(EIA) Report the Proposed Construction of Doubling

Home , Adyar River, Athipattu, Athipattu Pudunagar, Chettinad Health City, Cooum River, Edayanchavadi

Application for CRZ Clearance Submission of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report

JUNE 2019 PREPARED FOR M/S KAMARAJAR PORT LIMITED

PREPARED BY PROCEEDINGS S.No Query Query Reply Planting should be done, with native 1. species, in consultation with the District Agree to comply. Forest Officer, Tiruvallur The Pile caps are going to be constructed below the lowest Top of the pile caps should be lower than LTL (Low Tide Line) of the water 2. the lowest LTL (Low Tide Line) of the body. There won’t be any water body disturbance to the water flow direction. No Objection Certificate (NOC) NoC from the Public Works Department from the Public Works should be obtained before the Department (PWD) is under 3. commencement of works in Coastal process and will be obtained Regulation Zone before the commencement of works in CRZ area. The Project Proponent should remit half a percentage on the Total Project Cost to 4. the Environment Management Agency of Agreed upon. Tamil Nadu (EMAT), towards carrying out CER activities The Construction of bridges, culverts and 5. other activities should not affect the tidal Agreed upon. free flow of water

EIA REPORT

INDEX

The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Preamble ...... 1

1.2 Project background ...... 1

1.3 Existing Railway Track ...... 2

1.4 Need for the Project ...... 2

1.5 Location of the Project ...... 2

1.6 Objective of the Study ...... 4

1.7 Structure of the Report ...... 5

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 6

2.1 General ...... 6

2.2 Location of the Proposed Project ...... 7

2.3 Section of Doubling Railway Line ...... 12

2.4 Doubling Railway Line Construction Standards ...... 12

2.5 Survey Methodology ...... 14

2.6 Engineering Parameters ...... 15

2.6.1 Level ...... 15

2.6.2 Length ...... 15

2.6.3 Formation ...... 15

2.6.4 Standard of track ...... 15

2.6.5 Bridges ...... 15

2.6.6 Level Crossing ...... 16

2.6.7 OHE ...... 16

2.7 Description of the Alignment ...... 17 The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

2.8 Conclusion ...... 18

2.9 Project Cost ...... 18

3. LEGAL POLICY AND FRAMEWORK ...... 19

3.1 National Constitution of India ...... 19

3.2 Environmental Administration ...... 22

4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE ...... 25

4.1 Introduction ...... 25

4.2 Scope of Baseline Study ...... 25

4.3 Micro Meteorological Data ...... 28

4.3.1 Climate ...... 28

4.3.2 Wind ...... 28

4.4 Seismicity ...... 29

4.5 Air Environment ...... 30

4.5.1 Selection of Sampling Locations ...... 31

4.5.2 Parameters for Sampling ...... 32

4.5.3 Instruments Used For Sampling ...... 32

4.5.4 Presentation of Data ...... 33

4.5.5 Observation ...... 36

4.6 Noise Environment ...... 36

4.6.1 Identification of Sampling Locations ...... 37

4.6.2 Instrument used for Sampling ...... 37

4.6.3 Method of Monitoring ...... 38

4.6.4 Results ...... 39

4.6.5 Observation ...... 40

4.7 Water Environment ...... 41 The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

4.7.1 Sampling Locations ...... 41

4.8 Soil Environment ...... 51

4.8.1 Soil analysis ...... 51

4.9 Drainage ...... 55

4.10 Geomorphology and Soil Types ...... 57

4.11 Ground Water Scenario ...... 58

4.12 Biological Environment ...... 61

4.12.1 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 61

4.13 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 81

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 84

5.1 Introduction ...... 84

5.2 Likely Potential Impacts ...... 84

5.3 Impacts Identified ...... 85

5.4 Social Environment ...... 94

6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 95

6.1 Introduction ...... 95

6.2 Environmental Management Plan ...... 95

6.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 105

7. RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 108

7.1 General ...... 108

7.2 Risk Management Plan ...... 108

7.3 Disaster Management Plan ...... 112

7.4 Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 115

8. PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 116

9. CONCLUSION ...... 117 The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

10. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT ...... 118

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 - Environmental setting of the Project ...... 8 Table 2.2 - Curve Details of the Doubling Railway Line ...... 13 Table 3.1-Statutes, Policies, Regulations and Responsible Agencies ...... 23 Table 4.1-Environmental Attributes ...... 25 Table 4.2-Frequency and Monitoring Methodology ...... 26 Table 4.3 - Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location ...... 31 Table 4.4 - Techniques used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ...... 33 Table 4.5 – Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Result ...... 34 Table 4.6 - Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 37 Table 4.7 - Ambient Noise Level ...... 40 Table 4.8 - Ambient Noise Quality Standards ...... 40 Table 4.9 - Water Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 41 Table 4.10 - Results for Ground Water Analysis ...... 43 Table 4.11 – Results for Surface Water Analysis ...... 47 Table 4.12 - Soil Monitoring Locations ...... 51 Table 4.13 - Results for Soil Analysis ...... 53 Table 4.14 - Standard Soil Classifications ...... 54 Table 4.15 - List of Flora in the Study Area ...... 61 Table 4.16 - List of Fauna in the Study Area ...... 61 Table 4.17 - Marine sediment results ...... 64 Table 4.18 - Water sample Results ...... 67 Table 4.19 - Occurrence of Phytoplankton species along study area ...... 72 Table 4.20 - Abundance and group richness of Zooplankton ...... 77 Table 4.21- Occurrence and Percentage Composition of Zooplankton Species .... 79 Table 4.22 - Administrative Division of District ...... 82 Table 4.23 - Habitation found within the Study Area ...... 82 Table 4.24 - Summary of Demographic Profile of Habitation within the Study Area ...... 83 The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Table 5.1- Activity Impact Identification Matrix for Construction Phase ...... 86 Table 6.1- Environmental Management Plan ...... 96 Table 6.2 - Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 106 Table 6.3 - EMP Cost ...... 107 Table 7.1 - Activities during construction and operation along with ...... 108 Table 7.2 - Disaster Management Plan ...... 113

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - Location of Kamarajar Port & Tiruvallur District ...... 3 Figure 2.1 - Satellite Imagery of the Project Site ...... 9 Figure 2.2 - Project Layout ...... 10 Figure 2.3 - Topo Map of the project site within 10km radius ...... 11 Figure 4.1 - Windrose Diagram ...... 29 Figure 4.2 - Earthquake Hazard map of India ...... 30 Figure 4.3- GAHAP Data for ...... 30 Figure 4.4 - Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 32 Figure 4.5 - Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 38 Figure 4.6 - Water Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 42 Figure 4.7 - Soil Monitoring Locations ...... 52 Figure 4.8 - Drainage Map for 10 Km radius ...... 56 Figure 4.9 - Geomorphology Map are presented 10 Km radius ...... 57 Figure 4.10 - Hydrogeology Map ...... 59 Figure 4.11 - Depth to water level (Pre Monsoon)...... 60 Figure 4.12 - Depth to water level (Post Monsoon) ...... 60 Figure 4.13 - Marine Study Locations ...... 63 The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

LIST OF ANNEXURES

ANNEXURE I SCZMA CLEARANCE LETTER 123

ANNEXURE II CRZ MAP 128

ANNEXURE III IWAI NOC 144

ANNEXURE IV DESIGN DETAILS 146

ANNEXURE V SITE PHOTOS 150

APPROVAL LETTER FOR ANNEXURE VI 153 DOUBLING THE RAILWAY LINE

ANNEXURE VII TEMPORARY ROADS DETAILS 155

ANNEXURE VIII SOIL TEST REPORT 159 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Kamarajar Port Ltd (KPL) Kamarajar Port, located on the Coromandel Coast about 24 km north of Chennai Port, Chennai, it is the 12th major port of India, and the first port in India which is a public company. The port was declared as a major port under the Indian Ports Act, 1908 in March 1999 and incorporated as Ennore Port Limited under the Companies Act, 1956 in October 1999. The Kamarajar Port is the only corporatized major port and is registered as a company. Today, the landlord port is the dominant port model in larger and medium sized ports. The Kamarajar Port Limited assigned the Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited for the Construction of the doubling Railway line with the existing railway track to enable the easy way transportation. Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Ltd (IPRCL) IPRCL is a first of its kind Joint Venture Company (JVC) between the Major Ports under the Ministry of Shipping and RVNL with the objective to provide efficient rail evacuation systems to Major Ports and for enhancing their capacity. It plays a strategic role and position itself to act as mentor & coordinator for Major Ports Railway systems and Act as consultant for bringing in best practices in areas of IT, processes, systems and other areas related to evacuation of Cargo. IPRCL Contribute to the role of a Think-tank to develop scalable, workable models in port infrastructure for evacuation of cargo and infrastructure Projects. Project Description Section of Doubling Railway Line The Kamarajar Port Doubling Railway Line site starts from 13°15’35.4” N, 80°18’32.0” E and ends at 13°15’52.4” N, 80°19’45.5” E. The Length of the Railway line is 2.650 km. In general the terrain is plain. The proposed configuration of railway line junction starts from the point of Bridge No.5 and ends at the port side. Along this railway line 3 major bridges and 7 box culverts of 2 vents are proposed. The signal building will be constructed in junction of Kattupalli road and Holding Yard No 2 Road. Approximate height of embankment is 4 metre including subgrade layers.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Doubling Railway Line Construction Standards The Railway line is proposed to have the following standard of construction in the proposed Rail connectivity to suit the Indian Railway Network in the vicinity. Gauge The gauge adopted is 1676 mm Broad Gauge as the existing Railway network is of this gauge. Fixed Point and Track Clearance The fixed point of this Engineering Survey has been considered at the SRJ of line No.1 over run line at SRJ No. 124B towards Container Terminal Yard with Clearance for 25KV AC traction. Speed Potential The maximum speed proposed is 30 KMPH. Gradient The Proposed Doubling will take at Ch – 0.00 at SRJ No. 124B at level proposed to have a gradient of 1 in 1700 (R) towards CTRY. Following gradients are proposed at respective Chainages. Engineering Parameters The Engineering Parameters which are involved in the Railway Line are as follows Level All Levels taken for this survey is based on the Bench Mark of GTS. Length The Track length of the proposed line is around 2.650 km. Formation Formation is in bank and the side slopes are 2:1 and with the standard width of formations as per Railway Engineering Code by providing 6 meter track centre. Standard of track Rail – 60kg T-12 rails Sleepers – 60kg PSC Mono Block Sleepers, having M+7 density of 1540 no’s. Project Cost Cost of the project in CRZ Zone Rs .40 Crores.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Environmental regulatory Framework • The following are the key regulations in India applicable for various development projects. • Constitutional Provisions • The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 • The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification (1994) and Amended Notification 2006 • Forest (Conservation) Act, 1986 • The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended in 1987 • The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974 amended in 1988 • The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 • The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013 • The Motor Vehicles Act 1988

Clearance Responsibility S. Statutory Activity /NOC Status N Authority Implemen- Superv Required tation ision Greater Chennai Corporation Construction of Railway Line at KPL & IPRCL Permission 1 NOC IWAI Kosasthalaiyar Obtained River

Permission Construction of Department KPL & IPRCL will be 2 Railway Line in CRZ of obtained prior CRZ Area Environment to execution

Contractor

Permission Labour Working of Labour & will be 1 Welfare Contractor IPRCL labour Camps obtained prior Board to execution

Baseline Study The baseline study of the existing environment of the project site was conducted and the study showed that the existing air quality is well within the standards

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

prescribed by CPCB. There are no activities going around the project site and therefore the noise level during night time is minimum well within the standards. The soil and water quality at the project site is typical of any coastal area.The key environmental impacts identified by the EIA are discussed briefly below. The prime objective of baseline air monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the construction and operation of the proposed project. This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. Air Environment Observation

PM10 – A maximum value of 74 µg/m3 was observed at Project Site – Puzhuthivakkam (AAQ1). The next higher value of 71 µg/m3 was observed at Vichoor Village (AAQ7).The 24 hours applicable limit for industrial/residential/rural areas is 100 µg/m3, the observed values are well within the prescribed limit.

