{FREE} the Spanish Tercios, 1536-1704
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Charles V, Monarchia Universalis and the Law of Nations (1515-1530)
+(,121/,1( Citation: 71 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 79 2003 Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline Mon Jan 30 03:58:51 2017 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: Copyright Information CHARLES V, MONARCHIA UNIVERSALIS AND THE LAW OF NATIONS (1515-1530) by RANDALL LESAFFER (Tilburg and Leuven)* Introduction Nowadays most international legal historians agree that the first half of the sixteenth century - coinciding with the life of the emperor Charles V (1500- 1558) - marked the collapse of the medieval European order and the very first origins of the modem state system'. Though it took to the end of the seven- teenth century for the modem law of nations, based on the idea of state sover- eignty, to be formed, the roots of many of its concepts and institutions can be situated in this period2 . While all this might be true in retrospect, it would be by far overstretching the point to state that the victory of the emerging sovereign state over the medieval system was a foregone conclusion for the politicians and lawyers of * I am greatly indebted to professor James Crawford (Cambridge), professor Karl- Heinz Ziegler (Hamburg) and Mrs. Norah Engmann-Gallagher for their comments and suggestions, as well as to the board and staff of the Lauterpacht Research Centre for Inter- national Law at the University of Cambridge for their hospitality during the period I worked there on this article. -
Scenario Book 1
Here I Stand SCENARIO BOOK 1 SCENARIO BOOK T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ABOUT THIS BOOK ......................................................... 2 Controlling 2 Powers ........................................................... 6 GETTING STARTED ......................................................... 2 Domination Victory ............................................................. 6 SCENARIOS ....................................................................... 2 PLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPS ...................................................... 6 Setup Guidelines .................................................................. 2 Interruptions to Play ............................................................ 6 1517 Scenario ...................................................................... 3 Response Card Play ............................................................. 7 1532 Scenario ...................................................................... 4 DESIGNER’S NOTES ........................................................ 7 Tournament Scenario ........................................................... 5 EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY................................... 8 SETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMIT ............................... 6 THE GAME AS HISTORY................................................. 11 GAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERS ..................................... 6 CHARACTERS OF THE REFORMATION ...................... 15 Configurations ..................................................................... 6 EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION -
The Emergence of the Duchy of Milan: Language and the Territorial State
Jane Black The emergence of the duchy of Milan: language and the territorial state Reti Medievali Rivista, 14, 1 (2013) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> ??????????????????????????????????????????????. ?????????????????????????? a cura di ??????????????????????????????? Firenze University Press 1 Reti Medievali Rivista, 14, 1 (2013) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> ISSN 1593-2214 © 2012 Firenze University Press DOI 10.6092/1593-2214/388 The emergence of the duchy of Milan: language and the territorial state di Jane Black The map that appears opposite page one of Bueno de Mesquita’s biography of Giangaleazzo Visconti is labelled Northern and Central Italy, showing the ter- ritories of Giangaleazzo Visconti in 1402; no area on the map is identified as 1 the Duchy of Milan . The titles bestowed on Giangaleazzo by Wenceslas, king of the Romans, in 1395 and 1396 had raised Milan initially, and then the other Vis- 2 conti territories in Lombardy, to the status of duchy . Giangaleazzo himself al- luded to his cities collectively as such: in the testament of 1397, produced in the first flush of his acquisition of the second diploma, he appointed his son Giovanni Maria heir to two areas – «the duchy, or rather the city and diocese of Milan», and «the duchy of the cities of Brescia, Cremona, Bergamo, Como, Lodi, Piacenza, 3 Parma, Reggio and Bobbio» . The duke would surely have been disappointed that his greatest achievement was not recognized on Bueno de Mesquita’s map. And yet the author’s terminology was more realistic than Giangaleazzo’s: it would take more than a dazzling diploma to create a new territory with a name and a rec- ognized identity. -
