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Unit 8: Establishment of British Paramountcy in India Unit Structure 8.1 Learning Objectives 8.2 Introduction

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UNIT 8: ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH PARAMOUNTCY IN INDIA UNIT STRUCTURE 8.1 Learning Objectives 8.2 Introduction 8.3 Establishment of British Paramountcy in India 8.3.1 Anglo-Nepal War (1814-18) 8.4 Hastings and Indian States 8.4.1 The Pindaris 8.5 Anglo-Maratha Wars 8.5.1 First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) 8.5.2 Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-05) 8.5.3 Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18) 8.6 Let Us Sum Up 8.7 Further Reading 8.8 Answers to Check Your Progress 8.9 Model Questions 8.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After going through this unit, you will be able to: State Lord Hastings’s establishment of paramountency upon Nepal. Discuss the subjugation of Pindaris by the Hastings. Discuss the process of Anglo-Maratha wars and its repercussions. 8.2 INTRODUCTION In this unit we are going to discuss the establishment of British paramountchy in India by Lord Hastings. In India British first began to compete as equals and later gradually as superiors to the Indian powers. After the victory of the British in the Carnatic wars with French removed History (Block 2) 101 Unit 8 Establishment of British Paramountcy In India their threat in India. More importantly from the Bengal battles (Battle of Plassey, 1757 and Battle of Buxar, 1764) made British the real master in Indian history, led the process of their conquest in India. By 1765, the British become the virtual rulers of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and after that through a series of wars and subsequent annexations several parts of India came under British control. These conquests were the result of aggressive policies initiated by Governor General Lord Wellesley (1798-1805), who established the Company’s military ascendency in India. After Wellesley, Lord Hastings (1813-23) completed these fabrics of British dominion in India by establishing in unmistakable terms the political sovereignty of England over whole of India. 8.3 ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH PARAMOUNTCY IN INDIA Lord Hasting’s main objective in India was to make the Company the paramount power in India and for that he sought to impose British ‘paramountcy’ upon Indian states. This official policy became ‘paramountcy’ the Company’s authority as paramount power superseded that of the Indian rulers. As a paramount power the Company considered itself justified in annexing or threatening to annex any Indian state, whenever conditions in that state violated British authority. After wars when treaties were signed and in some treaties the Company inserted its rights to intervene in the state under specified conditions. Nevertheless, even without such treaty provisions or in some instances, in direct violation of them, the Company intervened to dispose or set aside a ruler whenever the company felt justified. During Lord Hastings period, Nepal war (1814-16), Pindari war (1817-19) and third Maratha war (1817-18) was fought, each of the wars leading to annexation. 8.3.1 Anglo-Nepal (Gorkha) War (1814-16) Hastings in his Governor General ship in India had faced a war with the Gurkhas of Nepal. Gorkhas were nominally the subjects of the Chinese empire from the western Himalayas who captured the control of Nepal 102 History (Block 2) Establishment of British Paramountcy In India Unit 8 from the successors of Ranjit Malla of Bhatgaon in 1768. After capturing Kathmandu, they steadily encroached both east and west. Kumaon, Garwhal and the Simla hills had fallen to them in the first years of nineteenth century. As a hardy people, the Gurkhas began to expand their dominion beyond the mountains. But there further advance towards Sutlej blocked by the new Sikh power and in the north they were checked by the Chinese. Due to this they turned their attention towards the ill-defined frontiers of Bengal and Oudh, when British ruled in India. Already in 1801 British occupied the Gorakhpore districts, which brought the Company’s frontier with the territory of the Gurkhas. Due to the periodical rains, English withdraw their troops appointing native officers there. Nepali troops had retired with a deliberate purpose and attacked Butwal (north of basti district) and Sheoraj (further east of Butwal) in May 1814. In this attack Nepalese killed eighteen and wounding six police, including a murder superior officer station at Butwal. After this attack clash with the British emerged and Hastings as also the Commander-in-chief of the army took it as a challenge and decided to launch an attack against the Gurkhas along the whole frontier from the Sutlej to the Kosi. Hasting decided to penetrate the Nepal frontier by four groups of armies at same time under the four Generals i,e