PM2.5 – The maximum value of 41.1 µg/m3 was observed at Ernavoor (AAQ8). The next higher value of 39.8 µg/m3 was observed at Project Site – Puzhuthivakkam (AAQ1). The 24 hours applicable limit is 60µg/m3 for industrial/residential/rural areas, the observed values are well within the prescribed limit.

SO2 - The maximum value of 13.3 µg/m3 was observed at Ernavoor (AAQ8). The next higher value of 12.1 µg/m3 was observed at Project Site – Puzhuthivakkam (AAQ1). The 24 hours applicable limit is 80µg/m3 for industrial/residential/rural areas, the observed values are well within the prescribed limit.

NOx - The maximum value of 22.7 µg/m3 was observed at Ernavoor (AAQ8). The next higher value of 21.6 µg/m3 was observed at Vichoor Village (AAQ7).The 24 hours applicable limit is 80 µg/m3 for industrial/residential/rural areas, the observed values are well within the prescribed limit.

O3 - The maximum value of 13.2 µg/m3 was observed at Ernavoor (AAQ8). The next higher value of 12.8 µg/m3 was observed at Vichoor Village (AAQ7).The 24

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, hours applicable limit is 100 µg/m3 for industrial/residential/rural areas, the observed values are well within the prescribed limit. Noise Environment Observation Day Time Noise Level Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range 47.3 – 56.8 dB (A). The maximum noise level was observed to be 56.8 dB (A) at Project Site - Puzhuthivakkam (N1) and a minimum of 47.3 dB (A) was observed at Kalanji (N4). The monitored locations during the Day time are under the prescribed limit. Night Time Noise Levels Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range 41.3 – 47.5 dB (A). The maximum noise level was observed to be 47.5 dB (A) at Project Site - Puzhuthivakkam (N1) and a minimum of 41.3 dB (A) was observed at Kalanji (N4).The monitored locations during the Day time are under the prescribed limit. Socio Economic A sample survey has been conducted to collect qualitative information about socio– economic environment of the area. The implementation of Project will employ (skilled and unskilled) local population within and in the surroundings of the project intervention. This ensures that they will economically benefit from the implementation of the project. Biological Environment The major component of the project area is rich in floral and faunal diversity. These species observed are given in chapter 4 of EIA Report. As per baseline studies, there were no endangered, threatened & protected and animal species were recorded in the study area. Environmental Impact Analysis and Management Plan Mitigation Measures for Air Environment Provision is made available for water sprays when dusts are being generated. All materials stored or stockpiled on treatment plant site will be adequately covered, and vehicles leaving the site should pass through wheel washes where practicable. Construction machineries and equipment should be transported using well

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

maintained trucks. Descending the number of trips for vehicles reduces the vehicular movement. Mitigation Measures for Noise Environment Avoiding construction during the night time, so the noise level is reduced to the permissible limits. Considering the onsite noise levels, it is recommended to provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as ear muffs, etc. to the construction workers. Mitigation Measures for Water Environment Adverse impacts on water quality will be minimized by ensuring that erosion control measures such as silt traps are put in place in all work areas near watercourse crossings or drainage channels. The quality of all drainage channels and ditches will be monitored and corrective actions taken where turbidity is unacceptably and stockpiles will be controlled to prevent uncontrolled runoff/erosion. Concrete and asphalt plants, equipment storage and maintenance areas will be located at a reasonable distance away from watercourses. Mitigation Measures for Biological Environment The total number of trees that has to be cleared a long the alignment has been identified and in subsequent stages of environmental assessment, a roadside plant will be developed to compensate for the trees cut as per MoEF guidelines and Concerned Forestry Department direction. There is no sensitive ecological area or significant natural habitat within the project road, so impacts to flora and fauna are not expected to be significant in this area. Mitigation Measures for Land Environment Spillage of oil and grease from the vehicles shall be washed and collected separately. Top soil shall be stored and used for filling low lying area within project site and other areas in consultation with the Engineer in charge. Strict protection of the boundaries of construction sites in order to prevent possible contamination of "neighboring" areas, damage and compaction of topsoil. Waste should be

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, collected and stored in a designated area and should be disposed so that to prevent erosion. Soil contamination will be limited through the establishment of management procedures that prevent spillage. It is particularly important that equipment storage/maintenance areas are redesigned and operated in accordance with environmental procedures, established in the Environment Management Plan. Similar procedures have been established for the development and operation of concrete and asphalt plants. Mitigation Measures for Socio Economy Concerned owners of the utilities will be informed in advance to shift the utilities in coordination with the project proponents before construction starts to avoid disruption of regional services.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Environmental Management Plan Potential Responsible Monitoring Negative Mitigation Measures S.No Agencies Agencies Impacts PRE-CONSTRUCTION Assessment of Baseline parameters for Air, Water, Noise and Soil have been assessed IPRCL/ 1 Environmental Contractor prior to commencement of work. KPL Parameters IWAI, CRZ and labour license required during construction will be ensured and made available before start of work. Clearances During construction, the permits obtained by the contractor shall be IPRCL/ 2 from various Contractor periodically examined and validity be ensured. KPL Department This includes the Consent for the Batching plants from where the contractor sources the concrete, Labour License, insurances etc. Common utilities to be affected such as: electric cables, pipelines, will be Utility IPRCL/ 3 identified and will be relocated with prior approval of the concerned Contractor Relocation KPL agencies before construction starts. CONSTRUCTION • Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage Planning of should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road temporary closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of IPRCL/ 1 Contractor traffic actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic KPL arrangements placement of traffic police at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

• Sprinkling of water (for materials such as blue metal, sand and brick) before unloading to suppress dust generation. • Adequate care taken to prevent spillage of earth or construction materials offsite and in haul routes. Any such spillage shall be removed immediately, and the area cleaned. • Materials are transported through the temporary approach road formed without disturbing the neighbourhood community. Supervisors at the site will guide the heavy vehicles carrying materials and machinery to the temporary access road and signage’s if required may be provided. • Safety barricading is provided while construction of drains near the Nuisance to structures restricting entry to work place and signage’s will be placed. neighborhood Work site lighting during night where ever required will be provided IPRCL/ 3 Contractor community during implementation. Adequate slope gradient is maintained while KPL strengthening the bund in working in the boundary of the site. • Storage of materials is done only within the project area in earmarked areas, without disturbing the nearby community. • Address any grievance of the community due to construction activities. Boards with details of the committee members and contact details have been provided near the project area.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards and be maintained properly Wind shields should be installed all along the site Operation of boundary to abate the dust carry-over to the neighboring areas. construction IPRCL/ 4 • Use of Ready-mix Concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In the Contractor machinery KPL case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on

shelter with top and sides closed. Sprinkling of water on metal & sand should be carried out before handling. • Construction contractors to follow these measures in conducting any excavation work • All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity, structures and other remains or things of geological or archaeological interest discovered on the site shall be the property of the Government and shall be dealt with as per provisions of the relevant legislation. • The contractor will take reasonable precautions to prevent his workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any such article or Chance finds IPRCL/ 5 thing. He will, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal Contractor KPL acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the instructions for dealing with the same. • Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; • Create awareness among the workers, supervisors and engineers about the chance finds during excavation work .The Engineer will inform State Archaeological Department if a find is suspected, and seek direction from ASI prior to recommencing the work. Construction of • Contractor will follow all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 IPRCL/ 6 Contractor labour camps and the Building and the other Construction Workers (Regulation of KPL

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 for construction and maintenance of labour camp). • The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labour camp will be submitted to Engineer prior to their construction. • The construction will commence only upon the written approval of the Engineer. • The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities in functional and hygienic manner and as approved by the Engineer. • All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. The sewage system for the camp must be planned. Adequate health care is to be provided for the work force. The layout of the construction camp and details of the facilities provided will be prepared and will be approved by the Engineer. • Awareness about HIV/AIDS will be provided, grievance redressal mechanism for the camps, [only suggestion] • Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent the accidents and from the machineries. All machines used will conform to the relevant Indian standards Code. • Where loose soil is met with, shoring and strutting will be provided to IPRCL/ 7 Safety Aspects avoid collapse of soil. Contractor KPL • Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers employed on mixing of materials like cement, concrete etc. • Welder’s protective eye-shields will be provided to workers’ who are engaged in welding works.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

• Earplugs will be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation • The contractor will supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, safety belts, ear plugs, mask etc to workers and staffs. • The contractor will comply with all the precautions as required for ensuring the safety of the workmen as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No.62 as far as those are applicable to this contract. • The contractor will make sure that during the construction work all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Services) Act, 1996 and adhered to. • The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 18 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. Disposal of • A suitable site identified for safe disposal, in low lying areas within the construction project area as approved by the Engineer in charge and to other low lying IPRCL/ 8 debris and area in consultation with local body. Contractor KPL excavated • Wastes arising from the construction of regulators shall be safely stored materials and dispose. The activities would be restricted to project sites and right of way for Barricading alignment. Barricading with adequate marking, flags, reflectors etc. will be IPRCL/ 9 Contractor site provided along the alignment for safety of restricted traffic movement and KPL pedestrians. • Contractor to prepare site restoration plans, the plan is to be Clearing of IPRCL/ 10 implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. construction KPL Contractor

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

camps and • On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared restoration away, all rubbish cleared, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the contractor’s expenses, to the entire satisfaction of the engineer. • The contractor will ensure that all construction vehicle parking location, fuel / lubricants storage sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and re-fuelling sites will be located at least 500m from rivers and irrigation canal / ponds. • All location and layout plans of such sites will be submitted by the Contractor Contractor prior to their establishment and will be approved by the Pollution from Engineer. IPRCL/ 11 Fuel and • Contractor will ensure that all vehicle / machinery and equipment KPL Lubricants operation, maintenance and re-fuelling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants does not contaminate the ground. • Contractor will arrange for collection, storing and disposal of oily wastes to the pre-identified disposal sites (list to be submitted to Engineer) and approved by the Engineer. All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed of in accordance with MoEF and state PCB guidelines. Pollution from All waste arising from the project is to be disposed of in the manner in Contractor IPRCL/ 12 Construction consultation with Engineer KPL Wastes • All earth work will be protected in manner acceptable to the engineer to Dust Pollution minimize generation of dust. Area under construction shall be covered & near IPRCL/ 13 equipped will dust collector. Contractor settlements KPL • Construction material will be covered or stored in such a manner so as

to avoid being affected by wind direction.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

