A Subunit Approach to Human Face and Hand Vascularized Composite Tissue Engineering (VCE)

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A Subunit Approach to Human Face and Hand Vascularized Composite Tissue Engineering (VCE) Université catholique de Louvain Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique Pôle de Morphologie et Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation Service de Chirurgie Plastique et Reconstructrice The matrices of identity: A subunit approach to human face and hand Vascularized Composite tissue Engineering (VCE) Jérôme R. Duisit, DDS, MD Promotor: Prof. Benoît Lengelé, MD, PhD, FRCS, KB Co-Promotor: Prof. Pierre Gianello, MD, PhD Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for a PhD degree in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Public defence on January 10th 2018 A la persévérante mémoire d’Isabelle Dinoire, première transplantée de la face, dont le visage a révélé au Monde l’espoir d’un nouveau chemin ; du Dr Gaëtan Lagneaux, médecin des hommes puis de la vigne, dont l’œuvre nous laisse l’héritage d’un esprit passionné et bienveillant. A Maman et Papa, qui m’ont appris d’où je viens. A Emma, Clara et Virginie, les trois femmes de ma vie, qui m’apprennent où je vais. Jury President of the Jury: Prof. Vincent Grégoire Université catholique de Louvain Promotor: Prof. Benoît Lengelé Université catholique de Louvain Co-promotor: Prof. Pierre Gianello Université catholique de Louvain Jury members: Prof. Etienne Marbaix Université catholique de Louvain Prof. Alain Poncelet Université catholique de Louvain Prof. Giuseppe Orlando Wake Forest University Invited external jury members: Prof. Bernard Devauchelle Université de Picardie Jules Verne Prof. Hans-Guenther Machens Technical University Munich Prof. Stan Monstrey Universiteit Gent Author Jérôme R. Duisit, DDS, MD Service de Chirurgie Plastique et Reconstructrice Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc 10, Avenue Hippocrate B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgique [email protected] « Toute science, a dit de Maistre, commence par un mystère. Pour compléter l’idée de ce grand penseur, il faudrait dire : toute science commence et finit par un mystère, ou plutôt n’est que mystère… la notion qui nous paraît la plus claire n’est qu’une lueur entre deux abîmes… » « All science, said de Maistre, begins with a mystery. To complete the idea of this great thinker, one would have to say: all science begins and ends with a mystery, or rather is nothing but a mystery… the notion which seems clearest to us is only a shimmer of light between two abysses… » Jean-Marc Bourgery « Mieux vaut vivre comme en socrate mécontent qu’en pourceau satisfait. » Devise familiale Remerciements Dans un travail de Thèse, le volet concernant les remerciements est parfois pensé en premier, comme une finalité lointaine que l’on peut ainsi dès le début ancrer dans un présent, comme un gage rassurant. Car la temporalité est une dimension-clé du doctorant, dont la nature relativiste en fait un objet déroutant. Exercice finalement périlleux, pour sa lecture systématique (a contrario des 99% pages restantes) et détaillée, ajouté à la séduisante démarche de Lamartine dont le lac aurait été écrit en une nuit, les remerciements font le lit idéal d’une intense procrastination. Ma nature n’étant pas une constance facile, je ne déroge pas à cette tendance en me penchant ainsi sur ce chapitre, l’exact jour de l’impression du manuscrit. Veuillez ainsi bien me pardonner pour les oublis que je pourrai commettre, dans ce compromis entre justesse et spontanéité. Mes premiers remerciements vont bien naturellement à l’Université catholique de Louvain et Monsieur le Recteur V. BLONDEL : je sais ce que je dois à cette noble Institution, qui m’a admis, éduqué et formé, successivement à la Médecine, la Chirurgie et enfin la Recherche. J’espère être digne de la nouvelle chance qui m’a été offerte, il y a maintenant 13 années. Je me souviendrai toujours du mail des inscriptions, reçu à l’été 2004 dans un hôtel de Kyoto, me signifiant mon admission en 2ème candidature. Cela s’accompagnait certes de l’inquiétude de l’inconnu, de tout quitter et tout risquer, pour un avenir sommes toutes incertain, mais surtout l’espoir de réaliser ses rêves. Je me souviens aussi encore très bien ce premier jour au départ de Lyon, l’arrivée à la gare de Bruxelles-Midi, portant à la main une simple mallette en guise d’apparat, avec le cœur léger et déterminé. Il y avait aussi dans l’air un sentiment de nouveauté, de conquête, à la Balzac plutôt que Daudet. De ces premières nuits en auberge de jeunesse, de ces quelques mots échangés mués immédiatement en amitié, de ce sentiment de n’avoir plus ni attache ni bien, je conserve la mémoire de jours parmi les plus heureux de ma vie. Et, aujourd’hui, je peux dire que je ne regrette rien. En Novembre 2005, j’étais alors