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Chapter 2 Economic Model of a Professional Football Club in France
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository Chapter 2 Economic model of a professional football club in France Nicolas Scelles and Wladimir Andreff The economic model of football clubs is a revenue model but also a cost model in relation to their objective. It can be defined as the search for balance between revenues, costs and objective, and the latter can vary: profit maximization, sporting maximization under strict constraint (“hard” constraint), or “soft” budget constraint (Andreff, 2009). In France, the revenue model of football clubs has evolved with time. This mutation fits in the switch from an SSSL (Spectators-Subventions-Sponsors- Local) model to an MMMMG (Media-Magnats-Merchandising-Markets-Global) model at the European level (Andreff & Staudohar, 2000). Before 1914, sport financing came mainly from practitioners (Bourg et Gouguet, 2001, p. 19). Thereafter, with competitions as spectacle, spectators have become the primary source of revenue, ahead of the subsidies granted by the local authorities and industry patrons. Advertising revenues have gradually become more and more important and, in the 1960s and 1970s, sponsorship increased significantly as firms were seeking more direct identification in terms of audience, image, reputation and sales (Andreff et Staudohar, 2000, p. 259) . In France, during the 1970s, operating revenues of first division football clubs came mainly from the spectators, supplemented by subsidies and sponsorship. The SSSL model was at its peak, with its “L” finding its justification in the fact that the revenues were generated from local or national residents. The 1980s is the starting point of a continuous increase in the share of TV rights income for French clubs. -
Theory of the Beautiful Game: the Unification of European Football
Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 54, No. 3, July 2007 r 2007 The Author Journal compilation r 2007 Scottish Economic Society. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main St, Malden, MA, 02148, USA THEORY OF THE BEAUTIFUL GAME: THE UNIFICATION OF EUROPEAN FOOTBALL John Vroomann Abstract European football is in a spiral of intra-league and inter-league polarization of talent and wealth. The invariance proposition is revisited with adaptations for win- maximizing sportsman owners facing an uncertain Champions League prize. Sportsman and champion effects have driven European football clubs to the edge of insolvency and polarized competition throughout Europe. Revenue revolutions and financial crises of the Big Five leagues are examined and estimates of competitive balance are compared. The European Super League completes the open-market solution after Bosman. A 30-team Super League is proposed based on the National Football League. In football everything is complicated by the presence of the opposite team. FSartre I Introduction The beauty of the world’s game of football lies in the dynamic balance of symbiotic competition. Since the English Premier League (EPL) broke away from the Football League in 1992, the EPL has effectively lost its competitive balance. The rebellion of the EPL coincided with a deeper media revolution as digital and pay-per-view technologies were delivered by satellite platform into the commercial television vacuum created by public television monopolies throughout Europe. EPL broadcast revenues have exploded 40-fold from h22 million in 1992 to h862 million in 2005 (33% CAGR). -
Evidence from Top European Soccer Leagues