• Unpaved haul roads near / passing through residential and commercial areas to be watered thrice a day. • Trucks carrying construction material to be adequately covered to avoid the dust pollution and to avoid the material spillage. • Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment is not permitted during periods of loading / unloading or when they are not in active use. The Vehicular noise practice must be ensured especially near residential /commercial/ pollution at sensitive areas. residential/ IPRCL/ 14 • Stationary construction equipment will be kept at least 500m away from Contractor sensitive KPL sensitive receptors. receptors. • All possible and practical measures to control noise emissions during

drilling shall be employed. The Contractor is ensuring adequate controls measures depending on site conditions. • Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery will be done Noise from regularly and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of vehicles, plants IPRCL/ 15 exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective will be replaced. Contractor and equipment KPL • Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery will be regularly

monitored in order to keep the noise levels at the minimum. Storage of Construction materials are being stored within the project area, without IPRCL/ 16 construction affecting the traffic and other common utilities. Contractor KPL materials Informatory The contractor will provide, erect and maintain informatory/ safety signs IPRCL/ 17 signs and hoardings written in English and local language, wherever required or as Contractor KPL Hoardings suggested by the Engineer The contractor will arrange for: IPRCL/ 18 First Aid Contractor KPL

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

• A readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances as per the Factories Rules in every work zone. • Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick person(s) to the nearest hospital The contractor will take all required precautions to prevent danger from electrical equipment and ensure that- • No material will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public Risk from • All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in IPRCL/ 19 Electrical Contractor construction zones. KPL Equipment All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standard (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provision and to the satisfaction of the Engineer • The contractor will provide garbage bins in the camps and ensure that these are regularly emptied and disposed of in a hygienic manner as per the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan approved by the Engineer. IPRCL/ 20 Waste Disposal Contractor Unless otherwise arranged by local sanitary authority, arrangements for KPL disposal of night soils (human excreta) suitably approved by the local medical health or municipal authorities or as directed by Engineer will have to be provided by the contractor Environmental The water, air, soil and noise quality will be monitored in pre-construction IPRCL/ 21 Contractor Monitoring and Construction phase as detailed in Table 6.2. of Chapter 6. KPL SAFETY IN SITES

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Temporary Excavation during the construction stage should be carried out with proper IPRCL/ 1 flooding due to drainage arrangements to avoid the overflowing of existing drains. Contractor KPL excavation Using of Using of modern machineries such as JCBs, backhoes etc., will be used to IPRCL/ 2 modern minimize the construction period, it will reduce the construction period Contractor KPL machineries impacts to the nearby residents. • All earth work will be protected in manner acceptable to the engineer to minimize generation of dust. Area under construction will be covered & equipped will dust collector. Dust pollution • Construction material will be covered or stored in such a manner so as to IPRCL/ 3 near avoid being affected by wind direction. Contractor KPL settlements • Unpaved haul roads near / passing through residential and commercial areas to be watered thrice a day • Trucks carrying construction material to be adequately covered to avoid the dust pollution and to avoid the material spillage • Noisy construction operations in residential and sensitive areas will be done only between 7.30 am and 6.00 pm • Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles to meet Protection of emission standards and to keep them with low noise residential IPRCL/ 4 • Provision of enclosing generators and concrete mixers at site. Contractor sensitive KPL • Sound barriers in inhabited areas will be installed during the receptors construction phase. • Adequate barricading / other measures to protect dust pollution near sensitive receptors like schools and hospital etc. to be ensured

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• Wear appropriate over-the-ankle hiking boots, thick socks, and loose- fitting long pants. Safety • Not to provide hiding places to snakes in construction material storage IPRCL/ 5 precaution for places. Avoid to construction work in night time. Contractor KPL snake bites • Wear leather gloves during working in grass, weeds and heavy underbrush. • If identify any snake in work place inform to Forest Department official. Operation Phase Stability test will be carried out of construction of bridge for once in every 6 IPRCL/ 1 Stability test Contractor month. KPL Marine and IPRCL/ 2 Environmental Marine and Environmental monitoring will be conducted in project site Contractor KPL Monitoring

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Disaster is an unexpected event due to sudden failure of the system, external threats, internal disturbances, earthquakes, fire and accidents. Thus an appropriate Disaster Management Plan (DMP) shall be prepared in consultation with the project proponent, architect, service consultant and maintenance staff. Preventive Action Once the likelihood of a disaster is suspected, action has to be initiated to prevent a failure. The project in-charge, responsible for preventive action should identify sources of repair equipments, materials, labour and expertise for use during emergency. The project in-charge should notify the officer for the following information: • Exit points for the public, • Safety areas • Nearest medical facilities. • Communication System • Emergency Action Committee • Emergency Preparedness Training Environmental Impact Monitoring Program S.N Monitoring Duration of Important Monitoring Particulars o Frequency Sampling Parameters 1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring a Project site Once in a Month 24 hr PM10, PM2.5, SO2 ,NOx continuously & CO 2 Ambient Noise Level a Near DG set Once in a Month 8 hr continuous Noise level in dB(A) with 1 hr interval 3 Ground/Drinking Water Quality Monitoring a Ground Water – Once in 3 Months Grab Sampling Parameters specified at project site under IS:10500, 1993 4 Marine Study a Marine water at Once in 3 Months Grab Sampling Phytoplaton, Kosasthalaiyar Zooplaton Sediments River etc.,

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CONCLUSION The Environment Impact Assessment of the proposed residential project will not have any major negative impact on the existing environment. The proposed project has positive impacts on the socio-economic environment of the study area. Residual negative impacts are anticipated to be negligible, provided that the mitigative measures recommended are properly implemented and monitored. Effective implementation of Environmental management plan with an assistance of Environmental Management Cell will enhance the environment of the surroundings.

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CHAPTERS The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble Kamarajar Port Ltd (KPL) Kamarajar Port, located on the Coromandel Coast about 24 km north of Chennai Port, Chennai, it is the 12th major port of India, and the first port in India which is a public company. The port was declared as a major port under the Indian Ports Act, 1908 in March 1999 and incorporated as Ennore Port Limited under the Companies Act, 1956 in October 1999. The Kamarajar Port is the only corporatized major port and is registered as a company. Today, the landlord port is the dominant port model in larger and medium sized ports. The Kamarajar Port Limited assigned the Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited for the Construction of the doubling Railway line with the existing railway track to enable the easy way transportation. Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Ltd (IPRCL) IPRCL is a first of its kind Joint Venture Company (JVC) between the Major Ports under the Ministry of Shipping and RVNL with the objective to provide efficient rail evacuation systems to Major Ports and for enhancing their capacity. It plays a strategic role and position itself to act as mentor & coordinator for Major Ports Railway systems and Act as consultant for bringing in best practices in areas of IT, processes, systems and other areas related to evacuation of Cargo. IPRCL Contribute to the role of a Think-tank to develop scalable, workable models in port infrastructure for evacuation of cargo and infrastructure Projects. 1.2 Project background Kamarajar Port was conceived as a Satellite port to Chennai Port to meet the growth of traffic and primarily to handle thermal coal to meet the requirements of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board in account of developments such as the plan of Government of Tamil Nadu. The current proposal is providing a parallel line from holding yard No.1 to Container Terminal Yard inside the KPL with TNEB/NCTPS line. The facilities of proposed doubling is being planned only to augment the infrastructure to make an ease out movement of both inward and outward traffic and to have a gainful utilization of existing proposed rail infrastructure at KPL.

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1.3 Existing Railway Track Kamarajar port is located at latitude 13o15’5.90” North and longitude 80o19’36.59” East. It is developed close to the NCTPC. Buckingham Canal flows in the West, North side of the port area is being developed by TIDCO for an Export processing zone, apart from various port connected industries. Presently Kamarajar port is connected by rail to the Attipattu and Attipattu Pudhunagar station located in the Chennai-Gudur section of the southern railway. The present rail lines that provide access to the Kamarajar port were constructed by TANGEDCO in the year 1988. One line of the connectivity takes off from the Attipattu rail way station from the main line proceeds east through the Attipattu village. The two line merge at the apex point and run as a single line to the NCTPS plant siding. The Chettinad coal yard and Sical iron yard are also taking off from this line. 1.4 Need for the Project Kamarajar Port is connected by rail to the Attipattu and Attipattu Pudhu Nagar stations located in Chennai – Gudur section of the Southern Railway. One line of the Connectivity takes off from Attipattu Pudhu Nagar Railway station and turns east around Indian Oil LPG Bottling Plant. The other line takes off from Attipattu Railway station from the main line proceeds east through Attipattu Village. The two lines merge at the apex point and run as a single line to the NCTPS Plant siding. The Chettinad Coal Yard and Sical Iron ore Yard are also taking off from this line. For expansion of KPL yard, a new rail alignment from Minjur Station has been proposed. 1.5 Location of the Project The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, at Athipattu, Puzhuthivakkam and Ennore Village of Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu. A typical Geographical Location of proposed project site is shown in Figure.1.1. The starting and ending point of (Latitude, Longitude) are 13o15’35.4” N, 80o18’32.0” E and 13o15’52.4” N, 80o19’45.5” E.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Figure 1.1 - Location of Kamarajar Port & Tiruvallur District

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1.6 Objective of the Study This report is to be prepared based on proposed construction of railway track. Accordingly the main aim of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to ensure that the project proposals are environmentally sound and sustainable on a long-term basis. The adverse effects of the proposal need to be identified in advance and duly considered in preparation of project’s engineering designs. As per CRZ notification 2011, above said project required CRZ Clearance, the Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai has demarcated project coordinates in approved CZMP as per 2011 Notification of MOEF&CC, and the Proposed railway line is passed through CRZ area in the chainages starting and ending point details is given below and CRZ map is enclosed in Annexure I. S.N Chainage Chainage Length CRZ Zone Project Permissibility as Starting Ending in (m) Components per CRZ Point (m) Point(m) Notification 2011 1 0 664 664 Non CRZ Rail Road, Box - Culvert- 5 No’s & Major Bridge -1 No 2 664 1305 641 CRZ II Rail Road & Box Para 3 (iv) (a) Culvert- 2 No’s

3 1305 1369 64 CRZ IB Rail road Para 8 I.CRZ-I (ii) (b) 4 1369 1468 99 CRZ IVB Major Bridge Para 3 (iv) (a)

5 1468 1744 276 CRZ IA Rail Road & Major Para 8 I.CRZ-I (ii) (b) Bridge 6 1744 2048 304 CRZ II Rail Road & Signal Para 3 (iv) (a) & Building Para 8 II.CRZ II (i) 7 2048 2077 29 CRZ IV B Major Bridge Para 3 (iv) (a)

