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A Methodological Approach to Utilize Egyptian Colloquial Arabic As a Source for Ancient Egyptian Linguistic Analysis

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A Methodological Approach to Utilize Egyptian Colloquial Arabic As a Source for Ancient Egyptian Linguistic Analysis American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations Student Research Fall 1-19-2021 A methodological approach to utilize Egyptian colloquial Arabic as a source for ancient Egyptian linguistic analysis Ahmed Osman [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Part of the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Recommended Citation APA Citation Osman, A. (2021).A methodological approach to utilize Egyptian colloquial Arabic as a source for ancient Egyptian linguistic analysis [Master's Thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1576 MLA Citation Osman, Ahmed. A methodological approach to utilize Egyptian colloquial Arabic as a source for ancient Egyptian linguistic analysis. 2021. American University in Cairo, Master's Thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1576 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences A methodological approach to utilize Egyptian colloquial Arabic as a source for ancient Egyptian linguistic analysis A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Egyptology (SAE) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts/Science by Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed Abdou Osman under the supervision of Dr. Amr El Hawary First Reader: Dr. Fayza Haikal Second Reader: Dr. Stephen Quirke December 2020 i Abstract Traces of the ancient Egyptian language can still be observed in modern Egyptian colloquial Arabic, which is the form of Arabic adopted by Egyptians as their native spoken language. This thesis aims to better understand the ancient Egyptian language through the analysis of its lexical survivals. It presents a new methodological approach to utilize ancient Egyptian lexical survivals as a source to study the ancient Egyptian language. A selected set of fifty-five ancient Egyptian lexical survivals was computed by matching ancient Egyptian and documented Egyptian colloquial Arabic words having the same semantic fields. While it was generally assumed that the only purpose of the ancient Egyptian lexical survivals into Egyptian colloquial Arabic was to describe items not available in the Classical Arabic lexicon (such as food items and agricultural tools specific to Egypt), analysis of the semantic fields of the computed ancient Egyptian lexical survivals rejects such an assumption. The thesis discusses other reasons for the lexical survival suggested by the language contact theory, including the native speakers’ desire to mark a separate identity. Qualitative analysis of the selected set of ancient Egyptian lexical survivals demonstrates the utilization of the modern usage of ancient Egyptian words to fine-tune our knowledge of ancient Egyptian lexical semantics. More precise meanings were suggested for the ancient Egyptian words šnꜤ, štm, mꜢꜢ, šd, dbdb, and imn. The thesis also employs contemporary Egyptian colloquial Arabic's orality to test several phonological assumptions of ancient Egyptian language and its diachronic evolution. ii Acknowledgment I would like to express my deepest and sincere appreciation to my research supervisor Dr. Amr El Hawary, for his mentorship. Dr. El Hawary’s tutorship, inspiration, and encouragement were crucial for the evolution of this thesis. I am very grateful to my esteemed committee members, Dr. Fayza Haikal and Dr. Stephen Quirke, for their guidance, advice, and support, which significantly enriched this work. I would also like to thank Dr. Mariam Ayad for her attention and guidance during the early stages of this research. Special thanks to my graduate advisor, Dr. Lisa Sabbahy, for her constant support throughout the Egyptology & Coptology graduate program at AUC. I would also like to thank Mr. Amr Omar from AUC RSBCL for suggesting and demonstrating several resources related to this project. Finally, I would like to thank my colleagues and friends, Reham Radwan, Nadra Zaki, and Bianca van Sittert for their support. iii Abbreviations CDD Johnson, Janet. The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. https://Oi.uchicago.edu/Research/Publications/Demotic-Dictionary- Oriental-Institute-University-Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 2001. Černý Černý Jaroslav. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Crum Crum, Walter. A Coptic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939. FD Faulkner, Raymond O. A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian. Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962. HB Hinds, Martin, and El-Said M. Badawi. A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic: Arabic- English. Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1986. Ishaq Ishaq, Emile Maher. "The Phonetics and Phonology of the Boḥairic Dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Words in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic," PhD diss., Oxford University, 1975. Kamāl Kamāl Aḥmad, and Zahi A. Hawass. Makhṭūṭ Muʻjam Al-Lughah Al-Miṣrīyah Al- Qadīmah: Manuscrit Lexique De La Langue égypienne Ancienne. Cairo: Maṭābiʻ al-Majlis al-Aʻlá lil-Āthār, 2002. LA Ibn Manzur, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisan Al 'Arab. Cairo: Dār al-Maʻārif, 1998. TLA Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (http://aaew.bbaw.de/) Vycichl Vycichl, Werner. Dictionnaire étymologique De La Langue Copte. Leuven: Peeters, 1983. Wb Erman, Adolf, and Hermann Grapow. Wörterbuch Der Aegyptischen Sprache / Die Belegstellen. 13 vols. Berlin und Leipzig: Akad.-Verl., 1926. iv Transcription1 This thesis utilizes the traditional transliteration2 of ancient Egyptian graphemes for both ancient Egyptian and modern Egyptian colloquial Arabic languages. The table below presents the traditional transliteration signs and their equivalent values of Manuel de Codage transliteration3, English, Arabic, and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Signs Traditional Manuel de Codage English equivalent Arabic IPA Transliteration Transliteration equivalent equivalent /ʔ/ ء Ꜣ A glottal stop, aleph 4 /i/ ى i i usually, consonantal y y y y /y/ Ꜥ a Ayin in Arabic /ʕ/ /w/ و w w w /b/ ب b b b p p p /p/ /f/ ف f f f /m/ م m m m /n/ ن n n n /r/ ر r r r /h/ ه h h h /ħ/ ح ’ḥ H a stronger ‘h /x/ خ ’ḫ x ‘ch’ of Scottish ‘loch ẖ X a sound between ḫ and š /ç/ /s/ س s s s 5 , /ʃ/ ش š S ‘sh’ as in sheep /q/ ق ق q q probably like Arabic /k/ ك k k k 1 Ancient Egyptian transcription is not a historical primary source, but an invention of the science of Egyptology - Wolfgang Schenkel, Einführung In Die altägyptische Sprachwissenschaft (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990), 25. 2 Antonio Loprieno, Ancient Egyptian a Linguistic Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995), 15. 3 used in TLA (Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae) ancient Egyptian corpus 4 But also, Ꜣ at the beginning of the word 5 The two ancient Egyptian signs ㊃ (O34) /z/ and ㋴ (S29) /s/ represented distinct phonemes during Old Egyptian stage of the ancient Egyptian language. The two phonemes /z/, /s/ are considered to be merged during the Middle Egyptian stage onwards to became allophones of /s/ through the New Egyptian, Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic stages - James P. Allen, Ancient Egyptian Phonology (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2020). v /g/ ج g g hard g /t/ ت t t t /tʃ/ تش ’ṯ T ‘ch’ as in ‘chin /d/ د d d d ḏ D dj /dʒ/ vi Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Egyptian colloquial Arabic in context .................................................................................................. 6 3 Language contact theory ...................................................................................................................... 11 4 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 14 5 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 22 Language Resources .................................................................................................................. 23 Matching Procedure .................................................................................................................. 26 6 Results .................................................................................................................................................... 30 7 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 34 Ancient Egyptian lexical survivals related semantic fields .................................................................... 36 Ancient Egyptian lexical survivals as a source to fine-tune the meaning of ancient Egyptian words 46 Ancient Egyptian lexical survivals as a source to analyze diachronic phonological changes ................ 60 case study: ェ => Coptic ⲧ ........................................................................................................... 60 in Coptic? ...............................................................................................................
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