An Edition of the Journals of Adlard Welby
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AN EDITION OF THE JOURNALS OF ADLARD WELBY Volume One Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Sue Boettcher MA (Leicester) School of English University of Leicester January 2014 ii An Edition of the Journals of Adlard Welby Sue Boettcher ABSTRACT This thesis comprises edited and annotated transcriptions of four of the six known journals of Adlard Welby, (1776 – 1861), Lincolnshire landowner and traveller. The transcriptions have been made from the original manuscript journals, housed in the Lincolnshire Archives and the Sleaford Museum Trust. They cover the periods 1832 to 1856. Welby’s domestic life was unusual, in that he had two families, one with his wife Elizabeth, and a second, with his mistress Mary Hutchinson. The Italian Journal (1832-1835), is a detailed record of his first three years in Italy, where he lived with Mary and their ten children, after giving up his family estate. The remaining three journals, dating from 1841 to 1856, are a record of his travels in Europe and his experiences following Mary’s death in 1840. He was a thoughtful and outspoken diarist, and the journals provide a unique record of his view of the world he lived and travelled in. The Introduction considers the contents of these Journals together with references to other manuscript letters and documents, the remaining two journals and his only published work, A Visit to North America and the English Settlements in Illinois, (1821). Welby’s writing is placed in the context of nineteenth-century life writing and the travel writing of the period. The journals also provide a perspective on English attitudes to life on the continent at the time. The journals are prefaced by headnotes which give bibliographical details of the manuscripts and the principles of transcription. Each journal is accompanied by an itinerary. The editorial notes provide contextual material, and identify contemporary and historical references. The fifteen appendices include a family tree, details of his reading, illustrations of journal pages, notes on The Fourth Journal and the transcription of a bastardy bond signed by Welby. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Peter Welby, the great, great grandson of Adlard Welby, for his help and generosity in lending me his unpublished family history notes, transcriptions and biographies, and those of his deceased, distant cousin, Gladys Muzzarelli Salvatori. I would also like to thank Maria Rossi, at the Yale Centre for British Art, for photocopying the letters from the Pugin Papers, between Adlard Welby and his sisters. My thanks too, to Wendy Atkin and Jacqui Cleaver, of the Sleaford Museum Trust, for all their help in providing photocopies and original documents relating to Adlard Welby. I am very grateful to my brother, Richard Holland, for his enthusiasm and interest, and for his very useful contributions to my research. My special thanks to Jenny Sanders for her invaluable help, and also to Caroline Friend, Christine and Tony Browne and Dr Jenny Bloodworth. I would particularly like to thank Professor Joanne Shattock, my supervisor, for her guidance, encouragement and support throughout the completion of this thesis. She has been a source of inspiration and taught me so much, making my time at Leicester University memorable and rewarding. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my late husband, John, who encouraged me to begin this research and always gave me his wholehearted love and support. iv Contents Volume 1 Page Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Contents iv Abbreviations v An Adlard Welby Chronology vi - ix Introduction Introduction | 1 – 102 Appendices: A. Welby’s List of his Children 103 B. The Nineteen Children: a summary 105 C. The Family Tree 107 D. Bastardy Bond, 1812 108 E. Adlard Welby’s Friends and Business Associates 110 F. The First Journal: Itinerary 111 G. The Fourth Journal: A Summary. 113 H. Books and Authors referred to by Welby 117 I. Portrait of Adlard Welby 120 J. ‘The residence of Adlard Welby, esquire’ 121 K. Page from The Italian Journal - Shells 122 L. Page from The Italian Journal – Barrow 123 M. The 1841 Journal 124 N. Map of Sleaford, North & South Rauceby, 1824 125 O. Map of Italy, 1833 126 Bibliography 127 The Italian Journal September 1832 – October 1835 The Italian Journal | 1 - 97 Volume 2 Contents ii Abbreviations iii The 1841 Journal April – December 1841 The 1841 Journal | 1 -74 The Second Journal April 1844 – January 1845 The Second Journal | 1 – 74 The Third Journal January 1845 – August 1847 The Third Journal | 1 – 169 Headnotes, Endnotes and an Itinerary are included with each journal transcription. v v Abbreviations AW Adlard Welby EW Elizabeth Welby MH Mary Hutchinson ED Eliza Darby/Eliza or Elizabeth Grant CW Catherine Welby, later CP Catherine Pugin SW Selina Welby It. J The Italian Journal 1841 J The 1841 Journal 1st J The