HRVATSKI GEOLOŠKI INSTITUT - CROATIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PASTPAST MININGMINING ANDAND PRESENTPRESENT QUARRYINGQUARRYING IMPACTSIMPACTS ONON THETHE DALMATIANDALMATIAN KARSTKARST ENVIRONMENT,ENVIRONMENT, CROATIACROATIA

ErliErli KovaKovaččevievićć(1)(1) SlobodanSlobodan MikoMiko(1)(1) ŽeljkoŽeljko DediDedićć(1)(1) OzrenOzren HasanHasan(1)(1) BorisBoris LukšiLukšićć(1)(1) ZoranZoran PehPeh (1)(1)

(1) Croatian Geological Survey; Sachsova 2, 10000,

15th Meeting of the Association of European Geological Societies Content

• Geography and • Mineral resources of Croatia and • Consequences of mining and impact on soils • Topsoil geochemical mapping • Impacts of quarrying on landscape • GIS modelling • Future prospects

• Area: 58,540 km2 • Population: 4.8 million Geology of Croatia

1) North and NE Croatia - Inner Dinaride Belt • 90 % thick unconsolidated Quarternary sedimentary deposits • 10% igneous and metamorphic rocks Boundary between Carbonate and Non-carbonate terrains

A

D R

I A 2) South Croatia - T

I C

Outer (karstic) Dinarides

S E • ( A and – carbonate platform environments) Geology of Croatia

Dalmatian Geology of Croatia

Dalmatian karst

Terra rossa Mineral resources of Croatia

Mineral commodity: • crushed stone aggregate: 253 sites • dimension stone: 103 sites • sand and gravel: 82 sites • clay: 49 sites • bauxite: 15 sites • : 9 sites • other non metal deposits • coal in the past

•TOTAL NUMBER OF EXPLOITATION SITES IN CROATIA: 626 (378 km²) Quarrying in Dalmatia

• 72 active crushed stone aggregate quarries or 25 % in Dalmatia • 83 active dimension stone quarries or 80 % in Dalmatia

Total number of active exploitation sites: 195 in Dalmatia

More than 1000 deposits were mined in the 20th century

Two types of environmental impacts: 1) over 800 open pits left today, many of them used as illegal waste disposal sites Bauxites in Dalmatia

Bauxite pits Bauxites in Dalmatia

Bauxite pit Bauxites in Dalmatia

Bauxite pit

2) dipersion of bauxite dust by wind and water , and changing the topsoil chemistry Geochemical mapping

Mura

Vara` din

Krapina B

I L

O L o G The geochemical mapping of karst n j O a R ZAGREB ^ S A A e s V m D A ra a va

va Ilo topsoil is performed within the

Kupa a n li Ogulin G Po` ega a n Vi nkovci a r Un o a DU K N project “The basic geochemical B A “The basic geochemical o V sut SA VA map of the Republic of Croatia”Croatia V RAB

E

L LO[ INJ

Gospi} PAG E

LEGEND: B

I

Gleyic and Calcic Chernozems T

Eutric Cambisols D

DUGI O.

I

Humic, Dystric and Eutric Cambisols a S k N r V K I A L

Chromic Cambisols; Chromic Luvisols A R [ibenik J

A A Humic and Distric Cambisols; Rendzic Leptosols

C e t in a Split B

Albic and Gleyic Luvisols; Stagnic and Gleyic Podzoluvisols I

O

K BRA^

O Chromic Luvisols and Chromic Cambisols

V

HVAR O Eutric, Mollic and Calcic Gleysols

Mollic Gleysols KOR^ ULA

Mollic and Calcaric Fluvisols MLJET Dubrovni k Mollic Gleysols

Aric Anthrosols

Rocky terrain 0 50 100km • 1700 sampling sites • analysis for 35 elements • single element maps • GIS-database Karst topsoil database Soils and bauxite

Soils from Istrian and Dalmatian region: 30 – 50% higher concentrations of Cr, V, AS, Cd, Ni and Pb

Areas of highest concentrations correspond with locations of bauxite mines Soils and bauxite

Consequence of bauxite mining or natural geogene influence of bauxite dust in ? Soils and bauxite

BX

SOSIN

KLANCI

ISTRA/PRIM.

G. KOTAR AREA

ŽUMB.

KORDUN

LIKA

DALM.

9 20 40 60 80 100 300 10 30 50 70 90 200 400 Cr+V+Ni/Sc

Cr+V+Ni/Sc in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite

BX

SOSIN

KLANCI

ISTRA/PRIM.

G. KOTAR AREA

ŽUMB.

KORDUN

LIKA

DALM.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Zr/Sc

Zr/Sc in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite

BX

SOSIN

KLANCI

ISTRA/PRIM.

G. KOTAR AREA

ŽUMB.

KORDUN

LIKA

DALM.

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 Cr/V

Cr/V in bauxites and soils Soils and bauxite

SOSIN 0-3

SOSIN 3-10

SOSIN 10-20

SOSIN 20-30

SOSIN 30-40

SOSIN 40-50

SOSIN 50-65

SOSIN 65-85

SOSIN 85-93

0,56 0,58 0,60 0,62 0,64 0,66 0,68 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,86 Cr/V

Cr/V distribution in a soil profile Soils and bauxite

KLANCI 0-3

KLANCI 3-10

KLANCI 10-20

KLANCI 20-30

KLANCI 30-40

0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,86 0,88 0,90 0,92 0,94 0,96 Cr/V

Cr/V distribution in a soil profile Soils and bauxite

KLANCI 0-3

KLANCI 3-10

KLANCI 10-20

KLANCI 20-30

KLANCI 30-40

7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 7,8 Zr/Sc

Zr/Sc distribution in a soil profile Quarrying in Dalmatia

Visual impact Illegal waste disposal GIS – bauxite deposits in Sibenik county GIS - topography GIS – digital geological map GIS – geological mineral potential GIS – distribution GIS – protected areas, seacoast, towns, roads GIS – areas of mineral exploitation restrictions

Based on distance from seacoast, towns, roads, protected areas, sports and tourist centres and agricultural areas GIS – resultant geological mineral potential GIS – geological potential for crushed aggregates Future prospects

To rise awareness of various mining problems and impacts on karst, to help manage better the use of mineral resources in Dalmatia, based on identification of more suitable areas for stone production by taking in account both environmental and marketplace restrictions and to help local environmental policy makers to correctly manage the fragile karst environment and to preserve the natural landscape. ThankThank youyou !!