HRVATSKI GEOLOŠKI INSTITUT - CROATIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
PASTPAST MININGMINING ANDAND PRESENTPRESENT QUARRYINGQUARRYING IMPACTSIMPACTS ONON THETHE DALMATIANDALMATIAN KARSTKARST ENVIRONMENT,ENVIRONMENT, CROATIACROATIA
ErliErli KovaKovaččevievićć(1)(1) SlobodanSlobodan MikoMiko(1)(1) ŽeljkoŽeljko DediDedićć(1)(1) OzrenOzren HasanHasan(1)(1) BorisBoris LukšiLukšićć(1)(1) ZoranZoran PehPeh (1)(1)
(1) Croatian Geological Survey; Sachsova 2, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
15th Meeting of the Association of European Geological Societies Content
• Geography and geology of Croatia • Mineral resources of Croatia and Dalmatia • Consequences of bauxite mining and impact on soils • Topsoil geochemical mapping • Impacts of quarrying on landscape • GIS modelling • Future prospects Geography of Croatia
• Area: 58,540 km2 • Population: 4.8 million Geology of Croatia
1) North and NE Croatia - Inner Dinaride Belt • 90 % thick unconsolidated Quarternary sedimentary deposits • 10% igneous and metamorphic rocks Boundary between Carbonate and Non-carbonate terrains
A
D R
I A 2) South Croatia - T
I C
Outer (karstic) Dinarides
S E • carbonate rock (limestone A and dolomite – carbonate platform environments) Geology of Croatia
Dalmatian karst Geology of Croatia
Dalmatian karst
Terra rossa Mineral resources of Croatia
Mineral commodity: • crushed stone aggregate: 253 sites • dimension stone: 103 sites • sand and gravel: 82 sites • clay: 49 sites • bauxite: 15 sites • gypsum: 9 sites • other non metal deposits • coal in the past
•TOTAL NUMBER OF EXPLOITATION SITES IN CROATIA: 626 (378 km²) Quarrying in Dalmatia
• 72 active crushed stone aggregate quarries or 25 % in Dalmatia • 83 active dimension stone quarries or 80 % in Dalmatia
Total number of active exploitation sites: 195 Bauxites in Dalmatia
More than 1000 deposits were mined in the 20th century
Two types of environmental impacts: 1) over 800 open pits left today, many of them used as illegal waste disposal sites Bauxites in Dalmatia
Bauxite pits Bauxites in Dalmatia
Bauxite pit Bauxites in Dalmatia
Bauxite pit
2) dipersion of bauxite dust by wind and water , and changing the topsoil chemistry Geochemical mapping
Mura
Vara` din Drava
Krapina B
I L
O L o G The geochemical mapping of karst n Bjelovar j O a R ZAGREB ^ S A A e s V m D A ra a va
va Ilo Karlovac topsoil is performed within the
Kupa OSIJEK Rijeka SISAK a n li Ogulin G Po` ega a n Vi nkovci a KRK r Un o a DU K N project “The basic geochemical B A “The basic geochemical o V sut SA CRES VA Pula map of the Republic of Croatia”Croatia V RAB
E
L LO[ INJ
Gospi} PAG E
LEGEND: B
I
Gleyic and Calcic Chernozems T
Eutric Cambisols Zadar D
DUGI O.
I
Humic, Dystric and Eutric Cambisols a S k N r V K I A L
Chromic Cambisols; Chromic Luvisols A R [ibenik J
A A Humic and Distric Cambisols; Rendzic Leptosols
C e t in a Split B
Albic and Gleyic Luvisols; Stagnic and Gleyic Podzoluvisols I
O
K BRA^
O Chromic Luvisols and Chromic Cambisols
V
HVAR O Eutric, Mollic and Calcic Gleysols VIS
Mollic Gleysols KOR^ ULA
Mollic and Calcaric Fluvisols LASTOVO MLJET Dubrovni k Mollic Gleysols
Aric Anthrosols
Rocky terrain 0 50 100km • 1700 sampling sites • analysis for 35 elements • single element maps • GIS-database Karst topsoil database Soils and bauxite
Soils from Istrian and Dalmatian region: 30 – 50% higher concentrations of Cr, V, AS, Cd, Ni and Pb
Areas of highest concentrations correspond with locations of bauxite mines Soils and bauxite
Consequence of bauxite mining or natural geogene influence of bauxite dust in Pleistocene? Soils and bauxite
BX
SOSIN
KLANCI
ISTRA/PRIM.
G. KOTAR AREA
ŽUMB.
KORDUN
LIKA
DALM.
9 20 40 60 80 100 300 10 30 50 70 90 200 400 Cr+V+Ni/Sc
Cr+V+Ni/Sc in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite
BX
SOSIN
KLANCI
ISTRA/PRIM.
G. KOTAR AREA
ŽUMB.
KORDUN
LIKA
DALM.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Zr/Sc
Zr/Sc in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite
BX
SOSIN
KLANCI
ISTRA/PRIM.
G. KOTAR AREA
ŽUMB.
KORDUN
LIKA
DALM.
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 Cr/V
Cr/V in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite
SOSIN 0-3
SOSIN 3-10
SOSIN 10-20
SOSIN 20-30
SOSIN 30-40
SOSIN 40-50
SOSIN 50-65
SOSIN 65-85
SOSIN 85-93
0,56 0,58 0,60 0,62 0,64 0,66 0,68 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,86 Cr/V
Cr/V distribution in a soil profile Soils and bauxite
KLANCI 0-3
KLANCI 3-10
KLANCI 10-20
KLANCI 20-30
KLANCI 30-40
0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,86 0,88 0,90 0,92 0,94 0,96 Cr/V
Cr/V distribution in a soil profile Soils and bauxite
KLANCI 0-3
KLANCI 3-10
KLANCI 10-20
KLANCI 20-30
KLANCI 30-40
7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 7,8 Zr/Sc
Zr/Sc distribution in a soil profile Quarrying in Dalmatia
Visual impact Illegal waste disposal GIS – bauxite deposits in Sibenik county GIS - topography GIS – digital geological map GIS – geological mineral potential GIS – population density distribution GIS – protected areas, seacoast, towns, roads GIS – areas of mineral exploitation restrictions
Based on distance from seacoast, towns, roads, protected areas, sports and tourist centres and agricultural areas GIS – resultant geological mineral potential GIS – geological potential for crushed aggregates Future prospects
To rise awareness of various mining problems and impacts on karst, to help manage better the use of mineral resources in Dalmatia, based on identification of more suitable areas for stone production by taking in account both environmental and marketplace restrictions and to help local environmental policy makers to correctly manage the fragile karst environment and to preserve the natural landscape. ThankThank youyou !!