Alessandro Volta and the Discovery of the Battery
1 Primary Source 12.2 VOLTA AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE BATTERY1 Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) was born in the Duchy of Milan in a town called Como. He was raised as a Catholic and remained so throughout his life. Volta became a professor of physics in Como, and soon took a significant interest in electricity. First, he began to work with the chemistry of gases, during which he discovered methane gas. He then studied electrical capacitance, as well as derived new ways of studying both electrical potential and charge. Most famously, Volta discovered what he termed a Voltaic pile, which was the first electrical battery that could continuously provide electrical current to a circuit. Needless to say, Volta’s discovery had a major impact in science and technology. In light of his contribution to the study of electrical capacitance and discovery of the battery, the electrical potential difference, voltage, and the unit of electric potential, the volt, were named in honor of him. The following passage is excerpted from an essay, written in French, “On the Electricity Excited by the Mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds,” which Volta sent in 1800 to the President of the Royal Society in London, Joseph Banks, in hope of its publication. The essay, described how to construct a battery, a source of steady electrical current, which paved the way toward the “electric age.” At this time, Volta was working as a professor at the University of Pavia. For the excerpt online, click here. The chief of these results, and which comprehends nearly all the others, is the construction of an apparatus which resembles in its effects viz. -
N El Último Tercio Del Siglo XVIII, España Se Embarcó En Una Serie
RELACIONES 110, PRIMAVERA 2007, VOL. XXVIII EL REY REVILLAGIGEDO Y LA DEFENSA DEL PUERTO DE VERACRUZ, 1789-1794 Martín González de la Vara* EL COLEGIO DE MICHOACÁN El puerto de Veracruz siempre fue en un punto nodal del sistema de- fensivo novohispano, pero su importancia estratégico-militar se acen- tuó en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII debido el involucramiento del Imperio Español en constantes conflictos internacionales y a la crea- ción de un ejército profesional en sus colonias americanas. Durante el régimen virreinal del conde de Revillagigedo (1789-1794) se vivió en Nueva España un estado de casi-guerra durante el cual se puede cons- tatar cómo la institución militar iba adquiriendo mayor poder políti- co. Veracruz se convirtió en un pequeño escenario donde lo militar adquiría cada vez más relevancia. Pese a que el puerto no fue atacado entonces, confluyeron en él un creciente presupuesto militar, una or- ganización bélica cada vez más compleja y una gran cantidad de cuer- pos de ejército que nos permiten vislumbrar la militarización de la po- lítica local y de algunas áreas de la vida cotidiana de Veracruz. (Veracruz, vida cotidiana, Revillagidedo, Juan Vicente de Güemez Pa- checo conde de, Nueva España, institución militar, militarización) n el último tercio del siglo XVIII, España se embarcó en una serie constante de conflictos bélicos internaciona- E les en los que comprometía seriamente la seguridad y tranquilidad de sus colonias americanas. En la Nueva España, el gasto militar creció de manera desmesurada hasta convertirse en el primer renglón de egresos de su Real Hacienda. Este sacrificio fiscal, pagado por los novohispanos, resultó ser parcial- mente inútil en el sentido de que el virreinato nunca fue atacado directa- mente por alguna nación enemiga, aunque las costosas diligencias para su defensa se creían entonces indispensables. -
Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars. -
Bartolomé De Las Casas, Soldiers of Fortune, And
HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Dissertation Submitted To The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Theology By Damian Matthew Costello UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August 2013 HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew APPROVED BY: ____________________________ Dr. William L. Portier, Ph.D. Committee Chair ____________________________ Dr. Sandra Yocum, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Kelly S. Johnson, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Anthony B. Smith, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ Dr. Roberto S. Goizueta, Ph.D. Committee Member ii ABSTRACT HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. William L. Portier This dissertation - a postcolonial re-examination of Bartolomé de las Casas, the 16th century Spanish priest often called “The Protector of the Indians” - is a conversation between three primary components: a biography of Las Casas, an interdisciplinary history of the conquest of the Americas and early Latin America, and an analysis of the Spanish debate over the morality of Spanish colonialism. The work adds two new theses to the scholarship of Las Casas: a reassessment of the process of Spanish expansion and the nature of Las Casas’s opposition to it. The first thesis challenges the dominant paradigm of 16th century Spanish colonialism, which tends to explain conquest as the result of perceived religious and racial difference; that is, Spanish conquistadors turned to military force as a means of imposing Spanish civilization and Christianity on heathen Indians. -
Ever Faithful
Ever Faithful Ever Faithful Race, Loyalty, and the Ends of Empire in Spanish Cuba David Sartorius Duke University Press • Durham and London • 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Tyeset in Minion Pro by Westchester Publishing Services. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sartorius, David A. Ever faithful : race, loyalty, and the ends of empire in Spanish Cuba / David Sartorius. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5579- 3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5593- 9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Blacks— Race identity— Cuba—History—19th century. 2. Cuba— Race relations— History—19th century. 3. Spain— Colonies—America— Administration—History—19th century. I. Title. F1789.N3S27 2013 305.80097291—dc23 2013025534 contents Preface • vii A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s • xv Introduction A Faithful Account of Colonial Racial Politics • 1 one Belonging to an Empire • 21 Race and Rights two Suspicious Affi nities • 52 Loyal Subjectivity and the Paternalist Public three Th e Will to Freedom • 94 Spanish Allegiances in the Ten Years’ War four Publicizing Loyalty • 128 Race and the Post- Zanjón Public Sphere five “Long Live Spain! Death to Autonomy!” • 158 Liberalism and Slave Emancipation six Th e Price of Integrity • 187 Limited Loyalties in Revolution Conclusion Subject Citizens and the Tragedy of Loyalty • 217 Notes • 227 Bibliography • 271 Index • 305 preface To visit the Palace of the Captain General on Havana’s Plaza de Armas today is to witness the most prominent stone- and mortar monument to the endur- ing history of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba. -
Battleground Perceptions in the Portuguese Early Modern Atlantic
WIH0010.1177/0968344517725540War in HistoryDantas da Cruz 725540research-article2018 Original Article War in History 1 –26 From Flanders to Pernambuco: © The Author(s) 2018 Reprints and permissions: Battleground Perceptions in sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344517725540DOI: 10.1177/0968344517725540 the Portuguese Early Modern journals.sagepub.com/home/wih Atlantic World Miguel Dantas da Cruz Instituto de Ciências Sociais – Lisbon University, Portugal Abstract This article addresses the way the Portuguese experience in the seventeenth-century battlefields of Flanders, during the Iberian Union (1580–1640), reshaped Portuguese military thought and culture. It argues that their traditional martial perceptions – almost exclusively based in imperial experiences, especially against the Muslims in North Africa and in India – were transformed by the direct exposure to Spanish military endeavours in Europe. It also argues that the experience in Flanders resurfaced in the South Atlantic, in all its religious and political dimensions, transforming the prestige of Brazil as a battlefield. Finally, the article revisits the way the Flanders experience poisoned Spanish–Portuguese relations. Keywords Portuguese Atlantic, Iberian Union, War of Flanders, martial imaginary, battleground perceptions Introduction King Sebastian, in his attempt to go to North Africa, to attack the Moors himself, beyond being moved by the zeal of exalting the Catholic Faith, and spreading the Christian religion, had the example of all of his ancestors, who were always the Generals of their own Arms, and the first ones to attack. King John I went in person to take Ceuta with his four sons in a massive fleet. Afonso V went himself three times…to carry on with the war on the Berber Coast, where he achieved many victories… Manuel I was also determined to go there, carrying on with this Corresponding author: Miguel Dantas da Cruz, Instituto de Ciências Sociais – Lisbon University, Av. -