8 2077 2110 33 CRZ II Rail Road & Major Para 3 (iv) (a) Bridge 9 2110 2650 540 Non CRZ - -

Description Length In (M) Non CRZ Area 1204 CRZ Area 1446 Total Length of the Proposed Railway Track 2650

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 The scope of work for preparing the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is comprised of the following terms of references.  The baseline environmental information in the study area viz., climate, physiographic features, drainage, geology, flora, fauna, ambient air, water and noise and socio-economic conditions.  The monitoring network with regard to air, water and noise pollution including the inputs in the areas of performance indicators and monitoring mechanisms for environmental components during construction and operation phase of the project.  Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) & its integration into project cycle for mitigating and reducing Environmental Issues which may arise during construction and operation phase viz., compensatory afforestation, soil disposal, utility restoration, noise and vibration control, campsite management and disaster management. 1.7 Structure of the Report The generic structure of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is as follows, the structure of the ESIA report is given below: Executive Summary Chapter 1 – Introduction Chapter 2 – Project Description Chapter 3 – Legal Policy and Frame Work Chapter 4 – Baseline Environmental Profile Chapter 5 – Environmental Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures Chapter 6– Environmental Management Plan Chapter 7 – Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Chapter 8 – Project Benefits Chapter 9 – Recommendation &Conclusion Chapter 10– Disclosure of Consultant

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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 General IPRCL is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) registered as a public limited company under Ministry of shipping, Government of India would undertake projects involving last mile connectivity to major ports, modernization of evacuation infrastructure in Ports, operate and manage internal Port Railway system and raise financial resources for funding port related rail/road connectivity projects. Kamarajar Port, located on the Coromandel Coast about 24km north of Chennai Port, Chennai, it is the 12th major port of India, and the first port in India which is a public company. The centre holds a stake of about 68 percent in the Kamarajar Port Limited and the remaining 32 percent is held by the Chennai Port Trust. The Kamarajar Port was declared as a major port under the Indian Ports Act, 1908 in March 1999 and incorporated as Ennore Port Limited under the Companies Act, 1956 in October 1999 now officially renamed as Kamarajar Port Limited (KPL). Kamarajar Port was originally conceived as a Satellite port to Chennai port to relieve its congestion and to meet constant growth of Traffic. Kamarajar Port was conceived primarily to handle thermal coal to meet the requirement of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) and was endowed with large chunks of land (about 2000 acres). The scope was expanded taking into account subsequent developments such as the plan of Government of Tamil Nadu to set up an 1880 MW LNG power project in association with a private consortium, a large petrochemical park and a naphtha cracker plant. Kamarajar Port deigned as a world-class port, with two breakwaters one in the north measuring 3080 m and the other in the south measuring 1070 m. It has the capacity to develop 20 berths for handling a variety of bulk, liquid, automobile and container cargo. The port is an artificial port with features including all- weather, round-the-clock operations, a large back-up land, eco-friendly environment, state-of-the-art navigational facilities, well-organized logistics systems and transport interface.

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The first phase of the port construction work included two berths for handling coal vessels up to 65000/70000 DWT, dredging for the approach channel and harbour basin, onshore civil works, navigational aids, and two breakwaters. To meet the growing demand in the hinterland and trade, Kamarajar Port has initiated action for developing the following terminals through BOT/Captive basis. • Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Import Terminal of 5 MTPA on Captive basis. • Development of Container Terminal of 1.40 million TEU on DBFOT basis. • Development of Multipurpose Cargo Terminal on DBFOT basis. • Additional Coal Berth for TNEB of 9 MTPA on Captive basis. The Coal handling system capacity is 12 MTPA and this can be increased to 16 MTPA by installing additional un-loaders. Marine Liquid terminal to the capacity of 3 MTPA, the Common User Coal Terminal to handle coal of 8 MTPA other than TNEB and Iron Ore Terminal to the capacity of 12 MTPA is developed under BOT basis. The General Cargo Berth to the capacity to handle 2 Lakhs Cars and 0.5 MTPA. These terminals have already been were inaugurated and are operational except the iron ore terminal. 2.2 Location of the Proposed Project The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, at Athipattu, Puzhuthivakkam and Ennore Village of Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu. The port is developed close to the NCTPS where Buckingham Canal flows in the West, North side of the port area is developed by TIDCO for an Export processing Zone, apart from various port connected industries. The Environmental setting of Project site is shown in Table 2.1.The location map of the project site is given in Figure 2.1.

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Table 2.1 - Environmental setting of the Project S.No Particulars Details 1 Site latitude From 13°15’35.4” N to 13°15’52.4” N 2 Site Longitude From 80°18’32.0” E to 80°19’45.5” E 3 Site Topography Flat terrain Kattur State Highway 107 – 4.97 km (NW) 4 Nearest Highway Ponneri – Thiruvottiyur State Highway 56 – 3.0 km (W) 5 Nearest railway station Athipattu Pudunagar station – 1.06 km (SW) Nandiambakkam station – 3.14 km (NW) Ennore Station – 4.92 km (S) 6 Nearest airport Chennai International Airport – 31.8 Km (SW) 7 Nearest town/city Nandiambakkam – 1.2 km (W) Athipattu – 0.96 km (S) Minjur – 3.8 km (NW) Ennore – 4.34 km (SSE) 8 Archaeologically Nil within 10 km radius important places 9 National park /Wild life Nil within 10 km radius sanctuaries 10 Reservoir/Lake Ennore creek – 3.88 km (S) 11 Reserved/Protected Nil within 10 Km radius forest 12 Seismicity Seismic zone III (Moderate) as per Indian Standard Seismic Zoning Map. 13 Defense installations Nil within 10 km radius 14 Nearest port Ennore Port – 0.8 km (E)

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Figure 2.1 - Satellite Imagery of the Project Site

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Figure 2.2 - Project Layout

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Project Site

Figure 2.3 - Topo Map of the project site within 10km radius

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2.3 Section of Doubling Railway Line The Kamarajar Port Doubling Railway Line site starts from 13°15’35.4” N, 80°18’32.0” E and ends at 13°15’52.4” N, 80°19’45.5” E. The Length of the Railway line is 2.650 km. In general the terrain is plain. The proposed configuration of railway line junction starts from the point of Bridge No.5 and ends at the port side. Along this railway line 3 major bridge and 7 box culverts of 2 vents are proposed. The signal building will be constructed in junction of Kattupalli road and Holding Yard No 2 Road. Approximate height of embankment is 4 metre including subgrade layers. 2.4 Doubling Railway Line Construction Standards

The Railway line is proposed to have the following standard of construction in the proposed Rail connectivity to suit the Indian Railway Network in the vicinity. 2.4.1 Gauge The gauge adopted is 1676 mm Broad Gauge as the existing Railway network is of this gauge. 2.4.2 Fixed Point and Track Clearance The fixed point of this Engineering Survey has been considered at the SRJ of line No.1 over run line at SRJ No. 124B towards Container Terminal Yard with Clearance for 25KV AC traction. 2.4.3 Speed Potential The maximum speed proposed is 30 KMPH. 2.4.4 Gradient The Proposed Doubling will take at Ch – 0.00 at SRJ No. 124B at level proposed to have a gradient of 1 in 1700 (R) towards CTRY. Following gradients are proposed at respective Chainages.

Proposed Rise/Fall towards S.No Chainage Gradient ascending Chainage 1 0.00m to 731.27m 1 in 1700 Rise 2 731.27m to 954.30m 1 in 800 Fall

3 954.30m to 1080.53m 1 in 1500 Rise

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4 1080.53m to 1230.65m 1 in 300 Rise 5 1230.65m to 1380.51m 1 in 800 Rise 6 1380.51m to 1605.66m 1 in 500 Rise

7 1605.66m to 1780.54m 1 in 200 Fall 8 1780.54m to 2006.59m 1 in 1250 Rise 9 2006.59m to 2182.01m 1 in 250 Rise 10 2182.01m to 2650m 1 in 800 Rise

2.4.5 List of Curves The Curve details of the Railway line which are involved in the alignment are given below. Table 2.2 - Curve Details of the Doubling Railway Line Curve Deflection Radius TP1 TP2 Tangent Curve Direction No. Angle (m) Chainag Chainage Length Length of Curve (deg-min- e (m) (m) (m) (m) sec) 1 25-28-42 232.26 387.74 491.02 51.51 103.28 LHS

2 18-25-41 459.09 864.97 1012.63 74.50 147.66 RHS 3 22-11-43 393.54 830.74 983.19 77.23 152.45 RHS 4 3-35-50 886.68 1266.21 1321.88 27.86 55.67 LHS 5 29-48-30 503.79 1672.50 1934.60 134.14 262.10 RHS

6 42-46-50 565.71 2214.14 2636.54 221.69 422.40 LHS

7 37-22-58 638.88 2190.80 2607.64 216.23 416.84 LHS

2.4.6 Axial Load The Axial Load considered for the proposed doubling is Max 25 Tonne. 2.4.7 Permanent Way 60 Kg/52 Kg – T 12 quality rails on PSC sleeper with density of M+7 1540 per km has been proposed in the siding as well as in the loading yard area in compatibility with the railway standards.

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2.4.8 Points and Crossings All points and crossings are 1 in 8.5 with curved switches have been proposed. PSC sleepers fan shaped layout will be provided at all the points and crossings. 2.4.9 Embankment Formation top width of bank has been considered by keeping a minimum track centre of 6 meter from existing line. Embankments are proposed to be made of mechanically compacted earth with side slopes of 2:1 duly compacted as per Railway specifications. 2.4.10 Cutting The formation of cutting shall be considered (if required) as per existing Railway Engineering code and the cutting shall have a total width of 7.85m excluding side drains and shall normally have 1:1 side slopes except in rock where the slopes of 0.5:1 (or) steeper shall be provided depending upon type and condition of rock. 2.4.11 Turfing Turfing has been envisaged for side slopes of as required and stone pitching also proposed as existing in the running line. 2.4.12 Protection Works Provision of pucca side drains have been proposed in the yard area as required. 2.5 Survey Methodology A Reconnaissance Survey of the area in and around of existing rail network to the Container Yard was conducted to find out suitable techno economical alignment. After the reconnaissance survey by using a precise GPS instrument, in all five alternatives were proposed. After studying in depth, the corridor chosen during Reconnaissance survey, Preliminary Engineering Survey has been carried out with Total Station instrument and plotted on AutoCAD to have latest feature of the area/terrain. After exploring/analysis the techno-economical including having minimum disturbance to the public, out of 5 alternatives, an alternative No.1 is finalized/recommended for conducting further micro study including detailed field survey.