Let’s meet as usual: Do games played on non-frequent days differ? Evidence from top European soccer leagues Daniel Goller and Alex Krumer June 2019 Discussion Paper no. 2019-07 School of Economics and Political Science, University of St.Gallen Department of Economics Editor: Vanessa Pischulti University of St.Gallen School of Economics and Political Science Department of Economics Müller-Friedberg-Strasse 6/8 CH-9000 St.Gallen Phone +41 71 224 23 07 Email [email protected] Publisher: School of Economics and Political Science Department of Economics University of St.Gallen Müller-Friedberg-Strasse 6/8 CH-9000 St.Gallen Phone +41 71 224 23 07 Electronic Publication: http://www.seps.unisg.ch Let’s meet as usual: Do games on non-frequent days differ? Evidence from top European soccer leagues1 Daniel Goller and Alex Krumer Author’s address: Daniel Goller Swiss Institute for Empirical Economic Research (SEW) University of St.Gallen Varnbüelstrasse 14 CH-9000 St.Gallen Phone +41 71 224 2331 Email [email protected] Alex Krumer Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences Molde University College Britvegen 2 NO-6402 Molde Email [email protected] 1 We would like to thank Michael Lechner, Michael Knaus, Gabriel Okasa and Sandro Heiniger for helpful comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimer applies. Abstract Balancing the allocation of games in sports competitions is an important organizational task that can have serious financial consequences. In this paper, we examine data from 9,930 soccer games played in the top German, Spanish, French, and English soccer leagues between 2007/2008 and 2016/2017. -
Final MEN by Coach and Captain
FIFA World Player Gala 2007 Votes by captain (MEN) COUNTRY NAME 1st PLACE 2nd PLACE 3rd PLACE Afghanistan Sayed Maqsood Kaká Cristiano Ronaldo Henry Thierry Algeria Yazid Mansouri Kaká Messi Lionel Cech Petr American Samoa no vote no vote no vote no vote Andorra Óscar Sonejee Masand Kaká Messi Lionel Drogba Didier Angola Paulo José Lopes de Figueiredo Drogba Didier Kaká Riquelme Juan Román Antigua and Barbuda George Dublin Cristiano Ronaldo Ronaldinho Henry Thierry Argentina Javier Zanetti Kaká Buffon Gianluigi Lampard Frank Armenia Sargis Hovsepyan Cristiano Ronaldo Kaká Messi Lionel Aruba no vote no vote no vote no vote Australia no vote no vote no vote no vote Austria Andreas Ivanschitz Kaká Ribéry Franck Henry Thierry Azerbaijan Aslan Karimov Cristiano Ronaldo Messi Lionel Klose Miroslav Bahamas Happy Hall Messi Lionel Kaká Essien Michael Bahrain Mohamed Salmeen Kaká Messi Lionel Cristiano Ronaldo Barbados Norman Forde Gerrard Steven Cannavaro Fabio Drogba Didier Belarus Alexander Hleb Kaká Pirlo Andrea Gattuso Gennaro Belgium Timmy Simons Kaká Messi Lionel Gerrard Steven Belize Harrison Rochez Messi Lionel Kaká Márquez Rafael Bhutan Pema Chophel Ronaldinho Cristiano Ronaldo Rooney Wayne Bolivia Ronald Baldes Cristiano Ronaldo Kaká Deco Bosnia-Herzegovina Zvjezdan Misimovic Kaká Cristiano Ronaldo Drogba Didier Brazil Lucimar da Silva Ferreira (Lucio) Gerrard Steven Messi Lionel Klose Miroslav British Virgin Islands Avondale Williams Kaká Cristiano Ronaldo Drogba Didier Bulgaria Dimitar Berbatov Kaká Cristiano Ronaldo Messi Lionel Burundi -
Règlements Généraux De La F.F.F
Règlements Généraux Titre 1 - Organisation générale ................................................................................. 6 CHAPITRE 1 - La Fédération ............................................................................................ 6 Section 1 - Généralités ................................................................................................. 6 Articles - 1 à 6 ......................................................................................................... 6 Section 2 - Les Commissions ....................................................................................... 7 Articles - 7 à 14 ....................................................................................................... 7 CHAPITRE 2 - Les Ligues et les Districts ........................................................................10 Section 1 - La Ligue de Football Professionnel ............................................................10 Articles - 15 à 17 ....................................................................................................10 Section 2 - Les Ligues régionales et les Districts .........................................................10 Articles - 18 à 21 ....................................................................................................10 CHAPITRE 3 - Les Clubs .................................................................................................11 Section 1 - Affiliation ....................................................................................................11 -
