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Chapter 2 Economic Model of a Professional Football Club in France
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository Chapter 2 Economic model of a professional football club in France Nicolas Scelles and Wladimir Andreff The economic model of football clubs is a revenue model but also a cost model in relation to their objective. It can be defined as the search for balance between revenues, costs and objective, and the latter can vary: profit maximization, sporting maximization under strict constraint (“hard” constraint), or “soft” budget constraint (Andreff, 2009). In France, the revenue model of football clubs has evolved with time. This mutation fits in the switch from an SSSL (Spectators-Subventions-Sponsors- Local) model to an MMMMG (Media-Magnats-Merchandising-Markets-Global) model at the European level (Andreff & Staudohar, 2000). Before 1914, sport financing came mainly from practitioners (Bourg et Gouguet, 2001, p. 19). Thereafter, with competitions as spectacle, spectators have become the primary source of revenue, ahead of the subsidies granted by the local authorities and industry patrons. Advertising revenues have gradually become more and more important and, in the 1960s and 1970s, sponsorship increased significantly as firms were seeking more direct identification in terms of audience, image, reputation and sales (Andreff et Staudohar, 2000, p. 259) . In France, during the 1970s, operating revenues of first division football clubs came mainly from the spectators, supplemented by subsidies and sponsorship. The SSSL model was at its peak, with its “L” finding its justification in the fact that the revenues were generated from local or national residents. The 1980s is the starting point of a continuous increase in the share of TV rights income for French clubs. -
Prolongations", Vous Permettra De Suivre La Vie De Notre Du Cheval Blanc En Souvenir De Son Passage
LONGATIONS PRO LE MATCH Samedi 7 Novembre 2020 - 19h BERRICHONNE - PAU FC J10 Romain GRANGE Anthony SCARAMOZZINO Crédit photo : Théo Rabier - LBC Crédit photo : gettyimages - Scoop Dyga En direct sur OUVERT PENDANT LE CONFINEMENT NOS PARTENAIRES « Pendant le confinement : consultez notre site internet ! » J’ean parle LES NEWS PAU, CAPITALE HISTORIQUE DU BÉARN PRENEZ SOIN DE VOUS DISTRIBUTION DE SURBLOUSES Pau est la capitale historique du Béarn. La ville de 77.000 Des grands noms du football français ont joué ici, dont certains Chers Amis, les circonstances exceptionnelles nous Au cours du premier confinement, les joueurs et le personnel du habitants est célèbre notamment pour avoir abrité la naissance y ont été formés : Jean-Michel Larqué, Jean-François demandent de nous adapter à la situation. Nous souhaitions club avaient organisé une cagnotte participative qui a permis d’Henri IV dans son non moins célèbre berceau, une carapace Larios, Edouard Cissé, mais aussi Xavier Gravelaine rester en lien avec vous, rester ensemble comme une l'achat et la distribution de surblouses dans les établissements de tortue géante ! A ce propos rappelons-nous sa venue dans ou encore André-Pierre Gignac… équipe, comme une famille que nous sommes autour hospitaliers de notre département. A cet effet, ce mardi 3 notre département en mars 1589 au Château de la Prune au Clin d’œil Berri : Pau FC est entrainé par Didier Tholot et du club, autour de nos joueurs. Aussi même si les matchs novembre, avait lieu la dernière distribution de 100 surblouses Pôt à Ceaulmont et à Saint Gaultier où subsiste encore une rue compte dans ses rangs Anthony Scaramozzino. -
Theory of the Beautiful Game: the Unification of European Football
Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 54, No. 3, July 2007 r 2007 The Author Journal compilation r 2007 Scottish Economic Society. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main St, Malden, MA, 02148, USA THEORY OF THE BEAUTIFUL GAME: THE UNIFICATION OF EUROPEAN FOOTBALL John Vroomann Abstract European football is in a spiral of intra-league and inter-league polarization of talent and wealth. The invariance proposition is revisited with adaptations for win- maximizing sportsman owners facing an uncertain Champions League prize. Sportsman and champion effects have driven European football clubs to the edge of insolvency and polarized competition throughout Europe. Revenue revolutions and financial crises of the Big Five leagues are examined and estimates of competitive balance are compared. The European Super League completes the open-market solution after Bosman. A 30-team Super League is proposed based on the National Football League. In football everything is complicated by the presence of the opposite team. FSartre I Introduction The beauty of the world’s game of football lies in the dynamic balance of symbiotic competition. Since the English Premier League (EPL) broke away from the Football League in 1992, the EPL has effectively lost its competitive balance. The rebellion of the EPL coincided with a deeper media revolution as digital and pay-per-view technologies were delivered by satellite platform into the commercial television vacuum created by public television monopolies throughout Europe. EPL broadcast revenues have exploded 40-fold from h22 million in 1992 to h862 million in 2005 (33% CAGR). -
Evidence from Top European Soccer Leagues
Let’s meet as usual: Do games played on non-frequent days differ? Evidence from top European soccer leagues Daniel Goller and Alex Krumer June 2019 Discussion Paper no. 2019-07 School of Economics and Political Science, University of St.Gallen Department of Economics Editor: Vanessa Pischulti University of St.Gallen School of Economics and Political Science Department of Economics Müller-Friedberg-Strasse 6/8 CH-9000 St.Gallen Phone +41 71 224 23 07 Email [email protected] Publisher: School of Economics and Political Science Department of Economics University of St.Gallen Müller-Friedberg-Strasse 6/8 CH-9000 St.Gallen Phone +41 71 224 23 07 Electronic Publication: http://www.seps.unisg.ch Let’s meet as usual: Do games on non-frequent days differ? Evidence from top European soccer leagues1 Daniel Goller and Alex Krumer Author’s address: Daniel Goller Swiss Institute for Empirical Economic Research (SEW) University of St.Gallen Varnbüelstrasse 14 CH-9000 St.Gallen Phone +41 71 224 2331 Email [email protected] Alex Krumer Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences Molde University College Britvegen 2 NO-6402 Molde Email [email protected] 1 We would like to thank Michael Lechner, Michael Knaus, Gabriel Okasa and Sandro Heiniger for helpful comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimer applies. Abstract Balancing the allocation of games in sports competitions is an important organizational task that can have serious financial consequences. In this paper, we examine data from 9,930 soccer games played in the top German, Spanish, French, and English soccer leagues between 2007/2008 and 2016/2017. -
L'olympique Lyonnais Et Le FC Nantes Favor
24 LUNDI 16 MAI 2016 LE PROGRÈS NEUVILLE-SUR-SAÔNE TOURNOI INTERNATIONAL U15 DE PENTECÔTE L’Olympique Lyonnais et le FC Nantes favoris pour le titre Sous le soleil, les quarts de finale disputés ce dimanche ont été particulièrement spectacu- laires. L’Olympique Lyonnais, le FC Nantes, le Sporting Portugal et Bourg-Péronnas sont toujours en course pour remporter cette 29e édition du trophée Louis-Piana. l ne fallait pas arriver en retard, ce dimanche Iaprès-midi. Dans un choc sous tension entre les Olympiques, les Lyonnais n’ont mis que deux minutes avant de forcer le verrou mar- seillais, sur un superbe lob des 30 mètres de son numéro 10. Après une phase préliminaire sans briller samedi, les Gones ont su hisser leur ni- veau de jeu pour ne faire qu’une bouchée de leur adversaire phocéen (3-1), pourtant favori de la compétition après ses trois victoires en poule. En demi-finale, l’Olympique Lyonnais retrou- vera la surprenante équipe du FC Bourg-Péron- nas. Sorti en tête de sa poule devant les Suisses du Servette Genève, le club de l’Ain n’a pas tremblé face à l’AS Saint-Priest (2-0), et pourrait bien marquer les esprits en cas de succès ce lun- di matin. Des Canaris impressionnants De son côté, le Sporting Portugal est difficile- ment venu à bout de l’Impact Montréal. Malgré un gardien en état de grâce, les Canadiens se sont logiquement inclinés (1-0), faisant explo- ser de joie le banc lisboète au coup de sifflet final. Il faudra toutefois faire beaucoup mieux pour espérer passer le FC Nantes en demi-finale. -
