective with the perennial M. sativa L. Here we describe the features of E. medicae WSM244, together with genome sequence information and its annotation. The 6,650,282 bp high-quality permanent draft genome is arranged into 91 scaffolds of 91 contigs containing 6,427 protein-coding genes and 68 RNA-only encoding genes, and is one of the rhizobial genomes sequenced as part of the DOE Joint Genome Institute 2010 Genomic Encyclopedia for Bacteria and Archaea-Root Nodule Bacteria (GEBA-RNB) project proposal. Keywords: Root-nodule bacteria, Nitrogen fixation, Symbiosis, Alphaproteobacteria, Ensifer, GEBA-RNB Introduction species used widely in agriculture include M. tornata Root nodule bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen in (L.) Mill. (disc medic), the model legume M. trunca- association with annual and perennial pasture legumes tula Gaertn. (barrel medic) and M. littoralis Loisel. have important roles in agriculture. Some of the most (strand medic), together with more recently commer- important associations in temperate and Mediterra- cialised species such as M. polymorpha L. (burr nean regions are the Ensifer (Sinorhizobium1) -Medi- medic) and M. murex Willd. (murex medic) [3]. Med- cago symbioses that produce nutritious feed for icago spp. are symbiotically specific: nearly all studied animals. Medicago is a genus within tribe Trifolieae, species are nodulated by strains of rhizobia belonging which is included in the “temperate herbaceous papi- to either Ensifer medicae or the closely related species lionoid” Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade (IRLC) le- E. meliloti [4, 5]. E. medicae can be distinguished gumes [1, 2]. Species of Medicago are amongst the from E. melilotibyitsabilitytonodulateandfixni- most extensively grown forage and pasture plants and trogen with M. polymorpha L. [5]. have been cultivated ever since Medicago sativa L. Ensifer medicae WSM244 was isolated in 1979 from a (alfalfa, or lucerne) was first domesticated in the Near root nodule of M. polymorpha L. growing on alkaline East and/or Central Asia in about 5000 BC. In soil (pH 8.0) near Tel Afer, Iraq [6]. This strain was su- addition to perennial M. sativa L., annual medic perior in N2-fixation on a range of medics (M sativa L., M truncatula Gaertn., M. tornata L., M. polymorpha L., * Correspondence: [email protected] M. littoralis Loisel., M scutellata (L.) Mill.) in glasshouse 1Centre for Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article tests in Australia and field trials in Iraq in 1980, and was © 2015 Ardley et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Ardley et al. Standards in Genomic Sciences (2015) 10:126 Page 2 of 8 recommended for development as an inoculant in Iraq Lupin Agar [13], tryptone-yeast extract agar [14] or a (D. Chatel, pers com.). WSM244 has also been used in modified yeast-mannitol agar [15] at 28 °C. Colonies on trials aimed at developing acid-tolerant inoculant strains ½LA are white-opaque, slightly domed and moderately for pasture medics, as the acid-sensitive nature of the mucoid with smooth margins (Fig. 1 Right). microsymbiont is a constraint to the growth and persist- Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic relationship of E. ence of Medicago spp. in agricultural regions with mod- medicae WSM244 in a 16S rRNA sequence based erately acidic soils [7]. When field tested in an acidic soil tree. This strain is the most phylogenetically related (pH 5.0 CaCl2) in Western Australia, WSM244 survived to Ensifer medicae WSM419 and Ensifer meliloti at the site of inoculation for two years, but unlike several LMG 6133T based on the 16S rRNA gene alignment, more acid tolerant strains it did not demonstrate sapro- with sequence identities of 100 % and 99.71 %, re- phytic competence and was unable to colonize the soil spectively, as determined using the EzTaxon-e data- [8]. This characteristic of WSM244 as an acid-soil sensi- base, which contains the sequences of validly tive strain correlates with its acid sensitive profile for published type strains [16]. Minimum Information growth in laboratory media and an inability to maintain about the Genome Sequence for WSM244 is provided a neutral intracellular pH when exposed to pH 6.0 or in Table 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1. less [9]. This is in contrast to other E. medicae strains, which typically are the dominant microsymbiont part- Symbiotaxonomy ners of annual medics growing on acid soils, in contrast WSM244 nodulates and is effective for nitrogen fixation to the more acid-sensitive E. meliloti, which preferen- with M. littoralis Loisel., M sativa L., M. tornata (L.) tially associates with alkaline-soil-adapted Medicago spp. Mill. [3], M. murex Willd., M. polymorpha L., M trunca- [10]. The pH response phenotype of WSM244 is in tula Gaertn. [8] and M scutellata (L.) Mill. (D. Chatel marked contrast to the sequenced acid tolerant E. medi- per com). WSM244 nodulates and is partially effective cae strain WSM419 [11]. Sequencing the genome of for nitrogen fixation with M. rotata Boiss. and M. rugosa WSM244 and comparing its attributes with an acid- Desr., but does not nodulate M. blancheana Boiss. (D. tolerant strain such as WSM419 would provide a means Chatel per com). The symbiotic characteristics of E. of establishing the molecular determinants required for medicae WSM244 on a range of selected hosts are sum- adaptation to acid soils. This strain was therefore se- marised in Additional file 2: Table S2. lected as part of the DOE Joint Genome Institute 2010 Genomic Encyclopedia for Bacteria and Archaea-Root Genome sequencing information Nodule Bacteria (GEBA-RNB) sequencing project [12]. Genome project history Here we present a summary classification and a set of This organism was selected for sequencing on the general features for E. medicae strain WSM244, together basis of its environmental and agricultural relevance with a description of its genome sequence and to issues in global carbon cycling, alternative energy annotation. production, and biogeochemical importance, and is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Ar- Organism information chaea, The Root Nodulating Bacteria chapter project Classification and features at the U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome In- E. medicae WSM244 is a motile, Gram-negative rod stitute. The genome project is deposited in the Ge- (Fig. 1 Left and Center) in the order Rhizobiales of the nomes OnLine Database [17] and a high-quality class Alphaproteobacteria. It is fast growing, forming permanent draft genome sequence is deposited in colonies within 3–4 days when grown on half strength IMG [18]. Sequencing, finishing and annotation were Fig. 1 Images of Ensifer medicae WSM244 using scanning (Left) and transmission (Center) electron microscopy and the appearance of colony morphology on solid media (Right) Ardley et al. Standards in Genomic Sciences (2015) 10:126 Page 3 of 8 Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of Ensifer medicae WSM244 (shown in bold blue print) to other type and non-type strains in the Ensifer genus and to other root nodule bacteria species in the order Rhizobiales, based on aligned sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (1,283 bp internal region). (The species name “Sinorhizobium chiapanecum” has not been validly published.) Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571T was used as an outgroup. All sites were informative and there were no gap-containing sites. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA, version 6 [37]. The tree was built using the Maximum-Likelihood method with the General Time Reversible model [38]. Bootstrap analysis [39] with 500 replicates was performed to assess the support of the clusters. Type strains are indicated with a superscript T. Strains with a genome sequencing project registered in GOLD [17] are in bold font and the GOLD ID is provided after the GenBank accession number.
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