Julio Cortázar Y El Jazz. Sincretismo Y América

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Julio Cortázar Y El Jazz. Sincretismo Y América JULIO CORTÁZAR Y EL JAZZ. SINCRETISMO Y AMÉRICA. ARACELI ABRAS DANERI […] habrá que trasmitir al lector como se trasmiten las cosas fundamentales: de sangre a sangre, de mano a mano, de hombre a hombre (Cortázar, en Alazraki, 1994: 385). 1 Editor: Universidad de Granada. Tesis Doctorales Autor: Araceli Abras Daneri ISBN: 978-84-9163-858-2 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/51136 2 ÍNDICE DEDICATORIA Y AGRADECIMIENTOS. página 5 CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN: CAMPO TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICO. I. CULTURA E IDENTIDAD: CRÍTICA DE LA CULTURA Y CONTRACRÍTICA LATINOAMERICANA. página 6 II. LA COLONIZACIÓN ESPACIO-TEMPORAL DE LA ACADEMIA: LA LETRA, LOS NOMBRES: RELOCALOZACIONES. página 9 III. ILUSTRACIÓN Y SUBALTERNIDAD. página 34 IV. BOOM Y REALISMO MÁGICO. página 39 V. LA RAZÓN COMO CENTRO EJECUTOR. página 44 VI. JULIO CORTÁZAR, CRÍTICO LATINOAMERICANO. página 48 CAPÍTULO II I. RAÍCES Y ORÍGENES. UNA GÉNESIS DE LAS INFLUENCIAS DE PENSAMIENTO EN CORTÁZAR. página 67 II. RECURSOS: SUEÑO, JUEGO, HUMOR. página 83 III. ABSOLUTO Y LENGUAJE ARTÍSTICO. página 93 IV. REVOLUCIÓN DEL LENGUAJE. página 98 V. TERRITORIOS. LO FANTÁSTICO. página 104 VI. ANALOGÍA. página 117 VII. TIEMPO Y TEMPO. página 126 CAPÍTULO III I. SINCRETISMO. ÁFRICA Y LA ORALIDAD: TRADICIONES DEL JAZZ. página 133 II. MESTIZAJE Y UTOPÍA. página 137 III. ACADEMIA Y ORALIDAD. página 141 IV. EL JAZZ. página 146 V. REPRESENTACIONES DEL JAZZ: JAZZ TALKS. página 181 CAPÍTULO IV I. OTREDAD, ORALIDAD COMO SUSTRATO. CORTÁZAR Y EL SINCRETISMO. página 203 3 II. JAZZ Y LITERATURA: EN CORTÁZAR. página 215 III. RAYUELA. página 244 IV. PRESENCIA, "EL PERSEGUIDOR". EL OTRO. EL JAZZ. página 254 CAPÍTULO V I. EXILIO Y REVOLUCIÓN. LENGUA Y LENGUAJES. página 303 II. LA UTOPÍA Y LA CRÍTICA. página 313 III. COMPROMISO Y LITERATURA. página 337 CAPÍTULO VI EPÍLOGO Y CONCLUSIONES PARCIALES Y TOTALES. página 351 FUENTES Y BIBLIOGRAFÍA página 361 4 DEDICATORIA Y AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo va dedicado a mi madre, que me enseñó que el tiempo no existe y que la vida hay que soñarla despierto para que ocurra. Sin ella, nada hubiera sido posible. Gracias a los míos que siempre me han alentado en mis estudios e investigaciones. En primer lugar a mi hermano que es mi fuerza. A mi padre que me trasmitió el amor constante a la celulosa y a Mati por hacer crecer mi familia. A mi abuela que me ha enseñado tanto con su experiencia y su cariño. A mi tía Cati, a Dana y a Elizabeth M. Harknett que los tengo siempre presentes. A mis abuelos y a Kavulinski que me hizo una cabaña y animaba mis vocaciones. A Blue que es mi corazón y a Red, a Laskmi y Darti, que siempre tienen una sonrisa para mí. A Sergio Hernández Jiménez, por toda su paciencia y amor. Porque no hay páginas suficientes para escribir lo que tengo por agradeceros. A Amalia Balaguer por las charlas infinitas, por su amistad incondicional y por poder contar con su apoyo siempre, pero también por sumar además el consejo y la ayuda de su familia a la que también tengo por agradecer. A Soraya Castillo Lombardo por todas las horas llenas de risas y por todos los días de facultad desde antes del amanecer hasta después de haber anochecido. Por Jackobson que huyó por los montes de Siberia. A Inmaculada Manzano Romero por el pensamiento crítico aplicado a la actitud en la vida y a Ana Amezcua por crecer conmigo, igualmente a Miguel García López. A Jorge L. Lusarreta porque nunca podré darle toda la amistad que quisiera pero sabe que la tiene. A Mies, Maki y Panonika por estar allí. A Carlos Sánchez Redondo, Ciliebro, por la libertad que me enseñaste. A la capitana Barea. A Manuel J. Romero, Pablo Fernández y Rosa Quirantes, porque siempre pesa más el cariño que las diferencias y las distancias entre nosotros. A Lourdes Granger que nunca me pierde la pista. A F. Javier Llorente por convertirse en familia y a Davico. A Javier Llorente, in memoriam. A Paco y Antoñita, por estar siempre cerca y contagiarme vuestra alegría. A Mercedes Cortés Darias por poner el primer granito de arena en mi desierto y enseñarme a caminar. A Irene Melfi Svetko que me trasmitió sus valores y su fuego, y sus ascuas siempre vivirán en mí. A Javier Pérez de la Cruz que me hizo mirar el otro lado de las cosas y descubrir mundos remotos todas las tardes de viernes. Muy especialmente a mi padrino Antonio Enrique, hermano capricornio, que me regaló mi primer libro y me dijo muy temprano y muy claro que tenía que leer todos los que pudiera y que para escribir solo hacía falta una razón verdadera. A Amparo Oliver Vargas porque todos los días aprendí algo nuevo con ella. Y a MªLuz Concha, porque sin ella los dolores de cabeza habrían sido muchos más y siempre está para mí por océanos o kilómetros que haya por medio. A mis profesores y maestros Miguel D`Ors, José Antonio Fortes, Miguel Ángel García, Andrés Soria Olmedo y Juan Varo. A mi director Ángel