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NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. National Library Bibliothèque nationale fl*( of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Onawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your No Vowo rdldmce Our th Noire réldrance The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive licence diowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seii reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts firom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTFUCT This thesis deals tvith 16 va ter sheds in northntstern New Bruiisivick raiiging in six from 3.000 ha to 70,000 lia that have been monitored since. The parameters analyzed n.ere: turbidity. sedinient load. TOC. EC. pH. hardness. SO,. NO;, total P. total N. TDS. Na. K. Ca. Mg. Cl. and NI-14. An automated database application \vas used to summarize the data by tvay of queries. tables. and graphs. Usine GIS. biophysical natershed cliaracteristics \vers de\.eloped for each xatershed: total area. area han~ested.road length and density. stream crossings and density. stream length and density. % area clearcut. 94 area planted. soft\vood vs. harduood. substrate. drainage. and elevation. Potential relationships betivesn forest operntions and stream nater qunlity ivcrre esriniincd 1-ia correlaiion anal!.sis. factor anal!,sis. and regression anal!.sis. Xo direct statisticall'. significant relationships nrre foiind bet\veen: ri) '.'O ma of forsst operations and other land-uses (up to 41.8% of the \vatershed) to n.ater qualit!-: and b) density of smam crossings (up to 0.873 crossings:km') to iiater qualit!.. hlulti~wiarestatistics indicated that: Turbidity increases \vith \vatershed size r Turbidity decreases \vith increasingly iveIl-drainsd \vatersheds r Phosphorus decreases \vitIl increasing sof~\voodcontent Clearcutting increases slectrical conducti\.ity Older plantations decrease electrical conducti\ity. -------------- Ks!. W'ords: \vater qualit',. iiatersheds, bioph!.sical characteristics. GIS. forest operations. land use. stream crossings 1 \vould like to estend my gratehl thanks to Mark Budd. for lis assistance tvirh the dritabase de\dopment: Greg Moffatt. for his help creating maps tvith GIS: Vince Zelazny and Darrell Fotvler for helping to get the GIS data: Andiet. Boutot. for collecting the man? grab sarnples: Steve Young for pro\.iding the project. and for pro\.iding expert ad\.ice: Dr. Charles Bourque and Dr. FanRiii 1,leng for proikiing guidance and support: Duc Banli for his help \t.ith the cornputers: Lori BUT IDr adniinistratit~esupport: Dr. Paul Arp for suptmking and enabling linanciril siippcin: and tinall!.. rhe resr of the crtxjust for hein? there. Fiiirincial support \\.as recei\ui from Graduate Rcstlrirch :\ssistsniships anci Graduate Teachinp .Assistantships lion1 ihe Faculty of Fortstry and En~~ironn~c.~irliI 1.lrinrigemrilt. Otlier financial support crime tiom SSERC'. and NSWC-CFS- Indiists!. gants. Data \vas rect.itwi tiom the Laborator!- Ior Forcst Soils ;ilid En\iror-inienial Qualit!. (J. Estq.. R. 0Iit.e. and D. hlcEltvn>,).TIie Scshr-Boitatu Forcst \\'aterslied Rtsttarch Centre pro~idedthe infrastrucrure, k..coinputers and softu.are (.4rcInfo. ArcVien.. Strttticn.. and Microsoft Ofticr). TABLE OF CONTENTS Page .LI BSTRACT .................................................... II ... ACKNOQ'LEDGMENTS .......................................... III ... LIST OF T.ABLES. ............................................... uii LIST OF FIGLIRES ............................................... s CHXPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROL'ND ................. 1 1.1 Itirsoduction .............................................. 1 1.2Ratioi.ialc................................................ 4 1.2 CriseStudy ............................................... 6 1.4 CiitcI1111t.i.it Cliaractcrization .................................. '1 1.5 li'atsr Qualit! Sampling ..................................... IO CI.1.-\l'TER 7 \I'.ATER QL:.ALIT)' P.ARXX.1ETERS ...................... 12 2.1 Inrsoductioii .............................................. I- 1 7.3 Turbidit! ................................................. 1-7 2.3 Sediinent Lorid ............................................ 14 2.4 Total Organic Carbon ....................................... 15 2.5 Elcctrical Conductivity ..................................... 16 2.6 Total Dissoli.ed Solids..................................... 