14 | Page 2019 The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, finalized/recommended for conducting further micro study including detailed field survey. IPRCL approved that option 1 as best option and advised for a detailed field survey of the alignment of option 1. During the detailed field survey a horizontal control points were fixed along the chosen corridor and a close traverse was run with total station and vertical control points was also fixed by using auto levels with respect to existing Railway bench mark with respect to MSL. 2.6 Engineering Parameters The Engineering Parameters which are involved in the Railway Line are as follows 2.6.1 Level All Levels taken for this survey is based on the Bench Mark of GTS. 2.6.2 Length The Track length of the proposed line is around 2.650 km. 2.6.3 Formation Formation is in bank and the side slopes are 2:1 and with the standard width of formations as per Railway Engineering Code by providing 6 meter track centre. 2.6.4 Standard of track Rail – 60kg T-12 rails Sleepers – 60kg PSC Mono Block Sleepers, having M+7 density of 1540 no’s. 2.6.5 Bridges Sl.No Chainage Chainage Vent proposed CRZ Bridge Starting Ending Structure (LxWxHt) in Status No Point (m) Point (m) m 1 49.4 61.4 6 Box Culvert 12x1.2x1.5 Non- CRZ 2 110.2 122.2 6A Box Culvert 12x6x3 Non- CRZ 3 266 278 7 Major Bridge 12x12.5x5.53 Non- CRZ 4 499 511 8 Box Culvert 12x6x4 Non- CRZ 5 515 537 8A Box Culvert 12x6.5x4.1 Non- CRZ 6 540 552 9 Box Culvert 12x6.5x4 Non- CRZ 7 821.9 833.9 13 Box Culvert 12x1.5x2 CRZ II 8 1172.5 1184.5 14 Box Culvert 12x1.5x2 CRZ II 9 1369 1589 15 Major Bridge 220x12x4.5 CRZ IA & IVB 10 2048 2088 16 Major Bridge 40x12x6 CRZ II & IVB

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The existing Box Culvert Bridge No.6 at Ch.49.4m and PSC Slab Bridge at Ch.266m, Br. No.7 with a span of 12m are proposed to be extended on right hand side of the existing track for accommodating the proposed doubling line. Bridge No.8, Bridge No.8A and Bridge No.9 are box culverts being used for accommodating Ash pipeline from right side to left side of existing tracks crossing the entire width of existing main line and holding yard lines. The second line is proposed in such a way that the above mentioned 3 culverts need not be extended. The existing bridge No.13 (skew) box culvert at Ch.821.9m is proposed to be extended on the right side of the existing track for accommodating the doubling line. The existing Box culvert skew Bridge No.14 at Ch.1172.5m need not be extended as the proposed track is accommodated within the existing barrel length. The existing PSCU girder major bridge No.15 is located at Ch.1436.3m on existing southern connectivity line to KPL across Kosasthalaiyar River. It is proposed to construct an adjacent bridge with the same span of 11 no’s of 20m span at a spacing of 12m from the existing bridge on the left hand side of the existing bridge. The existing Bridge No.16 located at Ch.2049.8m is combination of 2 spans of 12m as end spans and one span of 20m at center. It is proposed to construct an adjacent bridge with the same span of 2 no’s of 12m on either side and span of 40m at center at a spacing of 6m from the existing bridge on the left hand side of the existing bridge. 2.6.6 Level Crossing The existing unmanned level crossing at Ch.2024.00m is proposed to be converted as a manned level crossing with all signaling and telecommunication provisions. 2.6.7 OHE As the existing track is electrified, OHE has been considered for the proposed track to have uniformity in operation.

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2.7 Description of the Alignment The proposed doubling will take off from the existing over run line of Line No.1 at Ch.00m of holding yard No.1, and runs parallel up to Ch.731.27m near the EHT line and meets at the existing line of NCTPS Line. The existing NCTPS line from Ch.731.27m takes a right hand curve and runs parallel as a new doubling and meets at Ch.954.30m as a cut and connection since the Bridge No.7 can’t be extended on right side due to existing multiple pipeline crossings of power plants and afterwards, the existing line runs up to Ch.536.23m and moves further with a right hand curve as doubling and crosses a major bridge No.15 starting at Ch.1390.60m at a distance of 12m having end Ch.1635.14. Further the line moves with a right hand curve parallel to the existing track up to Ch.2200m of Curve No.7. Further the alignment runs in curve and moves parallel at a distance of 6m and meets the existing CTRY line at Ch.2642m. The cut and connection at Ch.1000 and alignment runs on the existing track runs as it is up to Ch.2200m. By providing the turnout of 1 in 8.5, the said line connected with CTRY line at Ch.2642.21m. To facilitate operational flexibility, cross-over has been provided from Ch.156.50m to Ch.228.78m on the existing Holding Yard No.1 and the cross-over from Ch.283.07m to Ch.358.87m between the doubling and existing line and cross over No.3 between the existing and new line at Ch.387.74m to Ch.466.21m i.e. before the entry of holding yard No.2. At the CTRY end, the cross-over has been provided from Ch. 1012.625m to Ch. 1141.02m, where the cross over length will be slightly higher as the inter distance between the tracks are about 12m. Both the ends of the track will be on a normal ground except at the level crossing portion, the track should be protected with proper check rails and without any difficulty in operating the points/switches. Another cross over is provided between CTRY lines C1 & C2 having Ch.2545.62m to Ch.2642.21m to have an operational flexibility between the line no’s 1,2,3,4 & 5,6,7,8. The existing track between Ch.2200m to Ch.2600m shall be dismantled. The cut and connection proposed between Ch.283m to Ch.358.88m is only to avoid construction of

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, new bridge at Ch.340.23m, where the pipelines are crossing and thus practically not possible to construct any type of bridges at this location. 2.8 Conclusion The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, at Athipattu, Puzhuthivakkam and Ennore Village of Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu. Hence the proposed alignment in these stretches be taken up under zone of CZMP 2011. In view of the above clearance is requested for the following activities. S.No Description Length in M 1 CRZ IA 276 2 CRZ II 978 3 CRZ IB 64 4 CRZ IVB 128 5 Non CRZ Area 1204 Total length 2650

• Clearing and grubbing Prosopis juliflora shrub • No tree cutting will be involved • Soil excavation and transporting earth • Marshy soil excavation and transportation and disposal • Construction of bridges and Culverts • Construction of box culverts to act as a balancing culverts in creek water, natural drain locations • Construction of minor and major bridges to act as a natural drain for the water passage 2.9 Project Cost Cost of the project in CRZ Zone is Rs.40 Crores.

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3. LEGAL POLICY AND FRAMEWORK 3.1 National Constitution of India As a sequel to the UN Conference on the Human Environment (1972), Indian parliament in 1976 amended the constitution of India by introducing articles 48A and 51A. These articles incorporated environmental concerns into the Directive Principles of State policy and postulated as a fundamental duty of all citizens to preserve and protect the environment. Government of India Environmental Legislative Government of India has enacted nearly thirty environment conservation laws and Acts. Some of these are: The Wildlife (protection) Act 1972; The Forest (conservation) Act 1980; The Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974, The Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act 1981; 1988 amendment of the Motor Vehicle Act (M.V.) Act, 1939 and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA).Water and Air Act entrusted the task of their implementation and regulation to pollution control boards set up for such purpose at State and Central levels. Even prior to the 1970’s and 80’s flurry of environmental legislation, there existed numerous statutory provisions for safeguarding environment, though in a highly limited way as some of these dated back to the colonial period. Some of these were Sec 277 of IPC dealing with water pollution, Sec 278 of IPC dealing with atmospheric pollution and Statues like the Factories Act, 1948; the Mines Act, 1952, Insecticides Act, 1968 and Motor Vehicle Act (M.V.) 1939. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is widely regarded as a comprehensive or umbrella legislation for environment in it’s entirely. The responsibility for implementation of the provisions of the EPA has to a large extent been entrusted to the regulatory agencies created under the Air and Water Acts. Department of Environment (DoE) was started 1981 in the Central Government to act as a nodal agency for environmental protection and development in a coordinated manner. MOEF formulates environmental policies and accords environment clearances for the

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large Projects (sector-wise listing done by MOEF). State’s Department of Forest & Environment and Pollution Control Board (P.C.B.) are enforcing authorities at the state level to resolve environmental issues arising due to any infrastructure project. The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification (1994) and Amended Notification 2006 The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 1994 under Environmental (protection) Act, 1986 has identified highways (item 21 of Schedule-I) as one of the projects requiring prior clearance from the Ministry of Environmental and Forest (MOEF). Environmental Impact Assessment study (EIA) is a statutory requirement for obtaining clearance. MOEF has amended notification on Environmental Assessment on 14th September 2006. All projects and activities are broadly classified into two categories – Category ‘A’ and Category ‘B’ based on the spatial extent of potential impacts on human health and natural and manmade resources. All projects or activities included as Category ‘A’ in the Schedule shall require prior environmental clearances from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) on the recommendation of an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) constituted by the Central Government for the purposes of this notification. All projects or activities included as category ‘B’ in the schedule will require prior environmental clearances from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). The SEIAA will base its decision on the recommendations of a state or union territory level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) constituted for this purpose. In the absence of a duly constituted SEIAA or SEAC, a category ‘B’ project shall be treated as a category ‘A’ project. Based on the EIA notification 2006. The Forest (Conservation) Act, as amended in 1980 The Act pertains to the cases of diversion of forest land and felling of plantation. Depending on the size of the tract to be cleared, clearances are applied for at the following governmental levels.

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(a) Forest Land Restrictions and clearance procedures proposed in the Forest (conservation) Act apply wholly to the natural forest areas does not have any vegetation cover. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 The Wildlife Protection Act has allowed the Government to establish a no. of National Parks and Sanctuaries over the past 25 years, to protest and conserve the flora and fauna of the state. However there are no Wild Life Sanctuaries in the proposed project. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 amended in 1988 The water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is enacted for management and regulation of water quality and effluent. This act stipulates for establishment of State Pollution Control Boards whose responsibility includes managing water quality and effluent standards, monitoring water quality, prosecuting offenders and issuing licenses for construction and operation of certain facilities. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended in 1987 In the State of Tamil Nadu, State Pollution Control Board is empowered to set air quality standards and monitor and prosecute offenders under the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981. The responsibility for monitoring vehicular air and noise pollution lies with the State Transport Authority (STA), not with the PCB. The Government of India (GoI) standards for the discharges of pollutants to the environment (Water and Noise standards) are listed under the Environmental Protection Act. These standards apply mainly to the control of industrial pollution, with some applying to construction projects. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 The Union Government has laid down statutory norms to regulate and control noise levels to prevent their adverse effects on human health and the psychological wellbeing of the people. The rules titled Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 have come into force at February 14, 2000. Under the new regulation, different areas and zones are to be identified as industrial, commercial, and

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residential or silence areas and anyone exceeding the specified noise level would be liable for action. In industrial areas, the noise level would be liable for action. In industrial areas, the noise level limit during the day time (6 am to 10 pm) is 75 decibels and during night (10 pm to 6 am) is 70 decibels. Similarly, for commercial areas day time limit is 65 decibels and night time limit is 55 decibels. In the case of residential areas, the limits are respectively 55 and 45 decibels and for the silence zones, 50 and 40 decibels. The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013 This Act ensures essential infrastructural facilities and urbanization with least disturbance to the owners of the land and other affected families and provides just and fair compensation for land acquisitions. The proposed project will no involved any private land acquisition. Movement of Hazardous Chemicals Movement of hazardous chemicals is governed by the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 (rules 129 through 137). Besides regulations and precautions to be taken while transporting such goods, the rules stipulate availability of a transport Emergency (TREM) Card with the driver of the carrier which will provide information on hazardous nature of the chemical carried and also precautions required to handle emergencies such as spillage and fire. 3.2 Environmental Administration The MOEF has the overall responsibility to set policy and standards for the protection of environment along with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). This includes air, noise and water quality standards and the requirements for the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) statements for developmental projects. These standards are of significance for the proposed project. The status of key environmental legislation in India is given in Table 3.1 containing relevant environmental laws and regulations.