Annexe Générale N° 1 : Modalités De Rémunérations Des Joueurs
ANNEXES GÉNÉRALES ANNEXE GÉNÉRALE N° 1 : MODALITÉS DE RÉMUNÉRATIONS DES JOUEURS Article 750. RÉMUNÉRATION La rémunération des joueurs apprentis, aspirants, stagiaires, élites, et professionnels comprend un salaire mensuel et des primes de présence, de résultat, de qualification, de classement, d’intéressement. Article 751. RÉSERVÉ L’article 751 est réservé. Article 752. RÉVISION DES Les parties signataires de la présente convention conviennent de se réunir MINIMA DE à la fin de chaque saison sportive pour envisager la révision des minimas de SALAIRE salaire ci-après. Joueurs en formation Article 753. SALAIRE BRUT Le salaire mensuel brut minimum des joueurs apprentis ou aspirants est MINIMUM POUR fixé, en euros, selon le barème suivant : LES JOUEURS Ligue 1 Ligue 2 Année de contrat Ages* National 1 APPRENTIS OU Uber Eats BKT ASPIRANTS Année préparatoire - de 16 ans 495 283 212 1ère année - de 17 ans 566 354 283 2ème année - de 18 ans 707 424 354 * au 31 décembre de la saison au cours de laquelle le contrat s’exécute. 121 Le joueur signant un contrat d’apprentissage alors qu’il est âgé de 17 ans révolus au 31 décembre de la 1re saison au cours de laquelle le contrat s’exécute, bénéficie : • la 1re saison : du salaire prévu pour la 2e année, • la 2e saison : du salaire prévu pour la 1re année d’un contrat stagiaire. Article 754. SALAIRE BRUT Le salaire mensuel brut minimum des joueurs stagiaires est fixé, en euros, MINIMUM POUR selon le barème suivant : LES JOUEURS 1) Si le joueur et le club signent un contrat stagiaire d’une ou deux saisons -
Règlements Généraux De La F.F.F
Règlements Généraux Titre 1 - Organisation générale ................................................................................. 6 CHAPITRE 1 - La Fédération ............................................................................................ 6 Section 1 - Généralités ................................................................................................. 6 Articles - 1 à 6 ......................................................................................................... 6 Section 2 - Les Commissions ....................................................................................... 7 Articles - 7 à 14 ....................................................................................................... 7 CHAPITRE 2 - Les Ligues et les Districts ........................................................................10 Section 1 - La Ligue de Football Professionnel ............................................................10 Articles - 15 à 17 ....................................................................................................10 Section 2 - Les Ligues régionales et les Districts .........................................................10 Articles - 18 à 21 ....................................................................................................10 CHAPITRE 3 - Les Clubs .................................................................................................11 Section 1 - Affiliation ....................................................................................................11 -
GFFN 100 Latest
