1 Drawing and A Resource for Teachers

DRAWING AND PHOTOGRAPHY A RESOURCE FOR TEACHERS

Suitable for Key Stage 2–5 Art & Design

Lynn Weddle July 2017 Juliette Buss

photoworks.org.uk #photoworks @photoworks_uk 2 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

DRAWING AND PHOTOGRAPHY A RESOURCE FOR TEACHERS

CONTENTS [4] Introduction [5] How to use this pack [6] Activities [13] Artists working with drawing and photography [15] Share your students’ work with us [16] Useful links

All images: Lynn Weddle 3 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

“Drawing as a form of communication has transcended history and cultures. In arts education it is viewed as central to students’ visual and creative thinking. Drawing is a key skill for pupils wishing to work in the sector.”

Making a mark: art, craft and design education, Ofsted, 2011 4 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

INTRODUCTION

Drawing and photography both investigate representation and present themselves via the two- dimensional surface. Parallels exist within the grain of film, the texture of paper, metallic surfaces of graphite and the silver within emulsion.

Children draw as a way to record and respond to their experiences. In early years children are confident in imaginative drawing, play and creative mark making. Drawing becomes more representational as Drawing and photography can take they progress through the education many forms and be integrated in system and many teachers comment many ways. This resource invites you on confidence levels falling. However, toembrace, challenge and explore at the same time, many children also the links between the two mediums gravitate to drawing, preferring this and how they can be creatively to any other activity. employed within the classroom with all ages.

There is a fine line between drawing and photography. Photography has been termed ‘drawing with light’ and was born in the 1850’s, with artists and draftsmen wishing to capture a truly authentic representation of the world by experimenting with a lens to project an image of the outside world inside a darkened box or room as reference for their preparatory sketches. 5 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

HOW TO USE THIS PACK

There is an increased emphasis What Teachers have said about on drawing in the Art & Design these suggested activities: National Curriculum. This pack “A brilliant range of approaches. offers teachers a range of ideas Very tangible when working with to increase the creative use of students. Low cost, very important. drawing and photography within I will use them all in my teaching.” their teaching. It highlights and suggests ways of engaging students “Lovely, alternative idea for and outlines activities to explore in photograms. Also using the the classroom, themes to consider projector and scratching into and questions to ask. The themes the negatives, sharing ideas with represent an indication of potential others we realised we could use our learning opportunities and the overhead projector and use it in the questions are intended as prompts same way – may be scratching into for further discussion. our old back and white film negs.”

The pack is relevant mainly within About Photoworks the Art & Design and Photography Photoworks is a national development curriculum at Key Stage 2 - 5. agency for photography. Photoworks’ However, teachers of other subjects programme includes commissions, and age groups may also find it new writing, participation and useful. The information and activities exceptional projects including the are suitable for adaptation at national Jerwood/Photoworks different levels. Awards, Photoworks Annual and Brighton Photo Biennial. Our aim is Curriculum links: to connect outstanding artists with The pack does not presume to make audiences and to champion talent explicit curriculum links, but the and ambition. Photoworks is based themes outlined are appropriate at the University of Brighton, UK and for embedding within a variety is a National Portfolio Organisation of different schemes of work at supported by Arts Council England. different levels of study. [email protected] photoworks.org.uk 6 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

ACTIVITIES

Draw · Project · Document Working in small groups, students make/select a photograph that fits with their existing project theme(s). The image is projected onto a large piece of paper pinned to the wall. Together the students make marks with graphite sticks, chalk (on sticks) or lines with electric/gaffa tape focusing on making patterns and building texture.

Further images can be projected on top of the original, so the drawing develops and grows with every new image, eventually culminating in an abstract piece.

The process can be varied at different stages. The finished work may be the drawing, or the finished work may be a photograph of the drawing with the projected image included. Students may prefer to work alone. Remember to encourage students to document the process. 7 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

Make a Mark This activity investigates ways of manipulating the photographic image using traditional analogue photographic equipment. Using 35mm negatives, students incorporate drawing processes by making scratches and marks into the glossy side of the negatives.

Old slides can be found in junk shops and charity shops, or by asking family members. The marked slides are then placed inside a slide-mount and projected using a carousel slide projector onto a wall. New photographic artwork is then created by photographing the projected image.

If you don’t have a carousel slide projector, you can use a negative scanner. Alternatively, a number of apps are available that turn your phone or tablet into a lightbox, allowing the slide to be easily viewed.

Other ideas: [] Use bleach to make marks into the emulsion side of the negative.