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Table 3.1-Statutes, Policies, Regulations and Responsible Agencies

Agency Statue/Policy Relevant objectives Ministry of The Environment (Protection) To protect and improve the Environment & Act 1986 quality of the environment and Forest, GOI The Forest (conservation) Act, to prevent, control and abate 1972 environmental pollution The Forest (conservation) Act, To restrict deforestation by 1980 as amended in 1998 restricting clearing of forested The Forest Conservation areas Rules,1981 To ensure that appropriate The environmental Impact measures are taken to conserve Assessment Notification 2006 and protect the environment Environment Protection Rules, before commencement of 1986 operations Pollution Control The Water (Prevention and To provide for the prevention Boards (State) Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and control of water pollution as amended in 1988 and the maintaining or The Air (Prevention and restoring wholesomeness of Control of Pollution) Act 1981 water. as amended in 1987 To provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and for the establishment of boards to carry out these purposes. Environment & The Wildlife (Protection Act), To protect wild animals and Forest Dept 1972 birds through the creation of National Parks and Sanctuaries Archaeological I Ancient Monument and To protect and conserve cultural survey of India, Archaeological sites and and historical remains Directorate of Remains Act, 1958 To regulate construction Archaeology activities near the monuments and sites protected by the Government Revenue The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 To set out rules for acquisition of Department land by the Government departments and agencies

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Clearance/ Responsibility Statutory S.N Activity NOC Status Authority Implemen- Super Required tation vision Greater Chennai Corporation

Construction of Railway KPL & IPRCL Permission 1 Line at NOC IWAI Obtained Kosasthalaiy ar River

Permission Construction Department will be of Railway KPL & IPRCL 2 CRZ of obtained Line at CRZ Environment prior to area execution Contractor Permission Labour will be Working of Labour & 1 Welfare Contractor IPRCL obtained labour Camps Board prior to execution

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4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE 4.1 Introduction Baseline Environmental Studies have been conducted to determine the existing status of various Environmental attributes viz., Climate and Atmospheric conditions, Air, Water, Noise, Soil, Hydrogeological, Land use pattern, Ecological and Socio- Economical environment, prior to setting up of the proposed project. This study would help to undertake corrective mitigation measures for the protection of the environment on account of any change deviation of attributes due to activities of the proposed project. 4.2 Scope of Baseline Study An area, covering a 10 km radial distance from the project site is considered as the study area for the purpose of the baseline studies. Primary data on Water, Air, Land, Flora, & Fauna were collected by a team of Engineers and Scientists. Secondary data was collected from various Departments of State/Central Government Organizations, Semi-Government and Public Sector Organizations. Table 4.1 gives various environmental attributes considered for formulating environmental baseline and Table 4.2 gives the frequency and monitoring methodology for various environmental attributes. Table 4.1-Environmental Attributes

S .No Attribute Parameter Source of Data Wind Speed, Wind Indian Meteorological Climatology & direction, Relative 1 Department and Site- Meteorology humidity, Rainfall and specific information Temperature Data Monitoring (Surface Physical and Chemical 2 Water Quality water – 4 locations and parameters groundwater - 8 locations)

Ambient Air PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, Data Monitoring (8 3 Quality CO & TVOC locations) Data Monitoring (8 4 Noise levels Noise levels in dB (A) locations)

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Data Monitoring (Surface Marine sample Physical and Chemical 5 water – 6 locations and (water) parameters Bottom - 6 locations) Marine sample Physical and Chemical Data Monitoring (6 6 (Sediments) parameters locations) Marine Zooplankton, Data Monitoring (6 7 Ecology phytoplankton locations)

8 Geology Geological history Secondary sources Soil types and samples analyzed for physical Analysis of soil samples at 9 Soil and chemical seven locations parameters. Socio- Socio-Economic 10 economic characteristics of the Secondary sources Aspects affected area Trend of land use 11 Land Use change for different Secondary data categories

Table 4.2-Frequency and Monitoring Methodology

Sampling Measurement Attributes Remarks Network Frequency Method A. Meteorology Wind Speed, Wind Continuous direction, Relative Project Weather monitor for 3 humidity, Rainfall site with database months and Temperature B. Air Environment Gravimetric As per Particulate Matter 24 hourly- (High- Volume CPCB (PM10) Requisite Twice a with Cyclone) standards locations week for 3 Gravimetric under 18th Particulate Matter in the months in (High- Volume November (PM2.5) project Non- with Cyclone) 2009 influence Monsoon EPA Modified Notification Oxides of Sulphur area season West & Gaeke for National (SO2) method Ambient Air

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Arsenite Quality Oxides of Nitrogen Modified Jacob & Standards (NOx) Hochheiser (NAAQS) Total Volatile EPA Method TO Organic Compounds -- 17 (TVOC)

Carbon Monoxide Gas Analyzer

(NDIR)

C. Noise Requisite locations Instrument: Hourly equivalent in the IS: 4954 Once Sound level noise levels project 1968 meter influence area D. Water Parameters for Samples for water quality: pH, water quality temp, turbidity, collected and Total hardness, analyzed as per total alkalinity, Set of IS: 2488 (Part 1- chloride, sulphate, grab 5) methods for nitrate, fluoride, samples sampling and sodium, potassium, At testing of Electrical requisite Industrial Conductivity, locations Once effluents Ammonical for Standard nitrogen, Nitrate- ground methods for the Nitrogen total and examination of phosphorus, BOD, surface water and COD, Calcium, water wastewater Magnesium, Total analysis Dissolved Solids, published by Total Suspended American Public Solids

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Health Association. E. Land Environment Requisite soil Parameter for soil samples quality: pH, texture, be electrical Collected and collected conductivity, analyzed as per as per Once in organic matter, soil analysis BIS season nitrogen, phosphate, reference book, specificati sodium, calcium, M.L.Jackson on within potassium and project Magnesium. influence area F. Biological Environment Requisite locations Collected and Terrestrial & in the Once in analyzed as per Aquatic Flora and project season IUCN Red Data Fauna influence Book. area

4.3 Micro Meteorological Data 4.3.1 Climate The tropical climate of the region is manifested as hot and humid summer, moderately monsoon and mild winter seasons. The climate of the region is characterized as hot & dry. Min relative humidity recorded = 65% Max relative humidity recorded = 74% Min temperature recorded = 24.3°C Max temperature recorded = 32.9°C Annual Average rainfall = 1200 mm 4.3.2 Wind

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Meteorological station was set up at site, to record surface meteorological data, during the study period from January 2019 to March 2019. Wind speed and wind direction data recorded during the study period has enabled identifying the influence of meteorology on the air quality of the area. Based on the collected meteorological data, relative percentage frequencies of different wind directions were calculated and plotted as wind roses for 24hr duration. Wind rose for the period of February 2019 is given in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 - Windrose Diagram 4.4 Seismicity The project area falls under Zone III of Seismic zones of India as per the Map of India.

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According to GSHAP data, the state of Tamil Nadu falls in a region of moderate damage risk zone. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5.0-6.0 range. The Seismic zone map of India and Tamil Nadu is shown in Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 respectively.

PROJECT SITE

Figure 4.2 - Earthquake Hazard map of Figure 4.3- GAHAP Data for India Tamil Nadu (Source:http://www.bmtpc.org) (Source: http://asc-india.org)

4.5 Air Environment The prime objective of baseline air monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the construction and operation of the proposed project. This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. The methodology adopted for Air quality survey is given below.

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4.5.1 Selection of Sampling Locations The locations for air quality monitoring were scientifically selected based on the following considerations using climatologically data. • Topography / Terrain of the study area • Human Settlements • Health status • Accessibility of monitoring site • Resource Availability • Representativeness of the region for establishing baseline status • Representativeness with respect to likely impact areas. The Ambient Air Quality monitoring locations are given in Table 4.3 & Figure 4.4. Table 4.3 - Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location S. No. Location Latitude Longitude 1 Project Site (Puzhuthivakkam) 13°15'40.01"N 80°19'36.75"E 2 Athipattu Pudu Nagar 13°14'58.30"N 80°18'3.72"E 3 Kattupalli Village 13°18'12.76"N 80°19'51.17"E 4 Kalanji 13°19'44.57"N 80°20'4.60"E 5 Kaniyambakkam 13°18'46.39"N 80°14'57.27"E 6 Minjur 13°16'3.31"N 80°15'51.72"E 7 Vichoor Village 13°12'55.09"N 80°16'14.50"E 8 Ernavoor 13°11'30.35"N 80°18'37.02"E

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Figure 4.4 - Air Quality Monitoring Locations 4.5.2 Parameters for Sampling The parameters chosen for assessment of ambient air quality were Particulate

Matter<10 (PM10), Particulate Matter<2.5 (PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Oxides of

Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), TVOC. 4.5.3 Instruments Used For Sampling Respirable Dust Samplers APM- 460 BL of Enviro tech was used for monitoring

Particulate matter (PM-10), gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. Fine Particulate

Samplers APM 550 of Envirotech was used for monitoring PM2.5.

