Alimentadores Planos De Gran Ancho De Banda Con ´Enfasis En Detecci

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Alimentadores Planos De Gran Ancho De Banda Con ´Enfasis En Detecci Alimentadores planos de gran ancho de banda con enfasis´ en deteccion´ de polarizacion´ para radioastronom´ıa en microondas Por M. en C. Edgar Col´ın Beltran´ Presentado como requisito parcial para la obtencion´ del grado de: DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS EN LA ESPECIALIDAD DE ASTROFISICA´ en el Instituto Nacional de Astrof´ısica, Optica´ y Electronica´ Febrero 2013 Tonantzintla, Puebla Supervisada por: Dr. Alonso Corona Chavez´ Investigador Titular Departamento de Electronica´ INAOE Dr. Jose´ Eduardo Mendoza Torres Investigador Titular Departamento de Astrof´ısica INAOE c INAOE 2013 El autor otorga al INAOE el permiso de reproducir copias totales o parciales de esta tesis. Resumen La radioastronomía actual necesita de la mayor cantidad de datos y con el menor ruido para su desarrollo. En este trabajo se proponen dos alimentadores en tecnología de circuito impreso que cumplen con los objetivos anteriores. La tesis está organizada de la siguiente manera; en el primer capítulo se contextualiza el estado actual de los alimentadores que se encuentran en radiotelescopios importantes del mundo, para entender las necesidades y limitaciones actuales. El segundo capítulo es una breve pero importante introducción a ingeniería de microondas, que es el rango donde se sitúan las propuestas. Posteriormente se trata sobre teoría básica de antenas y el balance de un enlace que servirá como base de los capítulos posteriores. El capítulo cuarto es una descripción de los mecanismos de emisión que se presenta en el sol para el rango de microondas y que es importante porque se usará como objeto de observación en el sexto capítulo. Los siguientes dos capítulos, el quinto y sexto, son las propuestas que se han desarrollado para cubrir las necesidades descritas en el capítulo uno y con base en la teoría de los demás. Se presentan resultados simulados que están de acuerdo con los medidos. Finalmente, el último capítulo explica las conclusiones y el trabajo futuro que arrojó la tesis. i Abstract Nowadays radio astronomy requires much and low-noise data to be developed. In this work two feeding antennas in pcb technology that accomplish those previously goals are proposed. The thesis is organized as follows. In first chapter the state-of- art on feeding components that are used in radio telescopes around the world is described in order to contextualize the needs and limitations of them. Second chapter presents a brief but important introduction to microwave engineering which belongs to the operational range of the proposals. After that, there is some basic theory of antennas and how to calculate a link budget which will be helpful for understanding the next chapters. Following chapters, fifth and sixth, are dedicated to described in detail each proposal that have been made in order to satisfy requirements seen in the first chapter. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is depicted. Finally, last chapter is related to the conclusions and future work derived by the thesis. ii Agradecimientos Al Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica INAOE, por permitirme el uso de las instalaciones académicas y al Laboratorio de Electrónica de altas frecuencias. Al CONACYT por el otorgamiento de la beca durante los años de doctorado. Asimismo por el otorgamiento de la beca mixta para la realización de la estancia en la Universidad de California en Los Angeles. A mis asesores del INAOE; Dr. Alonso Corona Chávez y Dr. Eduardo Mendoza Torres y mi tutor en UCLA; Prof. Tatsuo Itoh junto con los sinodales, por sus indispensables consejos que dieron como resultado la consecución de esta tesis. A las autoridades de la Coordinación de Astrofísica por su apoyo. A mi novia, familiares y amigos de Toluca y Puebla que contribuyeron con el ánimo y diversión necesarios, pero sobre todo con el apoyo en momentos precisos. iii Dedicatorias A Dios A mi Gaby A José, Lupita, Eden, Gerrit e Iker iv Índice Capítulo I. Estado del arte de alimentadores en radiotelescopios …… 1 Capítulo II. Introducción a la ingeniería de microondas ……………….. 5 2.1 Líneas de transmisión y parámetros S ……………………………. 5 2.2 Línea de transmisión en microcinta ……………………………….. 11 2.3 Modos par e impar en líneas de microcinta acopladas …………. 13 2.4 Ruido ………………………………………………………………..... 17 Capítulo III. Teoría básica de antenas y balance de enlace ………...….. 21 3.1 Dipolo de media longitud de onda …………………………………. 21 3.2 Patrón de radiación de una antena ………………………………… 23 3.3 Tipos de antenas …………………………………………………….. 26 3.4 Balance de enlace …………………………………………………… 35 Capítulo IV. Conceptos básicos de emisión solar en microondas ...…. 