[] Acetate laid on top of the negative can be painted before projection

[] Ghostly traces and effects can be created by using cut up/layered sticky tape. Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers 9 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

Stitching A simple, yet effective way of working with mark making and photography is to stitch or sew photographs – stitching collaged elements together, or sewing (by hand or with a machine) with coloured threads to create patterns and texture across photographs. Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers 10 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

Drawing with Light It’s a good idea to make sure your Sometimes known as ‘Painting light source directly faces the with Light’ or ‘Light Graffiti’, this to capture the ‘marks’ being photographic process uses a slow/ made in the air. long to trace the movements of hand held lights This activity works best in the dark. Working in a dark space means Glow sticks, LED torches, coloured your shutter speed can be as slow finger torches, LED key chain lights as possible, ideally over 30 second or digital light wands are all ideal shutter speed to have enough time light-sources. If you have use of a to create a drawn image. portable flash-gun, you can use it to add flashes to your images and If your work space isn’t very dark, highlight areas. an 8-10 second will work, but your time to draw will be short You need a DSLR camera set to and you may need to experiment to manual mode, with a setting capture your drawing. - this allows your camera to keep taking the photo until your finger You can play with different effects: comes off the shutter button – work to eliminate an object, bring perfect for long exposures. it to life, draw around its shape or creatively add to it, or you Your camera needs to be on a could move the camera itself as you are working with slow shutter during the exposure time to create speeds. Another tip is to work with painterly effects and build layers a remote control or cable release into your image. so camera movement doesn’t affect your image. This allows you to work with a really low ISO of 100 to 200. 11 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

Camera Obscura [] Take a scrap of tracing paper and is photographed to create a final Camera obscuras are ancient hold it inside the box. Look through image. Photography can be turned optical device used since the the tracing paper towards the lens into sculpture or installation by sixteenth century to aid drawing. – moving the tracing paper closer placing objects in front of the wall, or further away until you find where so that the image falls across the The camera obscura creates a the image is sharpest. Mark this object. projected image of the outside point on the inside of the box. world onto the wall of a dark box, or room. A tiny hole in one wall [] Cut the box in half (using scissors allows the image into the room/box. or a craft knife) at the point you Because the light travels in a straight have just marked. Hold on to the line, this image is inverted (upside- piece you have just cut off – you down) and back to front. will need it!

Placing a lens across the hole [] Tape a sheet of tracing paper over sharpens the image. The camera the end of the box and then fix obscura principle informs the pinhole the piece of box you cut off back camera – a box with a pinhole and into place over the tracing paper light sensitive paper inside it – the using tape. precursor to the modern camera. [] Tape over any gaps. You can make a simple camera obscura from any box with a pinhole [] Try out your camera obscura! or lens, revealing the magic of photography and drawing with light. It works best when you point it at a strong light source – such as a You can choose any box small or window. The image will be faint in large. Work with a lens or just a tiny low-level light, so try taking it outside pinhole, however, a lens makes it into bright sunlight and explore – easier to work with low light levels. experiment with different distances from objects to see how it focuses.

STEPS: Digital (or phone can be [] Choose your box. Cut a viewing used to capture the projected image. hole in one end and open up the With a mobile phone camera you can opposite end easily correct the upside down image.

[] Find a lens (you can unscrew a The same principal can be used to torch and use the lens, or purchase turn an entire room into a camera inexpensive mini toy magnifying obscura relatively simply. The glasses online). image will be projected onto one wall. Students can pin large sheets [] Tape the lens across the hole you of paper to the wall and use the have just cut. projected image as a guideline for a drawing or painting, or a combination of drawn and projected image that 12 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

Blueprints Cyanotypes - also referred to as “blueprints” or “sun prints” are the oldest non-silver photographic process. They are made by exposing paper that has been treated with a solution of potassium ferricyanide and ferric ammonium citrate to a UV light source such as the sun, then placing objects on top of the paper to create photogram type effects. The image is then ‘set’ by fixing the paper with water.

Sunprint paper is photosensitive paper that mimics the cyanotype process. It is available to buy cheaply online and is a great way of combining photography and drawing processes. Students draw and make marks on sheets of acetate using marker pens, electrical tape or gaffa tape (which can be cut) to make marks, patterns and shapes that are then placed on top of the sunprint, and exposed to daylight before being washed in water to develop.

The sheets of acetate should be the same size as the sunprint sheets, and should be clipped onto the sunprint to avoid light leaking underneath. You will also need trays of water to submerge your sunprint after exposure for up to 1 minute to ‘fix’ the paper before being dried. When the print dries, it turns a much darker blue.