First Journal 2nd J The Second Journal 3rd J The Third Journal 4th J The Fourth Journal Yale Letters from the Pugin Papers in the Yale Centre for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut. Bliss A.J.Bliss, A Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases. Cunningham Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, Past and Present. GMS Unpublished record of the Welby family history and transcriptions of letters and journals, by Gladys Muzzarelli Salvadori, the great great granddaughter of AW and MH. San Tommaso, Italy, 1980. North Adlard Welby, A Visit to North America and the English Settlements in America Illinois. OED Oxford English Dictionary ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Pictures Charles Dickens, Pictures from Italy. PW Unpublished record of the Welby family history and letters from the private collection of Peter Welby, great great grandson of AW and EW. c.1970. vi AN ADLARD WELBY CHRONOLOGY 1776 3rd October – Adlard Welby born in Islington, London, only surviving son of William Welby, barrister and Lincolnshire landowner, and his wife Elizabeth. 1776 The American Declaration of Independence. 1780 The Gordon Riots; anti Catholic uprisings in England. 1789 14th July – the storming of the Bastille in Paris marks the start of the French Revolution. 1792 3rd October, Articles of Clerkship drawn up on Welby’s sixteenth birthday, committing him to serve his father as solicitor’s clerk for a period of five years. 1796 Living and working on a farm at Wolverton, near Kingsclere in Hampshire. 1797 Travelling around England and Wales and writing to his sister Catherine. 1798 Visiting Yorkshire, Cumbria and Derbyshire and continuing to record his travels in letters home. 1799 In London, Norfolk and Devon. 1801 March – in Derbyshire. By now he has decided to give up Law as a career, against his father’s wishes, and asks Catherine to sell his law books. 14th May – marries Elizabeth Mary Hall. 1802 Living in South Rauceby, farming and managing the family estate. His sister, Catherine, marries French architect Auguste Charles Pugin. 1804 11th February – birth of son, William Montagu. 1804 Napoleon made Emperor of France 1805 Nelson destroys the French and Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. 1805 28th October - birth of son, Richard Thomas. 1807 Slave trade outlawed in Britain. 1807 22nd August – birth of daughter, Catherine Adeline. His son William is at school in London in the care of Catherine Pugin. 1809 18th May – death of his father; Welby inherits the Rauceby estate. 14th June – son Adlard is born. vii 1811 6th March – Mary Hutchinson bears him a daughter, Louisa. 14th September - wife, Elizabeth bears him a son, Charles Augustus. 1812 19th May – a bastardy bond names him as the father of the child Mary Hutchinson is carrying and he agrees to provide one hundred pounds in support. 10th August – Mary Hutchinson gives birth to a daughter, Lydia Susan. Catherine Pugin gives birth to a son, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, who becomes the renowned architect and designer. 1813 24th August – Elizabeth gives birth to a son, Henry. 20th November – a second bastardy bond names Welby and he agrees to a provision of five hundred pounds for the upkeep of Mary Hutchinson’s unborn child. 1814 10th January – Mary Hutchinson bears him a daughter, Casson Adelaide. 1815 29th April – Elizabeth gives birth to a son, Erasmus. 5th July – Mary Hutchinson gives birth to a daughter, Joanna. 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo. 1817 28th April – Mary Hutchinson gives birth to a daughter, Ethelin. Welby and his sister Catherine fall out over her sympathy for his wife and they become estranged. 1818 15th October – Mary Hutchinson gives birth to a son, Franklin. 1819 Separates from his wife, Elizabeth. 5th May – departs for North America with Mary Hutchinson. 1820 25th January – son Alfred is born in Philadelphia. 10th May – returns to England, to live again at Rauceby. 1821 Welby’s only published work, A Visit to North America and the English Settlements in Illinois, is published in London. 26th August – son Edgar is born to Mary Hutchinson. 1822 13th November – Mary Hutchinson gives birth to daughter Bertha. 1824 27th January – birth of Egbert, a son, to Mary Hutchinson. 1825 First passenger steam rail road from Stockton-on-Tees to Darlington in England. 1826 15th January – birth of Oswald, a son, to Mary Hutchinson. viii 1827 Daughter Louisa dies. 1829 22nd August - - birth of Algar, a son, last child born to Welby and Mary; he is Welby’s nineteenth child. 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act becomes law. 1832 September – lets the Rauceby estate and departs England for Italy with ten of Mary Hutchinson’s children, the youngest, Algar, remains in the care of a Reverend Hoyle, in England. 24th November – arrives in Ancona in the Marche region of Italy and begins making notes for his Italian Journal. 1832 Cholera epidemic in Europe.