39 4.1 Introducción …………………………………………………………… 39 4.2 Ecuación de transporte radiativo …………………………………… 40 4.3 El Sol. Mecanismos de emisión solar ……………………………… 41 4.3.1 Plasma. Breve introducción …………………………………. 41 4.3.2 Emisión Libre-libre ……………………………………………. 43 4.3.3 Emisión Ciclotrónica …………………………………………. 44 4.3.4 Emisión Girosincrotónica ……………………………………. 46 4.4 Características importantes de la detección de flujo solar ………. 47 Capítulo V. Alimentador balanceado de gran ancho de banda con disminución de ruido de polarización cruzada ……………. 49 5.1 Diseño e implementación del alimentador de gran ancho de banda …………………………………………………………………. 50 5.2 Diseño e implementación de filtro rechazador de ruido de modo común ………………………………………………………………..... 55 5.3 Unión de filtro de rechazo de modo común y el alimentador balanceado ... 58 5.4 Simulación de un arreglo de 20 x 20 elementos con disminución de ruido de polarización cruzada………………………………….. 65 v Capítulo VI. Alimentador con gran ancho de banda para detección de polarización circular …………………………………………… 69 6.1 Diseño e implementación del alimentador de polarización circular 70 6.2. Observaciones en el RT5 ……………………………………………. 77 6.3 Resultados de observaciones del sol y satélite …………………… 83 Conclusiones y trabajo futuro ……………………………………………….. 89 Apéndices ..……………………………………………………………………… 93 A. Tabla de Radiotelescópios ………………………………………….. 97 B. Articulos derivados …………………………………………………… 105 Índice de figuras ……………………………………………………………….. 123 Índice de tablas ………………………………………………………………… 127 Referencias …………………………………………………………………… 129 Resumen en extenso (inglés) ………………………………………………. 137 vi Objetivos Desarrollar e implementar un alimentador de polarización lineal, que pueda captar el mayor ancho de banda entre 1 y 10 GHz para observaciones solares. Desarrollar e implementar un alimentador que pueda detectar ondas electromagnéticas de polarización circular en el mayor ancho de banda entre 1 y 10 GHz. vii Prefacio La radioastronomía actual, en el rango de microondas, exige alimentadores fáciles de implementar, con mayor inmunidad a ruido y pureza de polarización detectada y además, de gran ancho de banda para tener un solo receptor con bandas divididas, y preferentemente móviles, en lugar de varios receptores a frecuencias específicas, lo que disminuye el costo de implementación. Para tales efectos, se proponen en este trabajo dos alimentadores novedosos implementados en tecnología plana. El primero es un alimentador directivo, perteneciente al tipo de antenas planas de hueco creciente. La abertura que se forma por la oposición de dos círculos en un plano, logra el acoplamiento del frente de onda para propagarlo como onda viajera dentro del alimentador, en un ancho de banda de 2.4 a 10 GHz. A éste dispositivo se le conectó un filtro de rechazo de señal en modo común dentro de la misma banda. Esta señal es uno de los principales contribuyentes del nivel de polarización cruzada (no deseada) en alimentadores balanceados. Por lo tanto, atenuando esa señal, logramos un decremento del ruido de polarización en una simulación de un arreglo lineal de 400 elementos. Resultados experimentales del alimentador individual se muestran acordes a lo simulado. Por otro lado, explorando las necesidades de los radiotelescopios terrestres, se puede encontrar que un requerimiento muy importante es la detección de polarización circular de señales provenientes de objetos celestes. Lograr que un receptor pueda diferenciar la polarización para obtener los parámetros de Stokes puede ser una labor muy complicada si se tienen sólo alimentadores lineales para la detección. Es por eso que en este trabajo también se reporta un alimentador novedoso con un amplio ancho de banda de 1.8 a 4 GHz, basado en tecnología plana para la detección de polarización circular. Además de la caracterización en viii laboratorio con resultados acordes a los simulados, se realizó un polarímetro experimental con dos alimentadores, uno para cada polarización. El polarímetro se montó en el foco del RT5, una antena parabólica de 5 metros de diámetro. Se observaron escaneos del sol y detección de una señal satelital con una clara diferenciación en sus polarizaciones, demostrando que el alimentador es útil para éste tipo de aplicaciones radioastronómicas. Como trabajo futuro se explora la posibilidad de aprovechar todo el ancho de banda que abarcan los elementos directivos descritos en la primera propuesta, por lo que prontamente se adquirirán los componentes de microondas necesarios para realizar ese front-end. ix x Capítulo I Revisión del estado del arte de alimentadores en radiotelescopios En este capítulo se expone un resumen del estado-del-arte en alimentadores de telescopios radioastronómicos que actualmente están en funcionamiento. Este contexto ayudará a plantear las necesidades y limitaciones actuales para entender la propuesta de la tesis posteriormente. El espectro radio eléctrico sitúa el rango de las microondas
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