au début de ma 3ème candidature lorsque fut réalisée la 1ère greffe de visage, côté belge, par notre Professeur d’Anatomie : événement qui, comme pour d’autres mes collègues, aura marqué à ce point d’infléchir des choix de carrière. Hasard ou nécessité, ainsi que l’exprimait Monod, j’avais déjà vécu à Lyon la 1ère greffe de main, le dénominateur commun entre ces deux événements au retentissement planétaire ayant été le Prof. J-M DUBERNARD ; plus tard, je défendais, toujours à Lyon ma thèse d’exercice en chirurgie dentaire sur les épithèses faciales avec le Prof. G. MALQUARTI, mentionnant déjà (nous sommes alors en 2004), quelques lignes sur la possibilité d’une future greffe de face, appartenant encore à la science-fiction ! Peu après a commencé à se former l’idée de fabriquer le vivant : non pas à partir du contenu, cellulaire, mais en s’orientait plutôt vers le contenant, la composante matricielle. Au hasard de l’observation des murs parsemés de lierre de la Chapelle Marie-la-Misérable. Finalement qu’est-ce qui fait la différence entre le vivant et l’inerte ? Peut-on concevoir un maillage inerte et qui, correctement conçu, sera « animé » par la suite avec le souffle cellulaire, dans une logique inversée ? C’est la question que je n’ai cessé de me poser depuis, en découvrant entre-temps que d’autres avait appelé cela « ingénierie tissulaire ». J’ai mis quelques schémas importants dans ce manuscrit, de la période préparatoire à ce projet : il appuie le fait que tout part d’une intuition, d’une idée, d’un croquis sur un coin de table- Le reste n’est que labeur et chance. Je tiens à signifier ma gratitude la plus sincère comme la plus dévouée à mon Promoteur de Recherche, Maître de Chirurgie et d’Anatomie, le Prof. B. LENGELE, qui m’a pris sous son aile, avec une infinie bienveillance et un soutien indéfectible, comme l’aurait fait un père pour un fils. Il y a dans cette filiation une mécanique naturelle et forte, fruit de certains hasards pour une évidente nécessité. Il est difficile de concevoir pour pareille figure scientifique et humaniste, de retrouver humilité, accessibilité (certes après 21h !) et proximité. Au-delà de la transmission de son Art, il a toujours été une source d’inspiration et de motivation. Il m’aura aussi réconcilié avec mon pays, lui qui est le plus français des belges ! De la noblesse de cœur et d’esprit qu’il a toujours voulu transmettre à ses élèves, je conserve cette empreinte indélébile, du souci de perfection, de justesse et d’honetteté, tant dans les soins prodigués aux malades, que dans l’exécution de la Science. C’est un honneur et un privilège que d’espérer pouvoir, un jour, accomplir, avec mes autres collègues, certains de ses rêves que nous attendrons, guidés par son regard et portés par ses ailes. Cher Maître, veuillez recevoir dans le présent travail, tout le témoignage de ma reconnaissance et de ma plus sincère affection, en espérant me montrer digne de tout ce que vous m’avez transmis. Toute ma reconnaissance va également à mon co-Promoteur, le Pr P. GIANELLO, à qui je dois tant. Il m’a appris, bien au-delà de la démarche inhérente à un travail de Thèse, à véritablement penser une dynamique et une stratégie de Recherche à petite et grande échelle, tant dans son questionnement scientifique que dans sa mise en réalisation pratique, en me faisant participer activement à tous ses volets. Il m’a fait confiance, laissé prendre de grandes initiatives - laissé faire mes erreurs aussi- me reprenant toujours au vol lorsque je faisais fausse route. Son soutien a été constant tout au long de ces années, avec la porte toujours ouverte de son bureau, dans un nuage bien particulier ! Je lui dois une grande partie d’un apprentissage. C’est une chance d’avoir pu côtoyer une pareille figure universitaire et humaine. On peut voir loin quand on se tient sur les épaules de géants. Qu’il veuille bien trouver ici toute ma gratitude et les marques de mon infini admiration et respect. Au Pr G. ORLANDO, qui a aussi été un mentor inattendu, le plus américain des italiens (ou peut-être l’inverse !) qui m’a accompagné comme en recherche, avec la bienveillance d’un grand frère, et sans qui non plus ce travail n’aurait jamais abouti. Il m’a accueilli aux Etats-Unis, dans sa maison (et nourri avec les pâtes et les mots !), dans son laboratoire, avec une transparence et une confiance totale. Il m’a appris toutes les bases fondamentales scientifiques et académiques en ingénierie tissulaire, et m’a stimulé dans une démarche de productivité, à l’américaine ! je sais que de ces années de vie bruxelloises, il a laissé ici une partie de son cœur : le nôtre aussi lui sera toujours ouvert désormais, à chacun de ses passages. Je suis honoré que la Présidence du Jury soit assurée par le Prof. V. GREGOIRE, qui a encadré ce doctorat toutes ces années, avec bienveillance et encouragements.
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