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Las Revoluciones De Facebook

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Las Revoluciones De Facebook CIBERESPACIO Las revoluciones de Facebook POR JAIME YÉPEZ Las rebeliones populares, juveniles y democráticas que están tenien - da a la gente a organizarse, rompiendo do lugar en estos días en los países árabes tienen como causa pro - las jerarquías y monopolios (http://tin - yurl.com/644r2rm). funda el desempleo, el aumento del costo de la vida, la falta de Otro autor, David Weinberger , da libertades civiles y de respeto a los derechos humanos, y la aspi - la vuelta al dicho de Andy Warhol de ración de sus pueblos por derrotar a regímenes autoritarios y clep - que cada persona tiene sus 15 minutos de fama, para afirmar que cada perso - tócratas de diversa índole (repúblicas, monarquías, “democracias na es famosa para 15 personas. populares y socialistas”, etc.). Incluso un autor antiglobalización, Si bien esos son los factores desencadenantes, un instrumento Jorge Majfud , hace una contorsión intelectual para decir, al mismo tiem - común en todos estos casos ha sido la presencia de las nuevas tec - po, que los nuevos medios no consti - nologías de información y comunicación (TIC), y, en particular, tuyen un factor central en las revuel - las redes sociales (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, mensajes de tex - tas árabes, pero que posiblemente algu - na agencia de inteligencia este utili - to telefónicos, etc.). Ya sucedió algo así con las manifestaciones zándolos. escribe en la Agencia Lati - contra las FARC. Pero Facebook es mucho más. He aquí la his - noamericana de Información (ALAI) toria real de este fenómeno contemporáneo que ya tiene 600 millo - que “Los actuales levantamientos en el mundo árabe no son siquiera revolu - nes de usuarios. ciones. Son rebeliones. en algunos casos ni eso, apenas revueltas. Podemos aceptar que han sido estimuladas por los en egipto dos grupos de Facebook ción (TIC) han movido la información nuevos medios de comunicación, es (Todos somos Khaled Said y el Movi - de sistemas de “uno a muchos” (como cierto, pero no creo que este sea el fac - miento Juvenil 6 de Abril) alcanzaron es, por ejemplo, un canal de televisión), tor central. También podríamos espe - rápidamente más de 100.000 miembros, a un sistema de “muchos a muchos”. cular que todo ha sido producto de una y desempeñaron un papel clave en con - Antiguamente, cuando había un gol - manipulación sociológica por parte de vocar y organizar las protestas. pe o una revolución, lo primero que alguna central de inteligencia que Miled Faiza, un instructor de la Uni - hacían los rebeldes era tomarse las esta - tomó ventaja de las ‘inocentes’ redes versidad de Virginia, indicó en un panel ciones de radio o televisión, para difun - sociales, pero al menos en el momen - que “Podemos decir ahora que la revo - dir su mensaje. Ahora, dado que todos to no disponemos de datos suficientes”, lución en Túnez tuvo éxito gracias a estamos interconectados, no hay nadie (http://alainet.org/active/45338). Facebook, Twitter y YouTube, porque “en control”. esto rompe el monopolio Internet devolvió la dignidad y el poder del régimen sobre la información, ayu - Un millón de voces a la gente. La gente podía comunicarse contra las FARC y apoyarse entre sí, y tenía la sensación Un caso incluso más notable de uti - de que podían unirse y organizarse entre lización de Facebook como medio de ellos” (citado por The Cavalier Daily, convocatoria y organización de movili - www.cavalierdaily.com/2011/02/04/exper zaciones sociales fue la creación del gru - ts-students-hold-panel-on-middle-east/). po Un millón de voces contra las Fareed Zakaria, en una nota para FARC. Cnn, destaca que las nuevas tecnolo - Conforme lo narra el libro El efec - gías de la información y la comunica - to Facebook de David Kirkpatrick (un <54 > geSTIón n°203 CIBERESPACIO best seller que fue finalista para libro dinejad . el gobierno de Irán trató de empresarial del año 2010, publicado por bloquear el acceso a Facebook, como Simon & Schuster), tomó exactamente posteriormente lo intentó el gobierno un mes desde que Oscar Morales crea - de Mubarak en egipto, y como lo ra dicho grupo en su dormitorio en hacen regularmente los gobiernos chi - Barranquilla el 4 de enero de 2008, a que no y cubano (ver recuadro sobre los se llevaran a cabo movilizaciones de 10 enemigos de Internet). millones de personas en centenares de Según el autor del libro, Kirkpatrick, ciudades colombianas, y dos millones estos son ejemplos del efecto de red que más en docenas de ciudades por todo se ha generado con la creación de Face - el mundo (Madrid, Buenos Aires, París, book, y otras redes sociales, y que él deno - Miami, Los Ángeles, etc.). Una red social mina el efecto Facebook (hay, por en la actualidad, hay 591 mil que se volvió una poderosa supuesto, un grupo de Facebook sobre su miembros del grupo principal contra las arma política libro: www.facebook.com/thefaceboo - FARC (www.facebook.com/onemi - Según Mark Zuckerberg y otros keffect). llionvoices), y centenares de capítulos