A Few Clerics at Court
Rafferty 1 A Few Clerics at Court Catholic Clergymen in the lay politics and administration of Spain during the reigns of “Los Austrias Mayores”, Charles V/I and Philip II: 1516-1598 Keith Rafferty History Undergraduate Honors Thesis Georgetown University Advisor: Professor Tommaso Astarita, Georgetown University May 9. 2011 Rafferty 2 I authorize the public release of my thesis for anybody who should want to look at it. Rafferty 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Thesis Statement.................................................................................................................................. 8 Organization and Explanation .................................................................................................................. 9 Explanation of Terms .......................................................................................................................... 9 CODOIN ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Spain/The Spanish Empire ......................................................................................................... 11 The Spanish Aristocracy ........................................................................................................... -
Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: the »Military Revolution«
Aufsätze David A. Parrott Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: The »Military Revolution« For iwenty years Professor Michael Roberts' work on the »Military Revolution« of the period 1560 — 1660 enjoyed undisputed pre-eminence as the accepted interpreta- tion of military developments in early modern Europe^. In 1976, an article by Geof- frey Parker made the first — and to my knowledge, only — general criticisms of Ro- berts' thesis that a series of tactical changes had a revolutionary impact upon Euro- pean warfare^. Professor Parker expressed reasoned doubts about whether these changes could be described as revolutionary, since serious inconsistencies emerge in any attempt to assess their practical impact. Why, in 1634, did the tactically conserva- tive Spanish army wipe out the »new model« Swedish at Nördlingen^? Why were the developments in tactics and strategy unable to bring the European conflict to any de- cisive conclusion? Parker's suggestion is that Roberts greatly over-emphasized inflexi- bility and traditionalism in the »conservative« armies, particularly the Spanish. He proposes that it is possible to trace a receptiveness to similar tactical developments back at least to the condottiere of the fifteenth Century, and that a willingness to ap- proach common military problems was not confined to the Dutch and the Swedes. In matters of developing firepower, the quality of cavalry, the deployment of small units and in effective training, the Spanish army was quite as progressive as its rivals Yet the effect of this is to confirm by implication the importance of the tactical changes commonly ascribed to the Nassau and to Gustavus Adolphus. -
William Reese Company
William Reese Company AMERICANA ● RARE BOOKS ● LITERATURE AMERICAN ART ● PHOTOGRAPHY __________ 409 TEMPLE STREET NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT 06511 (203) 789-8081 FAX (203) 865-7653 [email protected] www.williamreesecompany.com Boston Antiquarian Book Fair 2015 A color illustrated version of this list is available on our website at williamreesecompany.com. A Spanish Officer’s Service in 17th-Century Peru 1. [Acuna y Cabrera, Antonio de]: PAPELES DE DON ANTONIO DE ACUNA Y CABRERA CAP. DE INFANTE- RIA ESPANOLA DE ARCABVCEPOS POR SV MAG. [cover title]. [Various places, but likely including Madrid. ca. 1619-1647]. Twelve manuscript documents bound in one volume, pagination described below. Folio. Contemporary vellum, gilt-tooled title on front cover. Minor edge wear and occasional small tears. Overall internally bright and clean. Very good. The collected papers of a decorated Spanish military officer, assigned at times to the duchy of Milan, Buenos Aires, and Lima. The documents are: 1) EN LA NOBLE VILLAO VILLAD VAL- LADOLID A VIENTE E SIETE DIAS... [manuscript caption title]. [30]pp. Embel- lished with two elaborate vignettes high- lighted in gilt. A recounting of political conditions in Spain relevant to the early years of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 2) EN LA FORTALEZA A DE LA VILLA DE JIMANEAS A NUEVE DIAS LES MES DE ABRIL DE MILL Y SIES CIENTOS Y TRIENTA Y UN AÑOS...[manuscript caption title]. [ca. 1631]. [34]pp. A long discourse on the history of the Inquisition, specifically concerning certain relations present in the Crown’s official archives. 3) VIENTE Y QUARTO REALES. SELLO PRIMERO, VEINTE Y QUATRO RE- ALES...[caption title].