Varian Kosakata Bahasa Sunda Di Daerah Kuningan

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Varian Kosakata Bahasa Sunda Di Daerah Kuningan VARIAN KOSAKATA BAHASA SUNDA DI DAERAH KUNINGAN RIVA FAHRURROZY Abstrak Skripsi ini berjudul “Varian Kosakata Bahasa Sunda Di Daerah Kuningan”. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif yang bertujuan memberikan gambaran data secara sistematis, factual, dan akurat. Metode kajian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kajian distribusional yakni metode yang mempergunakan alat penentu dari unsur bahasa itu sendiri. Dasar teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori dari Djajasudarma, dkk (1994), Djajasudarma dan Idat abdulwahid (1987), Kridalaksana (1988), dan Ramlan (1997). Sumber data yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalah data-data hasil observasi langsung di daerah Kabupaten Kuningan, yaitu Desa Cikandang, Gunung Karung, dan Benda. dan diperoleh dari buku Basa Wewengkon Kuningan Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari 149 kosakata data yang ada hanya terdapat 9 kosakata beda bentuk – sama makna, 140 kosakata sama bentuk – beda makna, dan makna yang ada dalam bentuk turunan kosakata dalam varian kosakata bahasa Sunda di daerah Kuningan itu sendiri. Abstract This thesis is titled “Variats of Sundanese Vocabularies in Kuningan Region”. The method used in this research is descriptive method that aims to provide a systematic overview of data factually, and accurately. As method of study, this research used distributional method that used language itself. The theories used in this study came from Djajasudarma, et al (1994), Djajasudarma and Idat Abdulwahid (1987), Kridalaksana (1988), and Ramlan (1997). 1 The sourse of data used by researcher in this research is the data that was obtained from direct observation data in the Kuningan Regency, the Cikandang Village, Karung Mount, and Benda. The data also was obtained from the book Basa Wewengkon Kuningan. Based on research results of the 149 vocabulary existing data there ere only 9 different vocabulary of form – the same meaning, 140 vocabulary of the same shape – different meanings, and meanings that exist in the vocabulary in the form of derivative variants of Sundanese vocabularies in Kuningan ifself. Pendahuluan Bahasa di dunia sangat beraneka ragam, salah satu dari sekian banyak keanekaragaman bahasa yaitu bahasa Sunda. Selain masyarakat tuturnya banyak, daerah tutur bahasa Sunda juga sangat luas. Luasnya daerah tutur bahasa Sunda menimbulkan perbedaan antara daerah tutur bahasa Sunda yang satu dengan daerah tutur bahasa Sunda yang lain. Perbedaan fisik geografis dan struktur sosial menyebabkan terjadinya bermacam-macam variasi bahasa. Pengaruh lingkungan dalam bahasa Sunda menimbulkan kosakata bahasa Sunda yang berbeda antara daerah yang satu dengan daerah yang lain. Dengan demikian, bahasa Sunda di Kabupaten Kuningan pun memiliki perbedaan tersendiri bila dibandingkan dengan bahasa Sunda di daerah-daerah lain di Jawa Barat. Adapun alasan mengapa daerah Kabupaten Kuningan yang dipilih peneliti sebagai lokasi penelitian karena Kabupaten Kuningan adalah daerah perbatasan antara Jawa barat dan Jawa tengah. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikaji adakah perbedaan bahasa di daerah Kabupaten Kuningan dan sekitarnya dengan bahasa Sunda lulugu di masa sekarang. Dengan demikian, pembaca mengetahui perbedaan bahasa daerah Kuningan dengan bahasa lulugu karena pengaruh bahasa Jawa yang mengakibatkan bahasa Sunda di daerah Kab.Kuningan terdengar berbeda dan cendrung kasar. 2 Sebagai contoh, untuk menyatakan perbedaan bahasa Sunda Kuningan dan bahasa Sunda Lulugu yaitu sebagai berikut: cakar (Kuningan) – sapu nyere (Lulugu), teoh (Kuningan) – handap (Lulugu), menit (Kuningan) – lieur (Lulugu) dan banyak lagi yang lainnya. Penelitian yang berkaitan dengan dialek sudah banyak dilakukan, baik berupa disertasi, tesis maupun skripsi. Adapun judul skripsi yang sama, yang meneliti perbedaan bahasa Sunda yaitu : Kosakata Anak-Anak Usia Balita Pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) di kecamatan Bungbulang - Garut. – (Nursiami, 2008), Perbandingan Kosakata Bahasa Sunda dan Bahasa Banjar (Kalimantan selatan). – (Saputra, 2009), Komparasi Bahasa Sunda Kawali dan Bahasa Sunda Lulugu. (Mulya Putra, 2011), Perbandingan Kosakata Bahasa Sunda dan Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau (Satu Kajian Morfologis). (chrisyanto, 2004), dan penulis ingin meneliti perbedaan bahasa sunda di daerah kabupaten kuningan yaitu dengan skripsi yang berjudul “Varian KosaKata Bahasa Sunda di Daerah Kuningan”. Dalam penelitian sebelumnya (chrisyanto, 2004) hanya menguraikan kosakata sama bentuk – beda makna, kosakata beda bentuk – sama makna, dan kosakata mirip bentuk – sama makna saja. Dalam penelitian ini penulis akan menguraikan kosakata sama bentuk – beda makna, kosakata sama bentuk – beda makna, dan makna apa yuang ada dalam bentuk turunan dalam varian kosakata bahasa Sunda di daerah Kuningan itu sendiri. Rumusan masalah 1. Varian apa yang terjadi dalam bahasa Sunda di daerah Kabupaten Kuningan? 