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Past Mining and Present Quarrying Impacts on The HRVATSKI GEOLOŠKI INSTITUT - CROATIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PASTPAST MININGMINING ANDAND PRESENTPRESENT QUARRYINGQUARRYING IMPACTSIMPACTS ONON THETHE DALMATIANDALMATIAN KARSTKARST ENVIRONMENT,ENVIRONMENT, CROATIACROATIA ErliErli KovaKovaččevievićć(1)(1) SlobodanSlobodan MikoMiko(1)(1) ŽeljkoŽeljko DediDedićć(1)(1) OzrenOzren HasanHasan(1)(1) BorisBoris LukšiLukšićć(1)(1) ZoranZoran PehPeh (1)(1) (1) Croatian Geological Survey; Sachsova 2, Zagreb 10000, Croatia 15th Meeting of the Association of European Geological Societies Content • Geography and geology of Croatia • Mineral resources of Croatia and Dalmatia • Consequences of bauxite mining and impact on soils • Topsoil geochemical mapping • Impacts of quarrying on landscape • GIS modelling • Future prospects Geography of Croatia • Area: 58,540 km2 • Population: 4.8 million Boundary between Carbonate and Non-carbonate terrains A D R I A T I C S E A Geology of Croatia 1) North and NE Croatia - Inner Dinaride Belt 90 % thick unconsolidated • Quarternary sedimentary deposits 10% igneous and • metamorphic rocks 2) South Croatia - Outer (karstic) Dinarides carbonate rock (limestone • and dolomite – carbonate platform environments) Geology of Croatia Dalmatian karst Geology of Croatia Dalmatian karst Terra rossa Mineral resources of Croatia Mineral commodity: • crushed stone aggregate: 253 sites • dimension stone: 103 sites • sand and gravel: 82 sites • clay: 49 sites • bauxite: 15 sites • gypsum: 9 sites • other non metal deposits • coal in the past •TOTAL NUMBER OF EXPLOITATION SITES IN CROATIA: 626 (378 km²) Quarrying in Dalmatia • 72 active crushed stone aggregate quarries or 25 % in Dalmatia • 83 active dimension stone quarries or 80 % in Dalmatia Total number of active exploitation sites: 195 Bauxites in Dalmatia More than 1000 deposits were mined in the 20th century Two types of environmental impacts: 1) over 800 open pits left today, many of them used as illegal waste disposal sites Bauxites in Dalmatia Bauxite pits Bauxites in Dalmatia Bauxite pit Bauxites in Dalmatia Bauxite pit 2) dipersion of bauxite dust by wind and water , and changing the topsoil chemistry Geochemical mapping Mura Vara` din D rava Krapi na B I L O L o G The geochemical mapping of karst n Bjelovar j O a ZAGREB R S ^ e A A s VA m D a r a va va Ilo Karlovac topsoil is performed within the Kupa OSIJEK Rijeka SISAK a n li Po` ega Ogulin G a n Vi nkovci a KRK r U o n a D U K N project “The basic geochemical B A “The basic geochemical o V sut SA CRES VA Pula map of the Republic of Croatia”Croatia V RAB E L LO[ INJ Gospi} PAG E LEGEND: B I Gleyic and Calcic Chernozems T Eutric Cambisols Zadar D DUGI O. I Humic, Dystric and Eutric Cambisols a S k N r V K I A L Chromic Cambisols; Chromic Luvisols A R [ibenik J A A Humic and Distric Cambisols; Rendzic Leptosols C e t in a Split B Albic and Gleyic Luvisols; Stagnic and Gleyic Podzoluvisols I O K BRA^ Chromic Luvisols and Chromic Cambisols O V Eutric, Mollic and Calcic Gleysols HVAR O VIS Mollic Gleysols KOR^ ULA Mollic and Calcaric Fluvisols LASTOVO MLJET Mollic Gleysols Dubrovni k Aric Anthrosols Rocky terrain 0 50 100km • 1700 sampling sites • analysis for 35 elements • single element maps • GIS-database Karst topsoil database Soils and bauxite Soils from Istrian and Dalmatian region: 30 – 50% higher concentrations of Cr, V, AS, Cd, Ni and Pb Areas of highest concentrations correspond with locations of bauxite mines Soils and bauxite Consequence of bauxite mining or natural geogene influence of bauxite dust in Pleistocene? Soils and bauxite BX SOSIN KLANCI ISTRA/PRIM. G. KOTAR AREA ŽUMB. KORDUN LIKA DALM. 9 20 40 60 80 100 300 10 30 50 70 90 200 400 Cr+V+Ni/Sc Cr+V+Ni/Sc in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite BX SOSIN KLANCI ISTRA/PRIM. G. KOTAR AREA ŽUMB. KORDUN LIKA DALM. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Zr/Sc Zr/Sc in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite BX SOSIN KLANCI ISTRA/PRIM. G. KOTAR AREA ŽUMB. KORDUN LIKA DALM. 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 Cr/V Cr/V in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite SOSIN 0-3 SOSIN 3-10 SOSIN 10-20 SOSIN 20-30 SOSIN 30-40 SOSIN 40-50 SOSIN 50-65 SOSIN 65-85 SOSIN 85-93 0,56 0,58 0,60 0,62 0,64 0,66 0,68 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,86 Cr/V Cr/V distribution in a soil profile Soils and bauxite KLANCI 0-3 KLANCI 3-10 KLANCI 10-20 KLANCI 20-30 KLANCI 30-40 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,86 0,88 0,90 0,92 0,94 0,96 Cr/V Cr/V distribution in a soil profile Soils and bauxite KLANCI 0-3 KLANCI 3-10 KLANCI 10-20 KLANCI 20-30 KLANCI 30-40 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 7,8 Zr/Sc Zr/Sc distribution in a soil profile Quarrying in Dalmatia Visual impact Illegal waste disposal GIS – bauxite deposits in Sibenik county GIS - topography GIS – digital geological map GIS – geological mineral potential GIS – population density distribution GIS – protected areas, seacoast, towns, roads GIS – areas of mineral exploitation restrictions Based on distance from seacoast, towns, roads, protected areas, sports and tourist centres and agricultural areas GIS – resultant geological mineral potential GIS – geological potential for crushed aggregates Future prospects To rise awareness of various mining problems and impacts on karst, to help manage better the use of mineral resources in Dalmatia, based on identification of more suitable areas for stone production by taking in account both environmental and marketplace restrictions and to help local environmental policy makers to correctly manage the fragile karst environment and to preserve the natural landscape. ThankThank youyou !!.
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