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Creative Self-Efficacy and Idea Generation in Entrepreneurial Settings

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Creative Self-Efficacy and Idea Generation in Entrepreneurial Settings THE CASE FOR HUMBLE AND NARCISSISTIC LEADERSHIP: CREATIVE SELF-EFFICACY AND IDEA GENERATION IN ENTREPRENEURIAL SETTINGS A DISSERTATION IN Entrepreneurship and Innovation Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by XIAODAN ZENG B.A., Sichuan Normal University M.A., Southwest Jiaotong University M.B.A., Oklahoma State University Kansas City, Missouri 2020 © 2020 XIAODAN ZENG ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii THE CASE FOR HUMBLE AND NARCISSISTIC LEADERSHIP: CREATIVE SELF- EFFICACY AND IDEA GENERATION IN ENTREPRENEURIAL SETTINGS Xiaodan Zeng, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2020 ABSTRACT Based on social-cognitive theory and a paradox perspective, this dissertation explores how leader narcissism and leader humility together moderate the influence of domain- specific self-efficacy on the type-specific innovative work behavior in entrepreneurial settings. This multilevel framework answers the repeated calls for theorizing and examining the joint effects of multiple leader traits. It offers novel insights to understand the interaction effects of leader humility and narcissism in the entrepreneurial context. By focusing on idea generation, this dissertation also clarifies areas of the ambiguity in prior research on innovative work behavior. I use a three-phase design for this study. First, I assess the psychometric properties of the focal constructs with a sample of 98 students. I further refine the measures and check their consistency with 380 participants from Amazon M-Turk. Consistent results from Phase 1 and Phase 2 show the scales are reliable and valid. I conclude by testing the hypothesis with a matched sample of 60 leaders and their 137 followers from new ventures in China and Ghana, using multilevel modeling. Insights from this dissertation have important implications for both theory and practice in the field of entrepreneurship, leadership, and innovative work behavior. iii APPROVAL PAGE The faculty listed below, appointed by the Dean of the Henry W. Bloch School of Management, have examined a dissertation titled “The Case for Humble and Narcissistic Leadership: Creative Self-efficacy and Idea Generation in Entrepreneurial Settings,” presented by Xiaodan Zeng, candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, and certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Supervisory Committee Brian S. Anderson, Ph.D., Committee Chair Department of Global Entrepreneurship and Innovation Jeffrey S. Hornsby, Ph.D. Department of Global Entrepreneurship and Innovation Mark E. Parry, Ph.D. Department of Global Entrepreneurship and Innovation Ishrat Ali, Ph.D. Department of Global Entrepreneurship and Innovation iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii ILLUSTRATIONS………………………………………………………………………….........vii TABLES………………………………………………………………………………………….viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………………. ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS .................................................................. 13 2.1. Creative Self-efficacy................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Idea Generation ............................................................................................................. 15 2.3. The Impact of Creative Self-efficacy on Idea generation… ........................................... 17 2.4. Leader Narcissism and Leader Humility ....................................................................... 18 2.4.1. The Concepts of Narcissism and Humility .......................................................... 19 2.4.2. A Paradox Perspective on Narcissism and Humility……………………….…….20 2.4.3. The Distinctiveness and Coexistence of Leader Narcissism and Humility ........... 22 2.4.4. Previous Research on the Impacts of Leader Narcissism and Humility ………….26 2.5. Leadership in Entrepreneurial Settings ........................................................................ 29 2.6. Leader Narcissism and Leader Humility as Joint Moderators ...................................... 31 3. METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.1. Phase 1 Assessing the Psychometric Properties of Measures ....................................... 36 3.1.1. The Sample.......................................................................................................38 3.1.2. Scales and Measures ......................................................................................... 38 3.1.3. Measurement Model Evaluation ....................................................................... 40 3.2. Phase 2 Assessing the Psychometric Properties of Refined Measures ......................... 43 v 3.2.1. The Sample......................................................................................................43 3.2.2. Scales and Measures ........................................................................................ 43 3.2.3. Measurement Model Evaluation……………………………………………….44 3.2.4. Comparison of Results between Phase 1 and Phase 2………………………….45 3.3. Phase 3 The Main Study and Hypothesis Testing ...................................................... 46 3.3.1. The Sample .....................................................................................................46 3.3.2. Variables and Measures…………………………………………………….….47 3.3.3. Analysis......................................................................................................... 50 4. RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………….….…...52 4.1. Descriptive Statistics…………………………………………………………………….52 4.2. Hypothesis Tests…………………………………………………………………………53 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION………………………………………………...………65 5.1. Theoretical Implications………………………………………………………………….65 5.2. Practical Implications…………………………………………………………………….69 5.3. Limitations and Future Research Directions………………………………………….….71 5.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….75 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................... 76 Appendix A: Sample Measures for Phase 1 .................................................................. 76 Appendix B: Sample Measures for Phase 2 ................................................................... 78 Appendix C: Sample Surveys for the Main Study… ..................................................... 79 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………81 VITA…………………………………………………………………………………………...….98 vi ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Research model……………………………………………………………………………9 2. Effect of creative self-efficacy on idea generation…………………………………….....57 3. Effect of creative self-efficacy on idea generation moderated by humility and narcissism……………………………………………………………………………………62 4. Johnson-Neyman regions of significance and confidence intervals for interactions……..63 vii TABLES Table Page 1. Examples of relevant paradoxes in the literature……………………………….…21 2. The distinctiveness and coexistence of humility and narcissism………………….23 3. Review of common measurement models for the focal constructs…………….….37 4. Summary of analysis results for Phase 1……………………………………….….41 5. Summary of analysis results for Phase 2……………………………….………….45 6. Comparison of results between Phase 1 and Phase 2……………………………...46 7. Summary statistics and correlation matrix…….……………….………………….52 8. Multilevel Model-fixed effects……………...…………………….………………54 Multilevel Model-fixed effects (continued)……………………………..……...…58 9. Multilevel Model-random effects……………………………………….……...…59 10. Conditional effects of creative self-efficacy on idea generation……………….….61 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My four-year Ph.D. journey is completed. Looking back, I have to say I am very fortunate to have the guidance and support of my advisors, friends, and family. Even though I am the one who is going to get the Ph.D., it is actually the achievement of many who elevated me and helped me. I am very grateful to my dissertation chair and advisor, Dr. Brian Anderson, for his tremendous support and guidance that helped me to complete my doctoral study. Dr. Anderson has challenged me to get better since day one of this dissertation process. He set a great role model for me with his high academic rigor and strong conscientiousness. I hope I can be a brilliant professor like him in the future. I am also lucky enough to have Dr. Jeff Hornsby, Dr. Mark Parry, and Dr. Ishrat Ali as my dissertation committee, who gave me their insightful comments and suggestions during my Ph.D. study. I am so thankful to Chad, Griffin, and Cheng, for their unwavering encouragement and support in my study and life. They have lightened up my days and brought me so many laughs. My special thanks go to Chad, for his extraordinary efforts in helping me collect dissertation data from Ghana and to my friends in China who helped my data collection despite their busy schedules. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Sunny Li Sun. Thank you for being one of my greatest advocates and for all the opportunities you have provided that have aided me in preparing publications. Thank you for your unwavering encouragement and guidance. I am truly grateful for all your personal
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