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Child Labour in Ghana: Descriptions and Recommendations Trabalho 1 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA MARY AWOTWE Child labour in Ghana: Descriptions and Recommendations Trabalho infantil em Gana: Descrições e Recomendações Campinas 2020 2 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA MARY AWOTWE Child labour in Ghana: Descriptions and Recommendations Trabalho infantil em Gana: Descrições e Recomendações Prof. Dr. Magda Barros Biavaschi – Orientadora Master's Thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Economic Development of the Institute of Economics of the State University of Campinas to obtain the title of Master in Economic Development, in the area of Social and Labor Economics. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Econômico do Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico, área de concentração: Economia Social e do Trabalho. ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO MARY AWOTWE E ORIENTADA PELA PROF. DR. MAGDA BARROS BIAVASCHI. Campinas 2020 3 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Economia Luana Araujo de Lima - CRB 8/9706 Awotwe, Mary, 1983- Aw6c AwoChild labour in Ghana : descriptions and recommendations / Mary Awotwe. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2020. A w o Orientador: Magda Barros Biavaschi. Aw Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia. A wo 1. Trabalho infantil - Gana. 2. Educação. 3. Pobreza. I. Biavaschi, Magda Barros, 1948-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Economia. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Trabalho infantil em Gana : descrições e recomendações Palavras-chave em inglês: Child labour - Ghana Education Poverty Área de concentração: Economia Social e do Trabalho Titulação: Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico Banca examinadora: Magda Barros Biavaschi [Orientador] Hugo Miguel Oliveira Rodrigues Dias Marcelo Sartorio Loural Data de defesa: 24-07-2020 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Desenvolvimento Econômico 4 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA MARY AWOTWE Child labour in Ghana: Descriptions and Recommendations Trabalho infantil em Gana: Descrições e Recomendações Prof.ª Dr.ª Magda Barros Biavaschi – orientadora Defendida em 24/07/2020 COMISSÃO JULGADORA Prof. Dr. Anselmo Luis dos Santos - PRESIDENTE Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Prof. Dr. Hugo Miguel Oliveira Rodrigues Dias Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Prof. Dr. Marcelo Sartório Loural Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) A Ata de Defesa, assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora, consta no processo de vida acadêmica da aluna. 5 DEDICATION This dissertation is first and foremost, dedicated to God Almighty, for giving me divine protection, grace, strength, wisdom and understanding throughout my studies and writing of my dissertation. To my lovely parent, family and spiritual father for their prayers and support both, spiritually, financially and mentally throughout my stay in Brazil. Thank you, Lord, for your tender mercies and faithfulness to me. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge various authors whose books, articles, journals, I have used in putting my research together. Thank you. I wish to express my deep appreciation to my Supervisor Professor, Magda Barros Biavaschi, for her advice, encouragement, patience, cooperation, availability, and tireless guidance throughout the research. And to Professor Hugo Rodrigues Dias, Marcelo Loural, Professor Marcelo Manzano and Professor Dr. Anselmo Santos for their time and contribution to my study. I express my thanks of gratitude to all the professors and staff of CESIT, Governing Council of the State University of Campinas, for their dedication and support. Further acknowledgements go to my union Public Services Workers Union (PSWU) of the TUC- Ghana, to my employer National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE) in Ghana for their support and creating the opportunity to allow me to achieve this success. To my lovely family back home in Ghana, my mum Miss Elizabeth Andoh, my dad, Mr. Thomas Awotwe, my prophet Francis Awotwe and wife, Patience Awotwe, and all my family members for their prayers, support and encouragement throughout my studies. And to my friends who contributed in many ways for this achievement, especially Brother Philip Sarpong, who introduced me to this course, believed in my potential and encouraged me to take this programme. To all my colleagues from different countries who made my stay in Brazil fruitful and memorable. May God continue to bless you all. Above all, I am most grateful to God for the gift of life, without whom it would not be possible for me to undertake the study. To him, I give glory and honour. 7 RESUMO O trabalho infantil, tais como crianças trabalhando na agricultura comercial, pesca, transporte de carga na cabeça (kayaye), mineração ilegal de ouro (galamsey), prostituição, e atividades de extração de pedra tornaram-se uma preocupação na maioria dos países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Gana. O trabalho infantil tem aumentado no Gana, particularmente na maioria das zonas rurais e isoladas, onde as crianças estão envolvidas no trabalho de rua, na direção de veículos, no sector das pescas etc. O efeito do trabalho infantil nas crianças é uma preocupação. Este estudo baseia-se nas informações primárias da Constituição do Gana, da Lei da Criança do Gana, e de várias leis sobre trabalho infantil, juntamente com convenções internacionais e regionais ratificadas pelo governo. Além destes, obtiveram-se informações secundárias de livros académicos, de bases de dados de revistas eletrônicas, artigos de vários autores, websites, OIT, e também do Serviço de Estatística do Gana. A dissertação estuda a gênese do trabalho infantil, o seu efeito sobre as crianças e o quadro regulamentar necessário para um trabalho mais estável e sem ameaças para as crianças. O objetivo desta dissertação é abordar algumas causas do trabalho infantil, as razões pelas quais as crianças trabalham e os efeitos do trabalho infantil sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança. Analisam-se também os esforços feitos pelas leis internacionais e legislação nacional que procuram eliminar as piores formas de trabalho infantil no Gana. Além disso, abordam-se possíveis causas para as falhas na implementação efetiva das leis internacionais sobre trabalho infantil ratificadas pelo Gana, e da legislação nacional aprovada para proibir as piores formas de trabalho infantil. Finalmente, algumas estratégias e mecanismos são sugeridos, que poderiam eliminar as piores formas de trabalho infantil no Gana. Palavras-chave: Trabalho infantil, Gana, Educação, Pobreza. 8 ABSTRACT Child labour such as children in commercial agriculture, fishing, head portage (kayaye), galamsey, prostitution, and stone quarrying activities have become the concern in most developing countries, including Ghana. Child labour has become an increased rate in Ghana, particularly in most rural and isolated areas, where children involved in street work, motor riding, in the fishing sector et.al. The effect of child labour on children is a concern. The study draws on primary information from the constitution of Ghana, Children’s Act of Ghana, and several child labour laws together with international and regional convention ratified by the government. Secondary information from other academic books, electronic database journals, articles, and data from several authors, websites, ILO, and also data from Ghana Statistical Service. The thesis studies the genesis of child labour, its effect on children and the shape of the regulatory framework required to have more stable non-hazardous work on children. This thesis goal is to address some causes of child labour by aiming at why children work as child labourers and the effects of child labour on the growth and development of the child. It will also analyse the efforts made by the International laws and National legislation that eliminate the worst forms of child labour in Ghana. It will further, determine what accounts for gaps in the effective implementation of international laws on child labour ratified by Ghana and national legislation passed to prohibits the worst forms of child labour. Finally, it will suggest possible ideas in the form of strategies and mechanisms, which could eliminate the worst forms of child labour in Ghana. Keywords: Child labour, Ghana, Education, Poverty 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. A child lifting sack of cocoa ........................................................................................................ 32 Figure 2. Children working on high sea for fishing .................................................................................... 33 Figure 3. Children pushing truck of loads ................................................................................................... 35 Figure 4. Children selling in market ........................................................................................................... 35 Figure 6. Trokosi (female ritual slavery). Retrieved from. https://maameasaakode3.wordpress.com/ ....... 38 Figure 7. Children working on the street. Retrieved from: childvision.org.uk/wp- content/uploads/2013/09/StreetKids.jpg ..................................................................................................... 39 10 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Percentage distribution by population age group and sex ............................................................
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