Learning and Memory in Octopus Vulgaris: a Case of Biological Plasticity Zarrella Et Al
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Cephalopods and the Evolution of the Mind
Cephalopods and the Evolution of the Mind Peter Godfrey-Smith The Graduate Center City University of New York Pacific Conservation Biology 19 (2013): 4-9. In thinking about the nature of the mind and its evolutionary history, cephalopods – especially octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid – have a special importance. These animals are an independent experiment in the evolution of large and complex nervous systems – in the biological machinery of the mind. They evolved this machinery on a historical lineage distant from our own. Where their minds differ from ours, they show us another way of being a sentient organism. Where we are similar, this is due to the convergence of distinct evolutionary paths. I introduced the topic just now as 'the mind.' This is a contentious term to use. What is it to have a mind? One option is that we are looking for something close to what humans have –– something like reflective and conscious thought. This sets a high bar for having a mind. Another possible view is that whenever organisms adapt to their circumstances in real time by adjusting their behavior, taking in information and acting in response to it, there is some degree of mentality or intelligence there. To say this sets a low bar. It is best not to set bars in either place. Roughly speaking, we are dealing with a matter of degree, though 'degree' is not quite the right term either. The evolution of a mind is the acquisition of a tool-kit for the control of behavior. The tool-kit includes some kind of perception, though different animals have very different ways of taking in information from the world. -
Die Theologische Lehre Von Der Unsterblichen Seele Vor Dem Hintergrund Der Diskussion in Den Neurowissenschaften
Die theologische Lehre von der unsterblichen Seele vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion in den Neurowissenschaften Von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Techni- schen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Gerhard Scheyda Berichter: Prof. Dr. U. Lüke Prof. Dr. J. Meyer zu Schlochtern Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23.04.2014 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschiulbibliothek on- line verfügbar. 1 1 Bestandsaufnahme einer christlichen Seelekonzeption …………………………………………………………..9 1.1 Die Verwendung und der Gebrauch des Begriffs Seele im Alltag ………………………………………………………………..9 1.2 Etymologische Ableitung des Wortes Seele ........................... 10 1.3 Der Beginn der Leib-Seele-Problematisierung in der christlichen Antike 12 1.3.1 Justin der Märtyrer contra Plato ...................................... 12 1.3.2 Bibeltheologische Implikationen bei Tatian ................... 13 1.3.3 Der Antignostiker Irenäus ............................................... 14 1.3.4 Der Karthager Tertullian ................................................. 14 1.3.5 Der christliche Literat Laktanz ....................................... 15 1.3.6 Der Kirchenvater Klemens von Alexandrien .................. 16 1.3.7 Origenes .......................................................................... 17 1.4 Die Rezeption der antiken-spätantiken philosophischen Konzepte durch den hl. Augustinus .................................................... 18 -
Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001
Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001. Preface This bibliography attempts to list all substantial autobiographies, biographies, festschrifts and obituaries of prominent oceanographers, marine biologists, fisheries scientists, and other scientists who worked in the marine environment published in journals and books after 1922, the publication date of Herdman’s Founders of Oceanography. The bibliography does not include newspaper obituaries, government documents, or citations to brief entries in general biographical sources. Items are listed alphabetically by author, and then chronologically by date of publication under a legend that includes the full name of the individual, his/her date of birth in European style(day, month in roman numeral, year), followed by his/her place of birth, then his date of death and place of death. Entries are in author-editor style following the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 14th ed., 1993). Citations are annotated to list the language if it is not obvious from the text. Annotations will also indicate if the citation includes a list of the scientist’s papers, if there is a relationship between the author of the citation and the scientist, or if the citation is written for a particular audience. This bibliography of biographies of scientists of the sea is based on Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre’s bibliography of biographies first published annually beginning with issue 4 of the History of Oceanography Newsletter (September 1992). It was supplemented by a bibliography maintained by Eric L. Mills and citations in the biographical files of the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD. -
Network Map of Knowledge And