92. Papy Dijlobodji Club: FC Nantes" Date of Birth: 12th January 1988" Position: Defender One of the secrets to FC Nantes’ formidable Naturally, with statistics like that, discipline may be start to the season is the fact that the majority considered an issue in Djilobodji’s game. He has of the team have been with the club for a picked up 4 yellow cards and 1 red card so far this number of years. There was no splurging on lots season. Last season in Ligue 2 he picked up two of new players or vast overhaul of the squad, yellows and one red, but this is probably more just a couple of carefully targeted recruits indicative of Nantes’ differing game-plan in the brought into reinforce the squad to contend with respective leagues. In Ligue 2, opposition teams the rigours of Ligue 1. This could be because tended not to attack Nantes as much, thus Djilobodji the club was trying to be financially prudent and was not called upon to make as many tackles. not wanting to repeat the folly of the Whereas, in Ligue 1 FC Nantes have tended to cede 2008/2009 season. procession to their opposition and rely on their efficiency in front of goal. Thus there has been an One such player who has spent much of the four increased onus on Djilobodji and the Nantes defence previous seasons schlepping around France’s to keep attackers at bay. There is, of course, the less salubrious outposts wearing the yellow and occasionally eyebrow-raising nature of Ligue 1 green is Senegalese defender Papy Djilobodji. -
Live Arena - 09 Feb.Xlsb
FIFAform.com Live Arena - 09 Feb.xlsb UK Totals Home 1 - X - 2 Away AS ES Rating Ranking H2H shown as Odds 08-Feb 19:54 3.67 1. FSV MAINZ 05 (ALBACK) 26% - 7-5-15 - 56% HERTHA BSC (WEEMAN) -0.48 -0.05 0.71 0.76 21 18 3 3.86 5.40 1.80 08-Feb 19:54 3.79 FC SCHALKE 04 (OOLANCER) 69% - 247-59-50 - 14% EINTRACHT FRANKFURT (PRAYM) 1.32 1.68 3.35 1.67 1 10 9 1.44 6.03 7.12 08-Feb 20:08 3.33 HERTHA BSC (WEEMAN) 25% - 14-13-30 - 53% EINTRACHT FRANKFURT (PRAYM) -0.49 -0.91 0.76 1.67 18 10 8 4.07 4.38 1.90 08-Feb 20:08 4.07 TSG 1899 HOFFENHEIM (VOID) 4% - 1-1-25 - 93% FC SCHALKE 04 (OOLANCER) -2.52 -3.01 0.34 3.35 30 1 29 27.00 27.00 1.08 08-Feb 20:22 3.22 1. FSV MAINZ 05 (ALBACK) 0% - 0-5-4 - 44% EINTRACHT FRANKFURT (PRAYM) -1.44 -0.96 0.71 1.67 21 10 11 08-Feb 20:22 3.55 HERTHA BSC (WEEMAN) 44% - 124-62-94 - 34% TSG 1899 HOFFENHEIM (VOID) 0.26 0.42 0.76 0.34 18 30 12 2.26 4.52 2.98 08-Feb 20:36 5.23 1. FSV MAINZ 05 (ALBACK) 5% - 2-3-34 - 87% FC SCHALKE 04 (OOLANCER) -3.03 -2.64 0.71 3.35 21 1 20 19.50 13.00 1.15 08-Feb 20:36 2.80 EINTRACHT FRANKFURT (PRAYM) 27% - 4-5-6 - 40% TSG 1899 HOFFENHEIM (VOID) 0.00 1.33 1.67 0.34 10 30 20 08-Feb 23:30 4.81 LIVERPOOL FC (STDM) 32% - 38-17-65 - 54% MANCHESTER UNITED FC (BAPHOMET) -0.73 -0.78 -0.10 0.67 38 22 16 3.16 7.06 1.85 08-Feb 23:30 4.41 TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR FC (OLOM) 74% - 68-6-18 - 20% MANCHESTER CITY FC (ALBACK) 1.37 1.38 2.09 0.71 3 21 18 1.35 15.33 5.11 08-Feb 23:44 3.86 CHELSEA FC (FAGUR) 59% - 137-38-57 - 25% MANCHESTER UNITED FC (BAPHOMET) 0.78 0.44 1.12 0.67 15 22 7 1.69 6.11 4.07 08-Feb 23:44 -
A. Auto Racing: I
a. Auto Racing: i. NASCAR ii. NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series iii. NASCAR Xfinity Series iv. Formula One v. IndyCar b. Boxing: i. Professional bouts sanctioned by: a) International Boxing Federation (IBF); b) World Boxing Association (WBA); c) World Boxing Council (WBC) d) World Boxing Organization (WBO) e) Top Rank Boxing c. Basketball: i. NBA* (Pre-season, All-Star Game & Events, Post-Season Games, NBA Finals) ii. WNBA* (All-Star Game & Events, Post-Season Games, WNBA Finals) iii. NCAA* - Division 1 d. Baseball: i. MLB* (Spring Training, All-Star Games & Events, Post-Season Games, World Series) ii. Japan NPB (Nippon Professional Baseball) iii. Korean Baseball League iv. NCAA* – Division 1 e. Cycling: i. Tour de France f. Fighting: i. UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) ii. Bellator MMA iii. ONE Championship iv. International Mixed Martial Arts Federation v. Professional Fighters League (PFL) vi. British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC) g. Football: Revised: June 22, 2021 i. NFL* (Pre-Season, Pro Bowl & Events, Post-Season Games, Super Bowl) ii. CFL iii. XFL iv. Australian Football League v. NCAA* – FBS Division I-A, FCS Division I-AA h. Golf: i. PGA ii. PGA Tour Champions iii. LPGA iv. European Tour v. KLPGA vi. Ryders Cup vii. President’s Cup i. Hockey: i. NHL* (Pre-Season, All-Star Game and Events, Post-Season Games, Stanley Cup) ii. International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) Sanctioned Events iii. Kontinental Hockey League iv. NCAA* – Division 1 j. Horse Racing (Pari-Mutuel Only): k. PBR (Professional Bull Riders) l. Tennis: i. International Tennis Federation (ITF) Sanctioned Events ii. United States Tennis Association (USTA) Sanctioned Events iii. -