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Table 4.4 - Techniques used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

S. No Parameters Technique

Gravimetric (High- Volume with 1 Particulate Matter (PM10), µg/m3 Cyclone)

2 Particulate Matter (PM2.5), µg/m3 Gravimetric (Fine particulate Sampler)

3 Oxides of Sulphur (SO2), µg/m3 EPA Modified West & Gaeke method

4 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), µg/m3 Arsenite Modified Jacob & Hochheiser Total Volatile Organic 5 EPA METHOD TO - 17 Compounds (TVOC), µg/m3 6 Carbon Monoxide, mg/m3 Gas Analyser (NDIR)

4.5.4 Presentation of Data Various statistical parameters like the average, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed raw data for all the AAQ monitoring stations. These are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for residential and Industrial zone. Pollutant specific monitoring results

indicating levels of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx with respect to applicable standards are presented in Table 4.5 and the results are predicted below

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Table 4.5 – Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Result PM10, µg/m3 PM 2.5, µg/m3 SO2, µg/m3 NOX, µg/m3 O3, µg/m3 Location Location 98 98 98 98 98 Code Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg % % % % % AAQ1 Project Site (Puzhuthivakka 51 74 62.1 72.7 27.5 39.8 33.2 39.1 8.63 12.1 10.3 11.8 12.1 17.6 14.8 17.2 10.4 12.9 11.5 12.6 m) AAQ2 Athipattu Pudu 48 66 56.4 64.3 25.5 33.7 29.2 32.9 6.54 8.45 7.43 8.3 11.4 16.6 14 16.1 10.9 13.5 11.8 13.2 Nagar AAQ3 Kattupalli Village 44 54 49.1 52.8 19.3 25.8 22.7 25.2 6.14 7.36 6.64 7.22 9.32 11.7 10.5 11.4 8.52 10.3 9.41 10.1

AAQ4 Kalanji 41 49 44.7 48.1 18.1 23.6 20.8 23.1 5.41 6.88 6.18 6.75 8.14 10.9 9.51 10.7 7.87 11.1 9.38 10.8

AAQ5 Kaniyambakkam 45 63 53.9 62.4 21.8 28.6 25.4 27.8 6.01 7.98 7.05 7.83 11.8 15.5 13.8 15.1 9.47 12.7 11.5 12.4

AAQ6 Minjur 51 67 58.8 65.7 26.7 34.8 30.2 34 7.14 8.51 7.82 8.42 12.8 17.9 15.5 17.4 9.62 12.2 10.9 12

AAQ7 Vichoor Village 55 71 63.8 68.4 28.7 38.2 33.1 37.5 8.11 10.6 9.31 10.4 13.7 21.6 17.8 21.1 11.1 14.6 12.8 14.3

AAQ 8 Ernavoor 56 68 62.3 67.1 30.1 41.1 36.2 40.4 8.57 13.3 11 13.1 12.8 22.7 18.1 22.2 10.9 15.5 13.2 15.1 CPCB / MoEF Standards Industrial Industrial /Residentia 100 60 80 /Residential / Rural l / Rural 80 100 and Other Area and Other Area

BDL - Below Detectable Limit

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Ammoni Carbon monoxide, mg/m3 Location Sampling a µg/m3 98 Lead, µg/m3 Arsenic Nickel Benzene, Benzo[a]pyrene Code Location Min Max Avg ng/m3 ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 %ile AAQ1 Project Site BDL(<5) 0.11 0.17 0.13 0.16 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) Athipattu Pudu AAQ2 BDL(<5) 0.12 0.24 0.18 0.22 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) Nagar AAQ3 Kattupalli Village BDL(<5) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ4 Kalanji BDL(<5) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ5 Kaniyambakkam BDL(<5) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ6 Minjur BDL(<5) 0.10 0.19 0.15 0.18 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ7 Vichoor Village BDL(<5) 0.14 0.29 0.23 0.28 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1)

AAQ 8 Ernavoor BDL(<5) 0.13 0.30 0.21 0.28 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<1) BDL(<1) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1)

CPCB / MoEF Standards

Industrial /Residential / 400 2 1 6 20 5 1 Rural and Other Area

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4.5.5 Observation

O3 - The maximum value of 13.2 µg/m3 was observed at Ernavoor (AAQ8). The next higher value of 12.8 µg/m3 was observed at Vichoor Village (AAQ7).The 24 hours applicable limit is 100 µg/m3 for industrial/residential/rural areas, the observed values are well within the prescribed limit. The air quality data in the monitored area within the 10 Km radius is well below the prescribed limit.

4.6 Noise Environment The main objective of monitoring of ambient noise levels was to establish the baseline noise levels in the surrounding areas and to assess the total noise level in the environment of the study area.

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4.6.1 Identification of Sampling Locations A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise sources in the area. The sampling location in the area was identified considering the location of industry, residential area, Highways and Institutional areas. The noise monitoring locations are presented in Table 4.6 & Figure 4.5.

4.6.2 Instrument used for Sampling Noise levels were measured using a sound level meter. The sound level meter measures the equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) by switching on the corresponding function mode. Table 4.6 - Noise Monitoring Locations S. No. Location Latitude Longitude 1 Project Site (Puzhuthivakkam) 13°15'40.01"N 80°19'36.75"E 2 Athipattu Pudu Nagar 13°14'58.30"N 80°18'3.72"E 3 Kattupalli Village 13°18'12.76"N 80°19'51.17"E 4 Kalanji 13°19'44.57"N 80°20'4.60"E 5 Kaniyambakkam 13°18'46.39"N 80°14'57.27"E 6 Minjur 13°16'3.31"N 80°15'51.72"E 7 Vichoor Village 13°12'55.09"N 80°16'14.50"E 8 Ernavoor 13°11'30.35"N 80°18'37.02"E

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Figure 4.5 - Noise Monitoring Locations 4.6.3 Method of Monitoring Noise, in general, is sound which is composed of many frequency components of various types of loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and universally accepted scale is the ‘A’ weighted Scale which is measured as dB (A). This is more suitable for an audible range of 20 to 20,000 Hz. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a human ear. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The readings were taken for every hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the locations covered in a 10-km radius of the study area. The noise levels were measured once during the study period. These readings were later tabulated and

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd, the frequency distribution table was prepared. Finally, hourly and 24 hourly values for various noise parameters viz. Lday and Lnight were calculated. For noise levels measured over a given period of time, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the time certain noise levels exceed the time interval. The notations for the statistical quantities of noise levels are described below:

• L10 is the noise level exceeded 10 percent of the time

• L50 is the noise level exceeded 50 percent of the time and

• L90 is the noise level exceeded 90 percent of the time The Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level, which is equivalent to the same sound energy as the actual fluctuating sound measured in the same period. This is necessary because the sound from noise source often fluctuates widely during a given period of time. This is calculated from the following equation:

Leq = L50 + (L10 - L90)2/60 Parameters Measured During Monitoring For noise levels measured over a given period of the time interval, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the time, certain noise levels are exceeded during the time interval. The notation for the statistical quantities of noise levels is described below: Hourly Leq day: Equivalent noise levels between 6.00 hours to 22.00 hours. Leq night: Equivalent noise levels between 22.00 hours to 6.00 hours. 4.6.4 Results

The summary of computed ambient noise level parameters like Lday and Lnight are presented in Table 4.7 and compared to the standards specified by CPCB mentioned below in Table 4.8.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Table 4.7 - Ambient Noise Level Location Lday Lnight Leq Sample Location Code dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) Project Site N1 56.8 47.5 55.3 (Puzhuthivakkam) Athipattu Pudu N2 53.3 43.6 51.8 Nagar N3 Kattupalli Village 48.5 42.1 47.2 N4 Kalanji 47.3 41.3 46.1 N5 Kaniyambakkam 50.5 43.2 49.1 N6 Minjur 52.9 43.9 51.4 N7 Vichoor Village 54.8 45.1 53.3 N8 Ernavoor 53.9 45.8 52.5

Table 4.8 - Ambient Noise Quality Standards Limits in dB (A) Leq Category of Area / Zone Day Time Night Time Industrial Area 75 70 Commercial Area 65 55 Residential Area 55 45 Silence Zone 50 40 Source: CPCB 4.6.5 Observation

Day Time Noise Level Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range 47.3 – 56.8 dB (A). The maximum noise level was observed to be 56.8 dB (A) at Project Site - Puzhuthivakkam (N1) and a minimum of 47.3 dB (A) was observed at Kalanji (N4). The monitored locations during the Day time are under the prescribed limit. Night Time Noise Levels Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range 41.3 – 47.5 dB (A). The maximum noise level was observed to be 47.5 dB (A) at Project Site - Puzhuthivakkam (N1) and a minimum of 41.3 dB (A) was observed at Kalanji (N4).The monitored locations during the Day time are under the prescribed limit.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Leq dB (A) Noise levels as Leq in the range of 46.1 – 55.3 dB (A). The maximum noise level was observed to be 55.3 dB (A) at Project Site - Puzhuthivakkam (N1) and a minimum of 46.1 dB (A) was observed at Kalanji (N4). The Noise Level data in the monitored area within the 10 Km radius is below the prescribed limit. 4.7 Water Environment Water sampling has been conducted to establish baseline water quality in the area. Water analysis was carried out for physical and chemical parameters as per the methods prescribed in IS and “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater “(American Public Health Association)”. 4.7.1 Sampling Locations The details of the water sampling stations are presented in the Table 4.9 & Figure 4.6. Table 4.9 - Water Quality Monitoring Locations Location Location Geographical location Type of water Code Project Site 13°15'40.01"N 80°19'36.75"E GW1 Ground Water (Puzhuthivakkam) Athipattu Pudu 13°14'58.30"N 80°18'3.72"E GW2 Ground Water Nagar GW3 Kattupalli Village 13°18'12.76"N 80°19'51.17"E Ground Water GW4 Kalanji 13°19'44.57"N 80°20'4.60"E Ground Water GW5 Kaniyambakkam 13°18'46.39"N 80°14'57.27"E Ground Water GW6 Minjur 13°16'3.31"N 80°15'51.72"E Ground Water GW7 Vichoor Village 13°12'55.09"N 80°16'14.50"E Ground Water GW8 Ernavoor 13°11'30.35"N 80°18'37.02"E Ground Water SW1 Ennore Creak 13°13'57.41"N 80°19'1.50"E Surface Water Kosasthalaiyar SW2 River – Kalanji 13°19'52.99"N 80°19'40.86"E Surface Water

Buckingham Canal SW3 13° 19’ 19.9” 80° 19’ 32.9” Surface Water – Kattupalli Village Kosasthalaiyar SW4 River – Vichoor 13° 12’ 59.9” 80° 16’ 20.1” Surface Water Village

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Figure 4.6 - Water Quality Monitoring Locations

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Table 4.10 - Results for Ground Water Analysis

Limit as per S. No Parameters Unit Test Method GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 IS 10500 : 2012 1 Colour Hazen APHA 22nd Edition 5 1 Nil 1 2 Odour No Odour No Odour No Odour No Odour 2 - APHA 22nd Edition Agreeable Observed Observed Observed Observed pH at 25°C IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 3 - 6.5-8.5 6.72 6.93 7.47 6.81 (Reaff:2017) Electrical IS : 3025 Part 14- 1984 Not 4 μS/cm 4290 2560 6100 3830 Conductivity, (Reaff: 2012) Specified Turbidity IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 5 NTU 1 1 0.5 0.6 1.3 2017) Total Dissolved IS : 3025 Part 16-1984 (Reaff: 6 mg/l 500 2540 1438 3420 2275 Solids 2017) Total Suspended IS : 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: Not 7 mg/l <2 <2 <2 <2 Solids 2012) Specified Total Hardness as IS : 3025 Part 21-2009 (Reaff: 8 mg/l 200 580 810 956 810 CaCO3 2014) Total Alkalinity as IS : 3025 Part 23- 9 mg/l 200 280 370 220 480 CaCO3 1986(Reaff:2014) Chloride as Cl IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 10 mg/l 250 1171 496 1715 759 2014) ND Sulphate as SO4 APHA 22 EDITION -4500- 11 mg/l 200 289 133 271 361 SO42- E Fluoride as F APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- 12 mg/l 1.0 0.61 0.64 0.54 0.74 F B&D