Humphry Davy George Grosz Patrick Galvin August Wilhelm von Hofmann Mervyn Gotsman Peter Blake Willa Cather Norman Vincent Peale Hans Holbein the Elder David Bomberg Hans Lewy Mark Ryden Juan Gris Ian Stevenson Charles Coleman (English painter) Mauritz de Haas David Drake Donald E. Westlake John Morton Blum Yehuda Amichai Stephen Smale Bernd and Hilla Becher Vitsentzos Kornaros Maxfield Parrish L. Sprague de Camp Derek Jarman Baron Carl von Rokitansky John LaFarge Richard Francis Burton Jamie Hewlett George Sterling Sergei Winogradsky Federico Halbherr Jean-Léon Gérôme William M. Bass Roy Lichtenstein Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael Tony Cliff Julia Margaret Cameron Arnold Sommerfeld Adrian Willaert Olga Arsenievna Oleinik LeMoine Fitzgerald Christian Krohg Wilfred Thesiger Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant Eva Hesse `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas Him Mark Lai Clark Ashton Smith Clint Eastwood Therkel Mathiassen Bettie Page Frank DuMond Peter Whittle Salvador Espriu Gaetano Fichera William Cubley Jean Tinguely Amado Nervo Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Ferdinand Hodler Françoise Sagan Dave Meltzer Anton Julius Carlson Bela Cikoš Sesija John Cleese Kan Nyunt Charlotte Lamb Benjamin Silliman Howard Hendricks Jim Russell (cartoonist) Kate Chopin Gary Becker Harvey Kurtzman Michel Tapié John C. Maxwell Stan Pitt Henry Lawson Gustave Boulanger Wayne Shorter Irshad Kamil Joseph Greenberg Dungeons & Dragons Serbian epic poetry Adrian Ludwig Richter Eliseu Visconti Albert Maignan Syed Nazeer Husain Hakushu Kitahara Lim Cheng Hoe David Brin Bernard Ogilvie Dodge Star Wars Karel Capek Hudson River School Alfred Hitchcock Vladimir Colin Robert Kroetsch Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Stephen Sondheim Robert Ludlum Frank Frazetta Walter Tevis Sax Rohmer Rafael Sabatini Ralph Nader Manon Gropius Aristide Maillol Ed Roth Jonathan Dordick Abdur Razzaq (Professor) John W. -
Octopus Consciousness: the Role of Perceptual Richness
Review Octopus Consciousness: The Role of Perceptual Richness Jennifer Mather Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; [email protected] Abstract: It is always difficult to even advance possible dimensions of consciousness, but Birch et al., 2020 have suggested four possible dimensions and this review discusses the first, perceptual richness, with relation to octopuses. They advance acuity, bandwidth, and categorization power as possible components. It is first necessary to realize that sensory richness does not automatically lead to perceptual richness and this capacity may not be accessed by consciousness. Octopuses do not discriminate light wavelength frequency (color) but rather its plane of polarization, a dimension that we do not understand. Their eyes are laterally placed on the head, leading to monocular vision and head movements that give a sequential rather than simultaneous view of items, possibly consciously planned. Details of control of the rich sensorimotor system of the arms, with 3/5 of the neurons of the nervous system, may normally not be accessed to the brain and thus to consciousness. The chromatophore-based skin appearance system is likely open loop, and not available to the octopus’ vision. Conversely, in a laboratory situation that is not ecologically valid for the octopus, learning about shapes and extents of visual figures was extensive and flexible, likely consciously planned. Similarly, octopuses’ local place in and navigation around space can be guided by light polarization plane and visual landmark location and is learned and monitored. The complex array of chemical cues delivered by water and on surfaces does not fit neatly into the components above and has barely been tested but might easily be described as perceptually rich. -
Life History, Mating Behavior, and Multiple Paternity in Octopus
LIFE HISTORY, MATING BEHAVIOR, AND MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN OCTOPUS OLIVERI (BERRY, 1914) (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI´I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DECEMBER 2014 By Heather Anne Ylitalo-Ward Dissertation Committee: Les Watling, Chairperson Rob Toonen James Wood Tom Oliver Jeff Drazen Chuck Birkeland Keywords: Cephalopod, Octopus, Sexual Selection, Multiple Paternity, Mating DEDICATION To my family, I would not have been able to do this without your unending support and love. Thank you for always believing in me. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who helped me collect the specimens for this study, braving the rocks and the waves in the middle of the night: Leigh Ann Boswell, Shannon Evers, and Steffiny Nelson, you were the hard core tako hunters. I am eternally grateful that you sacrificed your evenings to the octopus gods. Also, thank you to David Harrington (best bucket boy), Bert Tanigutchi, Melanie Hutchinson, Christine Ambrosino, Mark Royer, Chelsea Szydlowski, Ily Iglesias, Katherine Livins, James Wood, Seth Ylitalo-Ward, Jessica Watts, and Steven Zubler. This dissertation would not have happened without the support of my wonderful advisor, Dr. Les Watling. Even though I know he wanted me to study a different kind of “octo” (octocoral), I am so thankful he let me follow my foolish passion for cephalopod sexual selection. Also, he provided me with the opportunity to ride in a submersible, which was one of the most magical moments of my graduate career. -
Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus Aculeatus (D’Orbigny, 1834)
Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny, 1834) By Jean Sagman Alupay A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David Lindberg Professor Damian Elias Fall 2013 ABSTRACT Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny, 1834) By Jean Sagman Alupay Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Autotomy is the shedding of a body part as a means of secondary defense against a predator that has already made contact with the organism. This defense mechanism has been widely studied in a few model taxa, specifically lizards, a few groups of arthropods, and some echinoderms. All of these model organisms have a hard endo- or exo-skeleton surrounding the autotomized body part. There are several animals that are capable of autotomizing a limb but do not exhibit the same biological trends that these model organisms have in common. As a result, the mechanisms that underlie autotomy in the hard-bodied animals may not apply for soft bodied organisms. A behavioral ecology approach was used to study arm autotomy in the octopus, Abdopus aculeatus. Investigations concentrated on understanding the mechanistic underpinnings and adaptive value of autotomy in this soft-bodied animal. A. aculeatus was observed in the field on Mactan Island, Philippines in the dry and wet seasons, and compared with populations previously studied in Indonesia. -
Mating Behavior of Abdopus Aculeatus (D’Orbigny 1834) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the Wild
Mar Biol DOI 10.1007/s00227-008-0930-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Mating behavior of Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny 1834) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the wild Christine L. HuVard · Roy L. Caldwell · Farnis Boneka Received: 1 March 2007 / Accepted: 8 February 2008 © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract The mating system of Abdopus aculeatus incor- than did #T, while $GA spent more than twice as much time porates sneaker matings, mate guarding, sex-speciWc body per day in copula than did other females. Sneaker copula- patterns, frequent copulations, and male–male competition tions lasted longer than those by males adopting other tactics. for mates, making it more similar to that of aggregating deca- Mate-guarding was an eVective and important tactic used by pod cephalopods than any previously known octopus social males to temporarily monopolize mating with apparently system. Large male–female A. aculeatus occupy ‘Adjacent’ non-selective females. Males demonstrated clear pre-copula- (GA) dens and copulate frequently in mate-guarding situa- tory mate choice by guarding and mating repeatedly with tions over successive days. Nearby individuals copulate in large females (typically $GA). While foraging alone away ‘Temporary guarding’ (GT) and ‘Transient’ (T; non-guard- from the den, #G procured ‘Transient’ copulations with ing) situations, the latter of which can involve ‘Sneaker’ (S) unguarded females. However, mate-guarding reduced the mating. In a focal animal study of these octopuses in the wild amount of time #G were alone and may impede their ability (Sulawesi, Indonesia) we addressed the hypotheses that they to seek out new mates. Low-copulation rates by $T, the demonstrate: (1) precopulatory mate choice, (2) diVerential smallest female tactic on average, may reXect this trade-oV copulation rates by individuals employing diVerent mating between mate preference and mate-searching by males, or tactics, and (3) distant sex identiWcation. -
Fondo Omodeo.Pdf
Museo Galileo Istituto e Museo di storia della scienza Piazza Giudici 1, Firenze, ITALIA BIBLIOTECA www.museogalileo.it/biblioteca.html FONDO OMODEO L’Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza ha acquistato nel dicembre 2003 la biblioteca personale di Pietro Omodeo, attualmente professore presso il Dipartimento di Biologia evolutiva dell'Università di Siena e da sempre appassionato studioso di storia della scienza e della biologia in particolare. Il Fondo Omodeo consta di ca. 2.000 opere e costituisce un patrimonio di grande interesse storico-naturalistico che va ad integrare le collezioni della biblioteca dell'Istituto, tradizionalmente orientata verso le discipline fisico-matematiche. Nel corso degli ultimi mesi è stata portata a termine la collocazione e catalogazione dell'intero fondo, che è adesso a disposizione degli studiosi e consultabile nel catalogo on line della biblioteca secondo le tradizionali modalità di ricerca. Di seguito una lista in formato breve del fondo. OMODEO COLLECTION In December 2003 the Institute and Museum of the History of Science acquired the personal library of Pietro Omodeo, currently a professor in the Evolutionary Biology department of the University of Siena and ever an ardent scholar of the history of science, and of biology in particular. The Omodeo Estate is made up of approximately 2,000 works and constitutes a holding of great historical-naturalistic interest that will integrate the library's collections, traditionally oriented towards the physical-mathematical disciplines. Over the course of the past months the collocation and cataloguing of the entire collection has been completed, and it is now available to scholars and consultable through the library's online catalogue using traditional search methods. -