A. Auto Racing: I
a. Auto Racing: i. NASCAR ii. NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series iii. NASCAR Xfinity Series iv. Formula One v. IndyCar b. Boxing: i. Professional bouts sanctioned by: a) International Boxing Federation (IBF); b) World Boxing Association (WBA); c) World Boxing Council (WBC) d) World Boxing Organization (WBO) e) Top Rank Boxing c. Basketball: i. NBA* (Pre-season, All-Star Game & Events, Post-Season Games, NBA Finals) ii. WNBA* (All-Star Game & Events, Post-Season Games, WNBA Finals) iii. NCAA* - Division 1 d. Baseball: i. MLB* (Spring Training, All-Star Games & Events, Post-Season Games, World Series) ii. Japan NPB (Nippon Professional Baseball) iii. Korean Baseball League iv. NCAA* – Division 1 e. Cycling: i. Tour de France f. Fighting: i. UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) ii. Bellator MMA iii. ONE Championship iv. International Mixed Martial Arts Federation v. Professional Fighters League (PFL) vi. British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC) g. Football: Revised: June 22, 2021 i. NFL* (Pre-Season, Pro Bowl & Events, Post-Season Games, Super Bowl) ii. CFL iii. XFL iv. Australian Football League v. NCAA* – FBS Division I-A, FCS Division I-AA h. Golf: i. PGA ii. PGA Tour Champions iii. LPGA iv. European Tour v. KLPGA vi. Ryders Cup vii. President’s Cup i. Hockey: i. NHL* (Pre-Season, All-Star Game and Events, Post-Season Games, Stanley Cup) ii. International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) Sanctioned Events iii. Kontinental Hockey League iv. NCAA* – Division 1 j. Horse Racing (Pari-Mutuel Only): k. PBR (Professional Bull Riders) l. Tennis: i. International Tennis Federation (ITF) Sanctioned Events ii. United States Tennis Association (USTA) Sanctioned Events iii. -
The Impact of Foreigner Rules in the European Football Leagues
__________________ Région et Développement n° 31-2010 ___________________ THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF FOREIGNER RULES IN NATIONAL SPORTS LEAGUES Markus LANG*, Alexander RATHKE**, Marco RUNKEL*** Abstract – Profitable and balanced domestic league sports are among the central prerequisites for attracting the right to host a mega-event like the soccer world cup as well as for the overall economic success of such events. This paper pro- vides a contest model of a professional team sports league and analyzes the impact of a restriction on foreign players. It shows that a league with binding restrictions on foreign talent for all clubs is more balanced than a league without binding restrictions on foreign talent. Moreover, the wage level of domestic (foreign) talent is higher (lower) in a league with a binding restriction on foreign players. Finally, a tighter restriction on foreign players increases profits of all clubs. Keywords: TEAM SPORTS LEAGUES, COMPETITIVE BALANCE, PLAYER SALARIES JEL classification: L83 We gratefully acknowledge financial support provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF research project no. 105270) and the research fund of the University of Zurich. * Institute of Strategy and Business Economics, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 14, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] ** Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 30, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] *** Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Magdeburg, P.O. Box 4120, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 48 Markus Lang, Alexander Rathke and Marco Runkel 1. INTRODUCTION Running a financially healthy and balanced national sports league is among the central prerequisites for attracting the right to host an international mega-event like the FIFA1 World Cup or the UEFA2 European Football Cham- pionship. -
La Diffusion De Sport Sur Internet : Un Marche Et Des Usages En Developpement