fundadores de Facebook, este sitio no locales en diversas ciudades y países. fue diseñado como una herramienta Morales afirma: “Facebook era nuestra política, sino simplemente como una sede. era nuestro periódico. era el red social. no obstante, desde el prin - comando central. era el laboratorio… cipio, sus creadores se dieron cuenta de era todo. Facebook era todo eso, hasta que tenía un potencial peculiar. en las el último día”. primeras semanas, tras su creación en en eeUU Facebook fue un ele - la Universidad de Harvard, en 2004, mento clave en la elección de Barack algunos estudiantes comenzaron a Obama (en cuya campaña participó divulgar sus opiniones políticas, reem - uno de los cofundadores de Facebook, plazando, por ejemplo, sus fotos de per - Chris Hughes ). fil por textos con una declaración polí - gracias a Facebook, la campaña de tica. Mark Zuckerberg Obama pudo recabar donaciones, orga - “La gente lo utilizaba desde ese nizar eventos de campaña, poner en entonces para protestar sobre cualquier el autor indica que “Como una for - contacto a sus partidarios, organizar gru - cosa que considerase importante”, ma de comunicación fundamental - pos de apoyo locales. A marzo de 2011, comenta en el libro Dustin Moskovitz, mente nueva, Facebook conduce a efec - la página de Obama tiene 19 millones uno de los cofundadores; “incluso si tos interpersonales y sociales también de seguidores, convirtiéndolo en el polí - estaban molestos sobre algún tema tri - del todo nuevos. el efecto Facebook tico más “popular” del planeta. vial con la universidad”. ocurre cuando el servicio pone en con - entre los potenciales candidatos el grupo contra las FARC, dice Zuc - tacto a las personas entre sí, a veces republicanos para 2012, lidera la ultra - kerberg, “fue un indicador temprano de inesperadamente, en torno a una expe - derechista Sarah Palin , con cerca de que estaba cambiando la gobernanza, y riencia, interés, problema o causa tres millones de fans. de cómo se pueden formar organiza - común. esto puede ocurrir a pequeña en el caso del ecuador, hay algunas ciones políticas potencialmente pode - o gran escala ––desde un grupo de dos páginas genéricas que tienen cientos de rosas. este tipo de cosas realmente pue - o tres amigos, o una familia, hasta miles de seguidores, entre ellas 219 mil den afectar las libertades de la gente, lo millones, como en el caso de Colom - seguidores de la página ecuador cual en cierto sentido es el objetivo de bia. www.facebook.com/ecuador.net. en el un gobierno… Dentro de 15 años, qui - el software de Facebook hace que la ámbito político, Yo Apoyo a Rafael zás cada día sucederán cosas como lo información se convierta en un Correa tiene 30.000 miembros; el gru - que ocurrió en Colombia”. virus. Las ideas en Facebook tienen la po Odio las Cadenas nacionales del en el caso de las denuncias de frau - habilidad de moverse aceleradamente Presidente tiene 225.000 miembros, y de electoral en Irán, en 2009, el can - entre grupos, y hacen que muchas per - diversos políticos de oposición tienen didato presidencial Mir Hossein Mou - sonas estén conscientes de algo casi miles de seguidores: César Montúfar savi convocó a sus seguidores a salir a simultáneamente, pasando de una per - 6.000, Andrés Páez 5.000, Alberto protestar a través de Facebook, y fue en sona a otra, y a muchos, con una faci - Acosta 5.000, el grupo Apoyo a Car - Facebook y YouTube que se difundió el lidad única ––como lo hace un virus”. los Vera 36.000, etc. (todos estos a mar - video del asesinato de una joven que en esencia, si bien anteriormente se zo 2011). protestaba contra el régimen de Ahma - podía comunicar información por geSTIón n°203 <55 > medio de páginas de Internet, blogs o “mercado” (se utilizaba principalmen - páginas de medios tradicionales de te para buscar novios), como por su ser - comunicación, Facebook y otras redes vicio técnico (creció muy rápido, la sociales han permitido “personalizar” empresa no pudo “escalar” sus servido - Internet, facilitando que cada uno publi - res, con lo cual comenzaron a tener pro - que lo que le interesa, y al mismo tiem - blemas de estabilidad y tiempo de res - po pueda visualizar con facilidad la infor - puesta). Otra fuente de inspiración fue - mación de amigos y temas de interés. ron los mensajes de estatus de AIM, el servicio de chat de AOL que era popu - La verdadera historia lar a la época, y la red social MySpace, de Facebook que daba mucha libertad de diseño a sus La historia de la fundación de usuarios, y se enfocó sobre todo en el Facebook fue popularizada mediante la ámbito musical y artístico. película La red social, que incluso fue detalles personales. Zuckerberg prime - Dos aspectos que diferenciaron a nominada al óscar para la mejor pelí - ro propuso a la Universidad de Harvard, Facebook desde el principio fueron la cula de 2010, ganó tres estatuillas y el a la cual fue admitido en septiembre de obligación de utilizar el nombre ver - globo de Oro a la mejor película dra - 2002, que pusiera su Libro de caras en dadero (lo cual se ha debilitado en años mática.
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