Marley, Ochterlony, Gillespie’s and Wood. Major General Marley was ordered to march to Hetura and from thence proceed to Kathmandu, the Capital. General Ochterlony, at the head of Six thousand men, was ordered to proceed from Loodhiana through the passes of the hills which overlook the Sutledge and to act against the western districts. General Gillespie’s division was to occupy the Dehra Doon and having mastered the important town of Nahun to seize the passes of the Jumna and Ganges and to prevent the retreat of the enemy to the westward. General Wood was ordered to proceed from Gorakhpur for the purpose of resuming the lands in Butwal and Sheoraj and then of menacing Pulpa. In this attack of 1814-15 English armies consisting of 34,000 soldiers as against the Gurkhas, which army consisting of 12,000. General Gillespie first entered into the field in October 22, 1814 and took possession of Dehar, History (Block 2) 103 Unit 8 Establishment of British Paramountcy In India the chief town of the valley. After that Gillespie attacked for of Kalunga or Kalapanee, the mountain fortress, distant nine miles from Dehra, stands upon insulated rugged ridges, nearly four miles in a straight line from north to south, which is covered with jungles and elevated upward of 600 feet above the plain. In this attack Gillespie was killed. Gillespie’s successor, Major General Martindell took the command on 19th December, 1814. The Gorkha garrison escaped into Jaitak, a post on a point where two mountain ridges meet and elevated nearly 4000 feet above the plains , but otherwise of little strength. Two columns were ordered on the morning of 27th December under the Major of Ludlow and Richards. But both the columns were faced heavy lose in Jaitak. In the first column (Ludlow’s column), four officers, and thirty-five Europeans, with one hundred and twenty sepoys killed and wounded. In the second Column’s (Richards) three officers killed and five wounded, seventy eight men killed, two hundred and twenty wounded. Due to these disasters further operation against Jaitak was cancelled. Ochterlony’s cautious movements with the first division, which he led from the banks of Sutledge to the north-eastern hills, and occupied the possession of hilly tract between Plassea and Belaspore. General Wood with the third division passing through the sal forests, which extends in front of the Bhotwal pass , but not successful. On the other hand General Marley fled from the camp and made the best of his way to Calcutta. Hastings saw it as a loss of prestige and renewed their efforts by appointing Lieutenant Colonel Gardner and Captain Hearsay. Hearsay was defeated at the hands of Gorkhas and wounded. He was taken as a prisoner to Almora by Hast-Dal, the Gurkha conqueror. But Gardner with the help of Colonels Nicholls (who joined with the Gardner with infantry and artillery soldiers after the defeat of Hearsay) and Gardner succeeded in capturing Almora in the Kumaon hills in April 1815. After that General David Ochterlony wrested the fort of Malaon from Amar Singh Thapa in May 1815. After the fall of Malaon, Gurkhas opened negotiations for peace. But Hasting’s exorbitant demands compelled the Nepal prince to refuse it and once again commenced hostilities. 104 History (Block 2) Establishment of British Paramountcy In India Unit 8 David Ochterlony, who was deservedly placed as the head of the main army advanced in February 1816 into the midst of those forest that guard into the entrance into the Nepal and defeated the Nepalese at Makwanpur on 28 February of 1816, which lasted several hours. A detachment under the command of Colonels Kelly and O’ Halloran got another victory and the Gurkhas compelled to accept the Treaty of Sagauli in 4 March 1816, which earlier they rejected. According to the Treaty: The Gurkhas surrendered to the Company the districts of Garhwal and Kumaon, including a great portion of the Tarai. The Tarai was marked as a boundary between them by pillars of masonry. The Gurkhas agreed to accept a British resident at Kathmandu and permanently withdrew from Sikkim. As loan recovery, (a loan of a crore of rupees obtained from the Nawab of Oudh during the war, by the English) British handed over a part of the Tarai in the Rohilakhand paragons to the Nawab. The occupation of Nepal by the British had significance from the British point of view. It extended the Company’s territory to the north-west frontier up to the mountains. The English obtained the sites for the hill stations and summer capitals of India- Simla, Mussoorie, Ranikhet, Landour and Naini Tal. After that the route for communications with the remote regions of central Asia was opened. British signed a separate Treaty with the Raja of Sikkim on 10 February 1817 by which Company handed over to the Raja a part of the territory lying between the Mechi and the Tista rivers which gave the Company an effective barrier on the eastern frontier of Nepal.
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