The final piece could then be drawn onto to add another layer of mark making. 13 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

ARTISTS WORKING WITH DRAWING AND PHOTOGRAPHY

Anna Atkins 1799 – 1871 Tacita Dean b.1965 Abelardo Morell b.1948 An English botanist and photographer, Dean works primarily with 16mm film. Morell is best known for turning influential in the development of Her work explores sense of place, entire rooms and interior spaces into photography, as a medium to capture history and time, playing with the giant camera obscuras. He works in and represent the natural world. unique qualities of analogue film different spaces across the world, Atkins’s late 18th century practice and blurring lines between fact and blending internal and external views explored Cyanotype photography fiction. The sea is a recurring theme. to create his delicate images. making, using and made within the Although film is her primary medium, natural world. Dean also works with drawing most Julie Cockburn b.1966 notably her chalkboard series that British artist Julie Cockburn Robert Rauschenberg 1925 – 2008 is evocative of black & white film embroiders found photographs and An American painter and graphic storyboards. paintings transforming them into artist whose early works influenced elaborate, hand-crafted objects. the pop art movement. Lichtfaktor established 2006 Nature and urban life, gender and Rauschenberg experimented A collective of light writing artists identity are themes that she often with many mixed media processes based in Germany working with video returns to. considered ground breaking at and light projection. The group’s the time, in particular combining ‘lightwriting’ style is influenced Dryden Goodwin b.1971 well-known photographic images by graffiti and street art. Many of Drawing is integral to Dryden (often from the press) on his large the collective have street art Goodwin’s photography, and he uses canvas paintings using screen backgrounds. a variety of approaches to achieve printing processes. Rauschenberg this, sometimes using live-action was a painter an a sculptor, but he Eric Staller b.1947 video, or drawing onto photographs, also worked with photography, One of the first, and best known often making drawn portraits that he printmaking, papermaking, and artists to create light drawings, photographs and re-photographs performance. Staller’s work combines performance repeatedly to create multi-layered and sculpture. Staller often worked images with a strong sense of at night walking the streets of New movement. York City creating light painting photographs. Eric’s Light Drawing Jan von Holleben b.1977 series could be the very first light Jan von Holleben experiments with art performance photographs illusion and the magic of photography. ever created. Childhood, play, and imagination feature heavily in his work, which uses tricks of the lens to tell a story. Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers 14 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

Workshop with Jan von Holleben for Brighton Photo Biennial. Photo: Andrei Lionaschescu 15 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

SHARE YOUR STUDENTS’ WORK WITH US

We’ve launched a Youth Showcase providing a high profile platform for photography by 16-18 year olds that follows the success of our established online showcase for emerging photographers.

Our website currently attracts visits from over 10,000 photography lovers a month. Submission to our Youth Showcase is free and open to all 16-18 year olds whether they are studying photography or not.

Every month we’ll pick our favourites and share them with our global community of photography lovers.

Find details on how to submit your work at: www.photoworks.org.uk/ category/youth-showcase 16 Drawing and Photography A Resource for Teachers

USEFUL LINKS

BPB.ORG.UK TATE.ORG.UK VAM.AC.UK The Biennial website includes Tate’s Learn Online section is The Victoria & Albert Museum’s information about exhibiting extensive and thorough. It has a website includes numerous resources photographers and collaborators, range of resources for children, and a subject hub for photography. and details of the festival programme young people and teachers including The section includes articles, and related events and activities. in depth information on artists thematics, genre information, and and exhibitions, images from the details on photographic processes, PHOTOWORKS.ORG.UK collection, archive film footage, audio photographers and exhibitions. Photoworks commissions new and video. The online shop sells photography, produces exhibitions teachers’ packs and activity sets. THEPHOTOGRAPHERSGALLERY. and events including the Brighton ORG.UK Photo Biennial, publishes books and NPG.ORG.UK The Photographers’ Gallery is the an annual magazine. The National Portrait Gallery includes largest public gallery in London extensive resources for teachers dedicated to photography. Its website MAGNUMPHOTOS.COM about portraiture in a variety includes details of photographers, One of the world’s leading photo of media, including photography. exhibitions, and learning resources. agencies Magnum photographers document people, events, issues and PHOTOGRAPHYTIPS.COM PHOTOPEDAGOGY.COM personalities across the world. A well regarded website offering A site created by photography practical information and advice teachers for photography teachers. on techniques to improve your With a blog, resources and showcase. photography. A practical ‘how to’ site, and a free membership site.