LA DIFFUSION DE SPORT SUR INTERNET : UN MARCHE ET DES USAGES EN DEVELOPPEMENT Étude conjointe menée par le CSA et l’Hadopi Mars 2020 LA DIFFUSION DE SPORT SUR INTERNET Sommaire Synthèse ................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 11 I. Les contenus sportifs en ligne : un marché français émergent ......................... 13 A. Une profusion d’offres OTT éditées par des acteurs très variés ........................... 13 1. Les offres des éditeurs de télévision ......................................................................... 13 Les offres des éditeurs de télévision gratuite ....................................................... 13 Les offres des éditeurs de télévision payante ....................................................... 17 2. Les offres des ayants droit ........................................................................................ 21 Des ayants droit étrangers pionniers .................................................................... 21 Les initiatives récentes des ayants droit français .................................................. 23 3. Les offres 100 % sport éditées par de nouveaux acteurs ......................................... 26 Les offres centrées autour d’une discipline en France ......................................... 26 Le développement d’offres multisport à l’étranger ............................................. -
Commission Fédérale Des Règlements Et Contentieux
POPUP P. 36 Commission fédérale des règlements et contentieux –– Une augmentation de la charge d’activité a touché tous les types de dossiers examinés, particulièrement les procédures disciplinaires et les demandes d’évocation. Au cours de la saison 2018-2019, la Les appels ont été en légère hausse : Réserves, réclamations et évocations Commission fédérale des règlements la CFRC a ainsi traité cent sept recours par types de recours en 2018-2019 et contentieux (CFRC) s’est réunie à contre des décisions prises par les Réserves 15 douze reprises, exactement comme ligues en 2018-2019, soit neuf appels lors de la saison précédente. Certaines de plus qu’en 2017-2018. À noter que Réclamations 16 réunions ont été organisées à distance la proportion d’appels formés par des Évocations demandées par les clubs 45 pour traiter en urgence les demandes clubs d’outre-mer reste importante de mutés supplémentaires, afin que les (essentiellement de ceux de la Ligue de Évocations sur proposition clubs puissent les utiliser sans tarder. Mayotte et, dans une moindre mesure, de la Direction des compétitions 2 nationales La charge d’activité de la CFRC a de celle de la Guadeloupe). La plus considérablement augmenté en 2018- forte variation concerne les réserves, Total 78 2019 avec pas moins de 337 dossiers réclamations ou demandes d’évocation examinés, soit 73 de plus que la saison formulées par les clubs à l’occasion de On peut ainsi constater une très nette précédente. Alors que la tendance était rencontres de compétitions nationales, augmentation de ce type de recours : à la stabilisation depuis deux saisons dont la répartition en fonction des soixante-dix-huit dossiers en 2018-2019, (264 dossiers en 2017-2018, 261 en épreuves et des types de recours figure contre quarante-et-un en 2017-2018. -
Destinataire / To
PROCES-VERBAL BUREAU EXECUTIF DE LA LIGUE DU FOOTBALL AMATEUR Réunion du : Mardi 15 juillet 2014 à : 14 h 00 Présidence : M. Lionel BOLAND Présents : MM. Didier ANSELME, Raphaël CARRUS, Philippe GUILBAULT Jean- Claude HILLION, Vincent NOLORGUES, Michel TRONSON - Pascal PARENT Excusées : Mmes Candice PREVOST et Marie-Christine TERRONI Assistent : Mme Sonia EOUZAN – MM. Bernard DESUMER et Aymeric DE TILLY 1 – Approbation des procès-verbaux du Bureau Exécutif de la LFA Aucune réserve, ni observation n’ayant été formulée sur les procès-verbaux du Bureau Exécutif de la LFA du 12 juin et du 24 juin 2014, ceux-ci sont approuvés. 