2. Makna apa yang ada dalam bentuk turunan varian kosakata bahasa Sunda di daerah Kuningan? Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui varian apa saja yang terjadi dalam bahasa Sunda di daerah Kuningan dan makna apa yang ada dalam varian kosakata bahasa Sunda di daerah Kuningan. Selain itu, penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh data dan informasi yang lengkap tentang bahasa Sunda yang ada di Kabupaten Kuningan serta 3 untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perkembangan bahasa Sunda yang terdapat di kota itu sebagai objek penelitian. Teori yang digunakan bersifat eklektik. Artinya, penelitian ini tidak mengacu pada satu teori saja, tetapi dari beberapa teori yang bisa mendapatkan kejelasan dan bisa menyakinkan pada data penelitian. dalam penelitian ini terdapat beberapa teori, adapun beberapa teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: teori Kata dan kelas kata diambil dari teori (Djajasudarma, dkk., 1994), (Djajasudarma dan Idat Abdulwahid 1987), (Kridalaksana 1988), dan (Ramlan, 1997). Metode kajian yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode distribusional yakni metode yang mempergunakan alat penentu dari unsur bahasa itu sendiri (Djajasudarma, 2010: 69). dasar penentu di dalam kerja metode kajian distribusional adalah teknik pemilihan data berdasarkan kategori (kriteria) tertentu dari segi kegramatikalan (terutama dalam penelitian deskriptif) sesuai dengan ciri- ciri alamiah yang dimiliki oleh data penelitian (Djajasudarma, 2010: 69). Metode yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriftif yaitu metode penelitian yang mendeskripsikan data melalui ciri-ciri dan sifat-sifat data paparan. Metode ini bertujuan membuat deskripsi, membuat gambaran, lukisan secara sistematis, faktual dan akurat mengenai data, sifat serta hubungan fenomena yang diteliti (Djajasudarma, 1993: 8). Dalam penelitian ini, data diambil dari masyarakat di daerah Kabupaten Kuningan sebagai objek penelitian. Terutama di daerah Kuningan Timur Desa Cikandang, Gunung Karung dan Benda. Pembahasan 4 Harimukti Kridalaksana (1984: 110) Menyatakan bahwa kosakata adalah kekayaan atau perbendaharaan kata yang dimiliki oleh seseorang. Kekayaan kosakata itu berada dalam ingatannya, yang segera akan menimbulkan reaksi bila didengar atau dibaca. Morfologi Morfologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari morfem dan bagaimana morfem- morfem tersebut dibentuk menjadi kata atau morfem kompleks. Morfem sendiri merupakan satuan bunyi bahasa yang terkecil yang mengandung arti atau ikut mendukung arti. Etimologi morfologi dari bahasa yunani morph ‘bentuk’ atau ‘struktur’, dan logos ‘ilmu’. Dikatakan pula morfologi adalah ‘ilmu bentuk (struktur) kata’atau ‘tata bentuk kata’ (Djajasudarma dan Idat Abdulwahid, 1987 : 14), Ramlan (1987: 16) mengemukakan “Morfologi adalah bagian dari ilmu bahasa yang membicarakan atau mempelajari seluk beluk bentuk kata serta pengaruh perubahan- perubahan bentuk kata terhadap golongan dan arti kata, atau dengan kata lain dapat dikatakan bahwa morfologi mempelajari seluk beluk kata serta perubahan-perubahan bentuk kata itu, baik fungsi gramatik maupun fungsi semantic”, dan badudu (1985: 66) yang dimaksud morfologi adalah ilmu yang membicarakan morfem, dan bagaimana kata dibentuk dari morfem-morfem. Morfem Morfem adalah kesatuan bunyi bahasa yang terkecil yang mengandung arti atau ikut mendukung arti (Djajasudarma, 1987: 14), Badudu (1985: 66) mengemukakan bahwa morfem adalah bahasa terkecil yang tidak dapat lagi membagi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil. Ramlan (1997: 26) berpendapat bahwa morfem adalah satuan gramatik yang paling kecil atau satuan gramatik yang tidak mempunyai satuan-satuan lain sebagai unsurnya. Kata 5 Kridalaksana (1994: 89) menyatakan bahwa kata adalah morfem atau kombinasi morfem yang oleh bahasawan dianggap sebagai satuan terkecil yang dapat diujarkan sebagai bentuk yang bebas, satuan bahasa yang berdiri sendiri. Terjadi dari gabungan tunggal atau gabungan morfem. Keraf (1984: 27) kata ialah kesatuan- kesatuan yang terkecil yang diperoleh sesudah sebuah kalimat dibagi atas bagian- bagiannya dan mengandung suatu ide, misalnya pohon, buku. Ramlan (1997: 27) mendefinisikan kata sebagai bahasa yang paling kecil, atau dengan kata lain setipa satuan bebas merupakan kata. Kosakata Sama Bentuk Beda Makna Kosakata sama bentuk beda makna adalah kosakata yang bentuknya sama, penulisannya sama dan penyebutannya pun sama, tetapi makna dan artinya berbeda.perhatikan contoh kosakata berikut ini: kata béca (57) di atas, kata béca mempunyai dua makna yang berbeda, pada BSK kata béca mempunyai makna ‘salah satu makanan berupa opak yang terbuat dari singkong’ sedangkan pada BSL kata béca mempunyai makna ‘kendaraan roda
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