Global Change Impacts and Conservation Priorities in the Iberian Peninsula

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Global Change Impacts and Conservation Priorities in the Iberian Peninsula Global change impacts and conservation priorities in the Iberian Peninsula María Triviño De la Cal Tesis Doctoral Madrid, Mayo 2012 Dr. Miguel Bastos Araújo, Investigador Científico del Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, y Dra. Mar Cabeza Jaimejuan, Investigadora Científica del “Department of Biosciences” de la Universidad de Helsinki (Finlandia), CERTIFICAN: Que los trabajos de investigación desarrollados en la memoria de tesis doctoral: “Global change impacts and conservation priorities in the Iberian Peninsula”, son aptos para ser presentados por la Lda. María Triviño De la Cal ante el Tribunal que en su día consigne, para aspirar al Grado de Doctor en Ciencias Ambientales por la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid. VºBº Director Tesis VºBº Directora Tesis Dr. Miguel Bastos Araújo Dra. Mar Cabeza Jaimejuan Índice Resumen …………………………………………………..……………………………………..…………… 1 Antecedentes 3 Objetivos y estructura de la tesis 11 Metodología general 15 Conclusiones generales 23 Bibliografía 26 Lista de manuscritos 35 Agradecimientos …………………….…………………………………………………………………… 37 Chapter I ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43 Linking like with like: optimising connectivity between environmentally- similar habitat Chapter II ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73 The Contribution of Vegetation and Landscape Configuration for Predicting Environmental Change Impacts on Iberian Birds Chapter III ……………………………………………………………………………..……………………… 109 Risk assessment for Iberian birds under global change Chapter IV ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 141 Conservation priorities under climate change: Identifying threats and opportunities for the Iberian protected area networks General Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………..…… 173 A mis padres, Marisa y Carlos A mi hermana, Cristina Créditos Fotografías de Mikel Sastre Morro: Portada: petirrojo (Erithacus rubecula), carbonero común (Parus major), tarabilla norteña en vuelo (Saxicola rubetra), jilguero (Carduelis carduelis), curruca capirotada (Sylvia atricapilla) y verdecillo (Serinus serinus). Fotografía fragmentación capítulo I: Ellen Damschen & Forest Service (http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/13040.aspx) Ellen Damschen y John Orrock están estudiando la eficacia de los corredores en un experimento a largo plazo en Savannah River en Carolina del Sur. Ilustraciones de Marga del Dedo Garcimartín Agradecimientos: Pico mediano (Dendrocopos medius) Capítulo II: Agateador norteño (Certhia familiaris) Capítulo III: Reyezuelo sencillo (Regulus regulus) Capítulo IV: Zarcero pálido oriental (Hippolais pallida) Ilustración Resumen: Ilusión óptica aves o mujer Ilustación que puede representar tanto el rostro de una mujer como unas aves llegando al nido, por lo tanto intenta ser una metáfora de la modelización del medio ambiente y sus distintas interpretaciones. http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/9654412/Ilusiones-opticas_Juega-con-tu-mente_.html Resumen RESUMEN Ilusión óptica Aves o Mujer 1 Resumen 2 Resumen Antecedentes Esta tesis se encuadra en el estudio de los efectos del cambio global sobre la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas ibéricos y en el desarrollo de medidas de conservación que los tengan en cuenta. EFECTOS DEL CAMBIO GLOBAL SOBRE LA BIODIVERSIDAD ¿Por qué se debe conservar la biodiversidad? La biodiversidad o diversidad biológica es una medida de la amplia variedad de seres vivos que habitan la Tierra y los patrones naturales que la conforman. El término biodiversidad abarca todos los niveles de la vida, desde información genética a comunidades, incluyendo su composición, estructura y función (McNeely et al. 1990; Salwasser 1990). Además esta información puede encontrarse a muy diversas escalas espaciales o temporales (Noss 1990). Los estudios indican que durante las últimas décadas la biodiversidad está descendiendo de manera alarmante (ej., Pimm & Raven 2000) y se considera que estamos viviendo la llamada “sexta gran extinción” (Barnosky et al. 2011). Como respuesta a la pérdida de la biodiversidad surgió una nueva disciplina científica, llamada biología de la conservación, que se consolidó en la década de 1980 y que integra contribuciones de disciplinas tan diferentes como la ecología, la biogeografía, la genética, la sociología, la paleo-biología o las ciencias políticas. El principal objetivo de la biología de la conservación es estudiar las causas de la pérdida de la biodiversidad y plantear medidas para minimizarla (ej., Simberloff 1988). ¿Cuáles son las causas de la actual alta y rápida tasa de pérdida de biodiversidad? Existen un gran número de amenazas que afectan a la biodiversidad, entre