Williams Dissertation 4.17.12
ACTIVATION, DESENSITIZATION AND POTENTIATION OF ALPHA7 NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS: RELEVANCE TO ALPHA7-TARGETED THERAPEUTICS By DUSTIN KYLE WILLIAMS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Dustin Kyle Williams 2 To the most important people in my life: my family 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my wife, Julie Williams, and my parents, Kevin and Kathy Williams for their unconditional love and flawless support through the graduate school experience, even when I have had to place work before them. I would like to thank Dr. Roger Papke for his mentorship over the last five years. I have had more success under his arm than I ever could have expected when I started graduate school. In addition, I am thankful for the many collaborative meetings I participated in with Dr. Nicole Horenstein and Dr. Jingyi Wang. I would like to thank Mathew Kimbrell for his fine work in helping to create the stably transfected cell lines, and for the interactions I have had with all members of the Papke laboratory. I wish to express gratitude to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. Nicole Horenstein, Dr. Brian Cooper, Dr. Michael King, and Dr. Brian Law, for their counsel and guidance. I am thankful for the financial support I have received from the National Institute on Aging Training Grant T32-AG000196. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... -
The Evolution of Conspicuous Facultative Mimicry in Octopuses: an Example of Secondary Adaptation?
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 68–77. With 3 figures The evolution of conspicuous facultative mimicry in octopuses: an example of secondary adaptation? CHRISTINE L. HUFFARD1*, NORAH SAARMAN2, HEALY HAMILTON3 and 4 W. BRIAN SIMISON Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-abstract/101/1/68/2450646 by guest on 16 July 2020 1Conservation International Indonesia, Jl. Dr Muwardi no. 17, Renon, Bali, Indonesia 2Deptartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA 3Center for Applied Biodiversity Informatics, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA 4Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA Received 3 October 2009; revised 4 April 2010; accepted for publication 19 April 2010bij_1484 68..77 The ‘Mimic Octopus’ Thaumoctopus mimicus Norman & Hochberg, 2005 exhibits a conspicuous primary defence mechanism (high-contrast colour pattern during ‘flatfish swimming’) that may involve facultative imperfect mimicry of conspicuous and/or inconspicuous models, both toxic and non-toxic (Soleidae and Bothidae). Here, we examine relationships between behavioural and morphological elements of conspicuous flatfish swimming in extant octopodids (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae), and reconstructed ancestral states, to examine potential influences on the evolution of this rare defence mechanism. We address the order of trait distribution to explore whether conspicuous flatfish swimming may be an exaptation that usurps a previously evolved form of locomotion for a new purpose. Contrary to our predictions, based on the relationships we examined, flatfish swimming appears to have evolved concurrently with extremely long arms, in a clade of sand-dwelling species. -
Seagrass-Reef Ecosystem Connectivity of Fish and Invertebrate Communities in Zamboanguita, Philippines
Seagrass-reef ecosystem connectivity of fish and invertebrate communities in Zamboanguita, Philippines Naomi Westlake BSc. Marine Biology 2020/21 Project Advisor: Dr Stacey DeAmicis SEAGRASS-REEF CONNECTIVITY IN THE PHILIPPINES Seagrass-reef ecosystem connectivity of fish and invertebrate communities in Zamboanguita, Philippines Westlake, Naomi School of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA [email protected] ABSTRACT Seagrass meadows are important coastal marine ecosystems that are frequently found in close proximity to coral reefs, and temporarily play host to a wide range of reef species for many reasons. Seagrass populations are declining globally, and these losses pose a great risk to areas such as South- East Asia where the livelihoods of people are heavily dependent on seagrass-reef systems. Hence, seagrass ecosystem management within these regions is extremely important. The aim of this study was to gain a greater understanding of seagrass-reef ecosystem connectivity within the Indo-Pacific, and to use findings to inform future marine reserve planning in the region. Visual census belt surveys (n = 140) were conducted within the Seagrass, Interface and Reef zones of three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Zamboanguita, Philippines, with fish and invertebrate communities compared across zones. Species diversity trends varied across sites, as did fish abundance, fish biomass, and fish community composition trends. For Malatapay and Lutoban South MPAs, fish assemblages did not differ across zones, and Seagrass and Reef zones shared approximately 20 % of species, indicating high ecosystem connectivity. Presumed habitat uses by fish at these sites include foraging and nursery grounds, as well as potential breeding by a pair of longface emperors.