2 – Compétitions Nationales Considérant l’article 1 du Règlement des championnats Nationaux et les éléments transmis par les commissions fédérales de gestion des compétitions nationales, après discussions entre les membres du Bureau Exécutif de la LFA et les représentants de la Direction des Compétitions Nationales, les différents groupes des championnats 201/2015 sont homologués comme suit : Bureau Exécutif de la LFA du mardi 15 juillet 2014 1 / 13 1.1 - Masculin Championnat National : 18 clubs 1 AMIENS SC 2 AVRANCHES US MSM 3 BOULOGNE SUR MER USBCO 4 BOURG PERONNAS 5 CA BASTIA 6 CHAMBLY FC THELLE 7 COLMAR SR 8 COLOMIERS US FOOTBALL 9 DUNKERQUE USL 10 EPINAL SAS 11 FREJUS ST RAPHAEL ET. FC 12 ISTRES FC OP 13 LE POIRE SUR VIE VF 14 LUCON VENDEE FOOTBALL 15 MARSEILLE CONSOLAT G. 16 PARIS FC 17 RED STAR 93 18 STRASBOURG ARC Championnat de France Amateur (CFA) : 64 clubs (4 x 16) GOUPE A GROUPE B 1 AMIENS AC 1 AUBERVILLIERS -
JAVAD NEKOUNAM Shaikh Salman
QUARTERLY THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE ASIAN FOOTBALL CONFEDERATION ISSUE 3 JAVAD Shaikh Salman New AFC President NEKOUNAM tells of his plans to Iran’s captain bring unity to Asia fantastic steers Team Melli to Brazil 2014 Quarter-finals ISSUE Preview PLUS OMAN The Sultanate striving for greater July3 2013 professionalism ALI AL HABSI BURIRAM UNITED WOMEN’S ASIAN CUP Middle East’s goalkeeping Thai FA Cup winners set their Jordan advance to first finals icon on Wigan Athletic’s sights on making their alongside Vietnam, Thailand and FA Cup triumph and inspiring mark at the highest level Myanmar to join Australia, Japan, the next generation of Asian club football China and Korea Republic hypervenom 2 july neymar.pdf 1 2/7/13 4:46 PM CONTENTS QUARTERLY Issue No. 3 July-September 2013 Official quarterly publication of the Asian Football Confederation Published on behalf of the Asian Football Confederation by Asian Sports Media in conjunction with World Sport Group Asian Football Confederation AFC House, Jalan 1/155B, Bukit Jalil 5700 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tel: +603 8994 3388 18 Fax: + 603 8994 2689 Interview: Shaikh Salman www.the-afc.com Bin Ebrahim Al Khalifa President: Shaikh Salman Bin Ebrahim Al Khalifa MEET THE NEW BOSS Vice Presidents: Zhang Jilong C HRH Prince Abdullah Ibni Sultan Ahmad Shah M Yousuf Yaqoob Yousuf Al Serkal Moya Dodd Y Ganesh Thapa 24 – JAVAD NEKOUNAM 42 – AFC CHAMPIONS CM With qualification for the FIFA World Cup LEAGUE PREVIEW FIFA Vice President: finals sealed, Javad Nekounam is setting HRH Prince Ali Bin Al Hussein MY The field contesting the continent’s his sights on even more success leading club competition is down to FIFA Executive Committee CY just eight. -
Arbitres De Football
JUILLET 2007 - N° 136-1€ FEDERATION FRANÇAISE DE FOOTBALL Union Nationale des Arbitres de Football 41ème Congrès National Arbitres et éducateurs au service du jeu Sommaire e Congrès 2007 de Mâcon a été l’occasion de marquer le 40ème anniversaire de l’UNAF, p et de rendre hommage à son 2-3 Lfondateur, Louis TEREYGEOL, et à tous • Editorial de Bernard Saules ceux qui ont contribué à ce que l’asso- ciation devienne le grand club des ar- • Réception des arbitres des finales bitres. Des invités de marque dont le de Coupes présidents ESCALETTES (photo) et DU- • CHAUSSOY, les représentants de la Bulletin d’inscription – DNA, Marc BATTA et Rémi HARREL, le voyage en Tunisie représentants de la DTN, Henri EMILE, des éducateurs et entraîneurs Jean- Marie LAWNICZAK, Pierre REPELLINI, p 4-5 et d’autres encore, ont permis d’enri- chir le débat : arbitres et éducateurs • Actualités des Sections au service du jeu. (Suite en pages 5 à 9) • 41ème Congrès de l’UNAF p 6-7 Coupe de France - Coupe Gambardella • Retour sur le Congrès de Mâcon L’UNAF honore les deux quatuors • Intervenants et débats Fidèle à son en- gagement, l’UNAF a honoré les huit arbitres p 8-9 officiant à l’occa- sion des finales • Dans les coulisses du Congrès de la Coupe de France et de la Coupe Gambar- della. L’occasion p 10-11 également de ren- • Interview de Gilles Crinière dre hommage à ceux dont la fin de • Challenge Tricot-Labbé saison 2006-2007 • Challenge André Petit était synonyme d’ar- rêt de l’arbitrage au sein de l’élite.