Esteban, porque el amor a Latinoamérica se lo debo a él y porque pasito a pasito al fin hemos llegado hasta aquí. A Ángela Olalla que me enseñó otra vez a leer. A José Andrés Molina Redondo que me presentó a Chomsky y siempre resolvía mis dudas de lingüística con un cigarro al sol en los patios de ese edificio que es mi facultad. A Manuel Cáceres por las clases de teoría y crítica literaria a las tres de la tarde. Igualmente a Vicente Sabido, porque "si no estudiamos nosotros estas cosas, ¿quién lo hará?", los tres in memoriam siempre. A MªJesús Bedmar por confiar en mí antes de conocerme y a Francisco Linares por su tiempo y buena disposición. A Alain Sicard y a Jacques Chesnel que escucharon conmigo la misma música que compartieron con Cortázar y me acercaron más a él. A Alvin Smith que me acogió y me enseñó a distinguir el racismo y a levantarse y a levantarlo todo después de los huracanes. A todas las personas que han hecho posible esta investigación y que de un modo u otro me alentaron. Por supuesto a Julio Cortázar siempre, a Thelonious Monk, a Charles Mingus y a Charlie Parker. Pero también a E.A. Poe. A Berlín, a Nola y a Atarfe, por sus distintas luces. A ti, lector, que acaso rescates esto cuando seamos ceniza. 5 CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN: CAMPO TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICO. […] una antropofonía es la denuncia imperfecta y desesperada del establishment de las letras, a la vez espejo y pantalla de otro establisment que está haciendo de Adán, cibernética y minuciosamente, lo que delata su nombre apenas se lo lee al revés: nada (Cortázar, 1967: 3). I. CULTURA E IDENTIDAD: CRÍTICA DE LA CULTURA Y CONTRACRÍTICA LATINOAMERICANA. Al tener como premisa la idea de América, que no es poco compleja, hemos considerado valorar en primera instancia su naturaleza cultural sincrética al norte y al sur: algo que, de algún modo, nos parece que comparten Cortázar y el jazz. A este respecto, consieramos ese carácter de mixture del que habla Peter Wade: […] in Latin Ameria generally blacks were freed more frequently that in the southern US; race mixture was more common; and the products of that mixture were recognised as socially distinct from their parents. In contrast, in the US, freedom for blacks was limited and highly controlled; race mixture occurred, but was repressed; (Wade, 1997: 50). La coexistencia de culturas en espacios sociales de opresión se sustenta en los diversos sustratos que quedan patentes en la esfera cultural americana al norte y al sur. Igualmente, y como parte de esa esfera cultural, hemos tratado de aplicar esa noción a las artes que la concierrnen desde su realidad específica. A menudo esta realidad corresponde al espacio entre la marginalidad y la generación de estéticas híbridas que abandonan los espacios límite de las tradiciones del arte sin existir un único soporte que sustente la trama más allá del lenguaje creativo que oscilará entre la apertura y el hermetismo comunicativo, nuevas conquistas simbólicas, paradigmas y perspectivas, tanto en el caso del jazz como de Cortázar. 6 Gilberto Giménez en su texto “La cultura como identidad y la identidad como cultura” establece como simbiótica la relación entre ambos términos. Define como primera función de la identidad el marcar fronteras entre un “nosotros” y un “los otros” por medio de rasgos culturales distintivos: “[…] la identidad no es más que el lado subjetivo (o, mejor, intersubjetivo) de la cultura, la cultura interiorizada en forma específica, distintiva y contrastiva por los actores sociales en relación con otros actores” (Giménez, 2003: 1). Ya Habermas estudia la identidad de forma cualitativa. Es decir, manifestada en y por los procesos de interacción y comunicación social (Habermas, 1987: Vol. II: 145). Pero Giménez explica que donde antes se entendía cultura como “modelos de comportamiento”, a partir de Clifford Geertz se entiende como “pautas de significados”, restringiendo la cultura al ámbito de los hechos simbólicos. En La interpretación de las culturas Geertz cita a Max Weber para afirmar que la cultura se presenta como una “telaraña de significados” (Geertz, 1992: 2). Estos significados son compartidos y relativamente duraderos y suelen implicar sentido emocional o emotivo como ocurre en el campo de lo espiritual y religioso. Giménez explica que la cultura no es un terreno estable, sino que presenta zonas de persistencia y zonas de cambio. Como indican otros autores también, los significados culturales se objetivizan en forma de “artefactos”, comportamientos observables o “formas culturales” (Thompson, 1998: 202 y ss). Estas “formas culturales” se interiorizan en forma de “habitus”, de esquemas cognitivos o representaciones sociales; es aquí donde Bourdieu distingue una relación de retroalimentación en su tesis clásica: las formas interiorizadas provenientes de las experiencias comunes y compartidas son mediadas por las formas objetivadas de la cultura, mientras que estas no se explican sin los esquemas cognitivos (Bourdieu, 1985: 86)1.
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