18 2.7 pH ..................................................... 18 2.8 Sodium .................................................. 20 2.9 Potassium ............................................... 20 2.10 Calcium ............................................... 2.1 1 Ma=~neslum . ............................................ 2.13 Cliloride ............................................... 2.13 Hardness .............................................. 3.14Xitrate................................................ 7.15 An~monium............................................ 2.16Sulfate................................................ 2.1 7 Total Xitrogsn .......................................... 2.18 Tut31 I>liosphorus....................................... 7.19 Otlier Pxunsters ....................................... CI-L-IPTER 3 Mc\PPING ......................................... 3.1 U'ritcrshed Locarion and Dcl indon. ........................ 3.2 U'aterslied Land-Us c. Parrimeter Del.eloprnent. ................. 3.2 W'ritershtid GIS Anrilysis and Description ...................... 3.3.1 Belle Ksdgwick .................................... 3.3.2 CanlpbelI ......................................... ? 7 j. J.J Clsaruater ........................................ 3.5.4 Falls Brook ....................................... -, 1 3.2.5 Gounamitz ....................................... 3.3.6 Green River Bridge ................................. 11 _i .3.7 Gulqiiac .......................................... 3.3.8 Little Tobique..................................... 3.3.9 MacDouga11....................................... J.J.1 T 10 Odell. 43 7 i 3.5.1 1 Quisibis. , 3.3.11 South Brancli Kedpvick. , - 7 JJ. 13 Sissoii. , . J.J.~~T~~cY- 7 ........................................... - 3.3.1 5 Tivo Brooks. , . , . 1 2.3.16? Cl'apske. CI-1.-\PTER 4 D.AT.AB.ASE DEVELOPhIENT. , . 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Introduction io 11s Access. 4.3 \\'orking iiiili thc River 11onitaring N~t\\orkDatabase. 4.3.1 Data Input. 4.3.: Viriving Reports. 4.3 2.1 Standard Monthl!. Report. 4.3.2.2 Vic\v Tabulx Report. , . , . 4.3.2.3 Vie\\ Graphical Report. 4.3.2.4 Vieiv Graphical Report by Region. 4.3.2.5 Safe Lei.els. , . 4.3.3 Calculate Statistics. 4.3.4 Additional Functions. CHXPTER 5 CORRELATION ANALYSIS. 84 5.1 Introduction. 84 5.2h4ethods .................................................. 84 5.3 Results and Discussion ....................................... 83 5.4 Conclusions............................................... 89 CHAPTER 6 PRINCIPAL COMPONEYT FACTOR ANALYSIS .......... 91 6.1 Introduction ................................................ 91 6.2 Methods .................................................. 91 6.2 Results and Discussion ....................................... 99 6.4 Conclusion ................................................101 CHXPTER 7 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS ........... 10; 7.1 Introduction ............................................. 103 7.2 Xlcthods ..................................................103 7.2 Resiilts aiid Discussion ......................................1 OS 7.4 Conclusion ................................................114 CH.-\ P'1'L:R S CiROt'P IXIPACT ANALYSIS ........................... 115 S . 1 Iiitrodiicrion............................................. Il5 S.2 b1ctIiods .................................................Il8 S .3 Discussion .............................................. 170 8.4 Conclusion ............................................... 171 CHAPTER 9 SLlMMARY AXD CONCLUSIONS ....................... 1--7 1 9.1 Original Contributions ....................................... 1--77 9.2 Analysis Conclusions ....................................... 123 9.2.1 Correlation ......................................... 123 9.2.2 Factor Anal).sis...................................... 124 9.2.3 Multiple Lincar Regression ............................ 125 vii 92.4 Impact Analysis .................................... 127 9.3 Recommendarions ......................................... 128 LITERATURECITED............................................ 132 APPEKDIX 1 .................................................... 136 Summary list of variables for correlation anril!*sis. ..................... 85 Correlation matris for iniportant land-use cl~aracteristicsand \vater qualir!. paranieters .....................................................86 GIS and \vater quality parrimeters ustid in PCA Factor .r\nal>.sisafier