las más importantes se pueden citar: la pérdida de hábitat, las especies invasoras, la aparición de nuevas enfermedades, la sobrexplotación de especies, la contaminación, la expansión e intensificación agrícola o las catástrofes naturales como sequías o huracanes favorecidas por el cambio climático (Chapin et al. 2000; Foley et al. 2011; Wilson 1989). Se ha de poner especial atención a las interacciones entre estas amenazas ya que, el efecto sinérgico entre ellas suele ser mucho mayor que el efecto individual (Brook et al. 2008). Por tanto la conservación de la biodiversidad es dinámica y compleja y presenta grandes retos que deberán ser abordados durante este siglo. Un nuevo reto para la conservación de la biodiversidad: el cambio global El cambio global es una combinación de rápidos cambios ambientales a escala global que implican una gran amenaza tanto para los sistemas ecológicos como para la sociedad humana. Conseguir entender y predecir los impactos que los diferentes componentes del cambio global, 3 Resumen como el cambio climático o los cambios de usos del suelo, tienen sobre las comunidades ecológicas supone en la actualidad uno de los mayores retos para la biología de la conservación. El cambio climático es, probablemente, el componente del cambio global que ha recibido mayor atención científica, mediática y política. El incremento en las temperaturas medias de la atmósfera y de los océanos, la subida del nivel mar y el cambio de los patrones y de la frecuencia de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos demuestran que el cambio climático es una realidad que se ha convertido en una de las mayores amenazas para la biodiversidad (IPCC 2007; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Lovejoy 2006; Oreskes 2004; Pressey et al. 2007). También resulta de especial importancia el estudio de los llamados ‘puntos de inflexión’ o ‘tipping points’. Cuando se supera un cierto umbral de cambio en los ecosistemas los cambios producidos pueden resultar irreversibles. Por lo tanto, un pequeño cambio adicional puede provocar una respuesta desproporcionada en el sistema (Leadley et al, 2010). ¿Por qué debemos preocuparnos si ya hubo cambios climáticos en el pasado? Hasta hace poco se pensaba que los cambios climáticos durante y después del Pleistoceno habían sido graduales, mientras que el calentamiento durante el siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI se estaba produciendo a unas tasas de velocidad sin precedentes (IPCC 2007). Sin embargo, nuevos estudios geofísicos sugieren que los cambios climáticos durante el Pleistoceno Tardío fueron abruptos, a unas altas tasas de velocidad y durante un corto período de tiempo (Steffensen et al. 2008). Así que, aunque se hayan producido cambios climáticos en el pasado de igual magnitud y velocidad que los actuales, lo que debe preocuparnos en la actualidad es la combinación de estos cambios climáticos con un gran número de nuevas amenazas, en especial con la destrucción y fragmentación del hábitat (ej., Hof et al. 2011; Travis 2003). En un paisaje fragmentado las especies van a ver limitada su capacidad de dispersión a zonas ambientalmente más adecuadas. Además, una estructura espacial consistente en parches de hábitats pequeños y fragmentados reduce la diversidad ambiental disponible, una cualidad necesaria para que las especies puedan persistir ante cambios ambientales globales (Figura 1), y sustenta poblaciones de menor tamaño que tendrán menor variabilidad genética y fenotípica, un prerrequisito para que puedan tener lugar rápidas respuestas adaptativas (Jump & Peñuelas 2005). Finalmente, la destrucción y fragmentación del hábitat reduce el número de potenciales refugios micro- climáticos comprometiendo, aún más, las posibilidades de supervivencia de las especies (ej., Araújo, 2009). 4 Resumen Figura 1 (Hof et al, 2011) ||La influencia de la fragmentación del hábitat sobre la capacidad de las especies de seguir el cambio climático mediante dispersión. Las áreas grises son hábitat adecuado para la presencia de especies, los círculos representan la distribución de especies y los círculos de línea discontinua su distribución pasada. (a)–(c) representan un mundo antes del impacto del ser humano con un hábitat continuo y (d)–(f) un mundo donde los hábitats han sido modificados por el ser humano. En (a) los cambios climáticos son graduales, en (b) los cambios son extremadamente rápidos y las especies deben sobrevivir en pequeñas áreas y expandirse cuando las condiciones vuelven a ser adecuadas y en (c) las especies también persisten en pequeñas áreas pero esta vez siguen las condiciones ambientales gradualmente. En un mundo fragmentado (d)–(f), el área disponible como refugio ante condiciones ambientales adversas es menor, lo cuál reduce las posibilidades de persistencia. ¿Cómo responde la biodiversidad ante el cambio global? Existe un gran número de evidencias
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