Imran Louza Le FCN Dans Les Veines
Imran Le FCNLouza dans les veines. FC NANTES-STADE DE REIMS • LIGUE 1 CONFORAMA • J5 • SEPTEMBRE 2019 • N°18 Rendez-vous sur fcnantes.com/ririclub FC NANTES - STADE DE REIMS LIGUE 1 CONFORAMA • J5 Sommaire 4 Le match de la semaine FC Nantes - Stade de Reims 5ème journée de Ligue 1 Conforama 5 Les effectifs 6 Les échos de la semaine eFootball.pro League, les maillots du FCN plébiscités, Cyril Moine chez les Bleus... 8 U19 Stéphane Ziani : “Personne ne peut se relâcher” 10 Vous y étiez La Journée des Supporters 14 Imran Louza Le FCN dans les veines. PHOTOGRAPHIES I ARNAUD DURET 18 Un jour, une histoire La Girafe a mangé les Canaris. 21 Business Club Maisons Pierre renouvelle son partenariat 14 22 Féminines Fatoumata Baldé : “On aura notre mot à dire” PARTENAIRES PRINCIPAUX PARTENAIRES OFFICIELS Éditeur de la publication : FC Nantes, Centre Sportif La Jonelière, Route de la Jonelière, 44240 La Chapelle-Sur-Erdre #18 Directeur de la publication : Waldemar Kita I Régie publicitaire : FC Nantes Business Club, T : 02 40 37 50 37 Impression : Imprimerie OFFSET 5, Les Achards, T : 02 51 94 79 14 I Dépôt légal : À parution I ISBN 978-28139-0109-5 3 FC NANTES MAGAZINE LE MATCH DE LA SEMAINE FC Nantes-Stade de Reims Dimanche, à l’occasion de la 5ème journée de Ligue 1 Conforama, le FC Nantes et le Stade de Reims s’affronteront pour la 15ème fois dans l’élite du football français, à la Beaujoire. Découvrez les chiffres des deux formations avant cette rencontre ! 7e CLASSEMENT GÉNÉRAL 6e 7 pts POINTS 7 pts V 0 N 1 D 0 BILAN V 0 N 1 D 0 G P GN V V SÉRIE -
The Impact of Foreigner Rules in the European Football Leagues
__________________ Région et Développement n° 31-2010 ___________________ THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF FOREIGNER RULES IN NATIONAL SPORTS LEAGUES Markus LANG*, Alexander RATHKE**, Marco RUNKEL*** Abstract – Profitable and balanced domestic league sports are among the central prerequisites for attracting the right to host a mega-event like the soccer world cup as well as for the overall economic success of such events. This paper pro- vides a contest model of a professional team sports league and analyzes the impact of a restriction on foreign players. It shows that a league with binding restrictions on foreign talent for all clubs is more balanced than a league without binding restrictions on foreign talent. Moreover, the wage level of domestic (foreign) talent is higher (lower) in a league with a binding restriction on foreign players. Finally, a tighter restriction on foreign players increases profits of all clubs. Keywords: TEAM SPORTS LEAGUES, COMPETITIVE BALANCE, PLAYER SALARIES JEL classification: L83 We gratefully acknowledge financial support provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF research project no. 105270) and the research fund of the University of Zurich. * Institute of Strategy and Business Economics, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 14, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] ** Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 30, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] *** Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Magdeburg, P.O. Box 4120, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 48 Markus Lang, Alexander Rathke and Marco Runkel 1. INTRODUCTION Running a financially healthy and balanced national sports league is among the central prerequisites for attracting the right to host an international mega-event like the FIFA1 World Cup or the UEFA2 European Football Cham- pionship.