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Nitrate as NO3 APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- 13 mg/l 45 2 35 22 12 NO3- B Ammonia as N-NH3 APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- 14 mg/l 0.5 0.05 0.10 0.45 1.08 NH3 B&C Sodium as Na IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 Not 15 mg/l 720 210 920 510 (Reaff:2014) Specified Potassium as K IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 Not 16 mg/l 28 5.2 52 26 (Reaff:2014) Specified Calcium as Ca IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 17 mg/l 75 160 192 208 176 (Reaff:2014) 18 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION 30 44 80 106 90 19 Iron as Fe mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 1 0.15 BDL (<0.05) 0.21 0.17 20 Manganese as Mn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.1 BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) Phenolic compounds BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 21 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN 5530 B,C,D 0.001 BDL(<0.001) as Phenol ) ) ) 22 Copper as Cu mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) Mercury as Hg BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 23 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3112B 0.001 BDL(<0.001) ) ) ) Cadmium as Cd BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 24 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.003 BDL(<0.001) ) ) ) 25 Selenium as Se mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) 26 Total Arsenic as As mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) 27 Cyanide as CN mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500-CN E 0.05 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) 28 Lead as Pb mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) 29 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 5 0.07 0.25 0.20 0.12 Total Chromium as 30 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) Cr 31 Nickel as Ni mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.02 BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) Aluminum as Al APHA 22nd EDN -3500-Al-B 32 mg/l 0.03 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) 2012

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

MPN/ Absent/100 33 Total Coliforms IS 1622 (1981) (Reaff – 2014) 7 <2 14 2 100ml ml MPN/ Absent/100 34 E coli IS 1622 (1981)(Reaff – 2014) <2 <2 <2 <2 100ml ml *BDL – Below Detectable Limit *BDL – Below Detectable Limit

Limit as per S. No Parameters Unit Test Method IS 10500 : GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 2012 1 Colour Hazen APHA 22nd Edition 5 1 Nil 2 Nil Odour No Odour No Odour No Odour No Odour 2 - APHA 22nd Edition Agreeable Observed Observed Observed Observed pH at 25°C IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 3 - 6.5-8.5 7.60 7.91 7.29 7.29 (Reaff:2017) Electrical IS : 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: Not 4 μS/cm 2150 1080 3670 2480 Conductivity, 2012) Specified Turbidity IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 5 NTU 1 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.6 2017) Total Dissolved IS : 3025 Part 16-1984 (Reaff: 6 mg/l 500 1202 586 2090 1312 Solids 2017) Total Suspended IS : 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: Not 7 mg/l <2 <2 <2 <2 Solids 2012) Specified Total Hardness as IS : 3025 Part 21-2009 (Reaff: 8 mg/l 200 490 230 500 593 CaCO3 2014) Total Alkalinity as IS : 3025 Part 23- 9 mg/l 200 280 120 600 285 CaCO3 1986(Reaff:2014) Chloride as Cl IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 10 mg/l 250 436 182 512 291 2014)

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Sulphate as SO4 APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- 11 mg/l 200 198 112 443 346 SO42- E Fluoride as F APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- 12 mg/l 1.0 1.21 0.31 0.63 0.64 F B&D ND Nitrate as NO3 APHA 22 EDITION -4500- 13 mg/l - 45 5 14 12 18 NO3 B Ammonia as N-NH3 APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- 14 mg/l 0.5 0.16 0.05 0.23 0.13 NH3 B&C Sodium as Na IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 Not 261 15 mg/l 230 103 570 (Reaff:2014) Specified Potassium as K IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 Not 16 mg/l 10 13 36 10 (Reaff:2014) Specified Calcium as Ca IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 17 mg/l 75 64 40 96 130 (Reaff:2014) 18 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION 30 79 46 63 65 19 Iron as Fe mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 1 0.06 0.09 0.18 BDL(<0.05) Manganese as Mn BDL(<0.02 20 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.1 BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) ) Phenolic compounds BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 21 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN 5530 B,C,D 0.001 as Phenol 1) 1) ) ) Copper as Cu BDL(<0.03 22 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) ) Mercury as Hg BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 23 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3112B 0.001 1) 1) ) ) Cadmium as Cd BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 24 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.003 1) 1) ) ) Selenium as Se BDL(<0.01 25 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) ) Total Arsenic as As BDL(<0.01 26 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) )

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Cyanide as CN BDL(<0.05 27 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500-CN E 0.05 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) ) Lead as Pb BDL(<0.01 28 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) ) 29 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 5 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.21 Total Chromium as BDL(<0.03 30 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) Cr ) Nickel as Ni BDL(<0.02 31 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.02 BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) ) Aluminum as Al APHA 22nd EDN -3500-Al-B BDL(<0.03 32 mg/l 0.03 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) 2012 ) MPN/ Absent/100 33 Total Coliforms IS 1622 (1981) (Reaff – 2014) <2 <2 <2 14 100ml ml MPN/ Absent/100 34 E coli IS 1622 (1981)(Reaff – 2014) <2 <2 <2 <2 100ml ml

Table 4.11 – Results for Surface Water Analysis S.No Parameters Unit Test method SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 1 Colour Hazen APHA 22nd Edition 2 5 3 30 No Odour No Odour No Odour Odour 2 Odour - APHA 22nd Edition Observed Observed Observed Observed 3 Turbidity NTU IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff:2012) 3.7 3.3 2.3 6.6 4 pH at 25°C - IS : 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2012) 8.22 8.11 8.31 8.59 Electrical 54100 5 μS/cm IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2012) 52300 51800 2670 Conductivity, 6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l IS : 3025 Part 16-1984 (Reaff: 2012) 33432 32406 34412 1480 Total Hardness as 7 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 21-2009 (Reaff: 2014) 6100 5800 6200 440 CaCO3 Total Alkalinity as 8 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2014) 130 126 120 380 CaCO3

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

9 Chloride as Cl mg/l IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2014) 17650 17358 18300 512 10 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- SO42- E 2480 2480 2612 203 11 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION -4500-F B&D 1.87 1.63 1.71 0.83 12 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- NO3- B 3.69 3 2.3 13 APHA 22ND EDITION -4500- NH3 13 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l 0.11 0.55 0.05 1.64 B&C 14 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff:2014) 0.16 0.19 0.06 0.96 15 Sodium as Na mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) 11200 10900 11300 398 16 Potassium as K mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) 470 457 485 24 17 Calcium as Ca mg/l IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2003) 446 412 430 86 18 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION 1211 1146 1245 55 0.27 0.14 BDL(<0.05 2.36 19 Iron as Fe mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B ) Manganese as Mn mg/l BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02 0.05 20 APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B ) Phenolic compounds as mg/l BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.001 21 APHA 22nd EDN 5530 B,C,D BDL(<0.001) Phenol ) 1) ) Copper as Cu mg/l BDL(<0.03 22 APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) ) Mercury as Hg mg/l BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.001 23 APHA 22nd EDN -3112B BDL(<0.001) ) 1) ) Cadmium as Cd mg/l BDL(<0.003 BDL(<0.00 BDL(<0.003 24 APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B BDL(<0.003) ) 3) ) Selenium as Se mg/l BDL(<0.01 25 APHA 22nd EDN -3113B BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) ) Total Arsenic as As mg/l BDL(<0.01 26 APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) ) Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL(<0.05 27 APHA 22nd EDN -4500-CN E BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) ) Lead as Pb mg/l BDL(<0.01 28 APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.07 0.03 0.08 )

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

29 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 0.33 0.13 0.19 0.41 Total Chromium as Cr mg/l BDL(<0.03 30 APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) ) Nickel as Ni mg/l BDL(<0.02 31 APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) ) Aluminum as Al mg/l BDL(<0.03 32 APHA 22nd EDN -3500-Al-B 2012 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) ) Total Suspended 8 6 16 33 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: 2012) 14 Solids Anionic Surfactants as BDL(<0.025 BDL(<0.02 BDL(<0.025 34 mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION-5540 C BDL(<0.025) MBAS ) 5) ) Dissolved Oxygen as 5.9 6.2 5.5 35 mg/l IS:3025:Part-38:1989 (Reaff:2014) 5.8 O2 Chemical Oxygen 16 18 38 36 mg/l IS:3025:Part-58:2006 (Reaff:2012) 20 Demand Bio-Chemical Oxygen 37 Demand at 27°C for 3 mg/l IS:3025:Part-44:1993 (Reaff:2014) 2.3 2 <2 6.2 days 38 Oil and Grease mg/l IS:3025:Part-39:1991 -Reaff:2014) <4 <4 <4 <4 MPN/100 39 Total Coliforms IS 1622 (1981) (Reaff – 2014) 170 140 14 >1600 ml MPN/100 40 E coli IS 1622 (1981)(Reaff – 2014) 26 21 <2 240 ml

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

4.7.2 Observations A) Ground water resources • The pH of ground water in the study area varies between 6.72 to 7.91 and Conductivity varies from 1080 to 6100 µS/cm. • TDS values were found to be from 586 to 3420 mg/l and Total Hardness varied from 230 to 956 mg/l. This indicates that water in the study area were very hard in nature. The Total alkalinity also varies from 120 to 600 mg/L. • Sodium and potassium are naturally occurring elements of groundwater because Project site is located in sea. It is one of the major contributors to salinity of water. The concentration of sodium in the studied samples varied from 103 to 920 mg/l. Potassium varied from 5.2 to 52 mg/l. Calcium also varies from 40 to 208 mg/L. • The chloride content in the studied area ranged from 182 - 1715 mg/l. The sulphate values were found to be from 112 to 443 mg/l and, fluoride content in the studied area ranged from 0.31 – 1.21 mg/l. Nitrate content in the ground water is found to be within the IS standards in all the samples. B) Surface Water

• The pH of Surface water in the study area varies between 8.11 to 8.59 and Conductivity varies from 2670 to 54100 µS/cm. • TDS values were found to be from 1480 to 34412 mg/l and Total Hardness varied from 440 – 6200 mg/l. The Total alkalinity also varies from 120 to 380 mg/L. Chloride content is observed in 512 to 18300 mg/l. The BOD and COD range is 2 to 6.2 mg/l and 16 to 38 mg/l respectively. • The concentration of sodium in the studied samples varied from 398 to 11300 mg/l. Potassium varied from 24 to 485 mg/l. Calcium also varies from 86 to 446 mg/l and Magnesium is 55 to 1245 mg/l. • Total Coliform count is observed in study area range is 14 to >1600(MPN/100ml). • E-Coliforms count is observed in study area range is <2 to 240 (MPN/100ml).

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

4.8 Soil Environment 4.8.1 Soil analysis The present study of the soiltively quality establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the proposed Project. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives; • To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area and • To determine the impact of proposed project on soil characteristics Five locations within the study area were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz., 30 cm, 60 cm and 100 cm below the surface. The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The details of the soil sampling location are presented in Table 4.12 & Figure 4.7. The results are presented in Table 4.13 and compared with Standard Soil Classification presented in Table 4.14. Table 4.12 - Soil Monitoring Locations S. No. Location Latitude Longitude 1 Project Site 13°15'40.01"N 80°19'36.75"E (Puzhuthivakkam) 2 Athipattu Pudu Nagar 13°14'58.30"N 80°18'3.72"E 3 Kattupalli Village 13°18'12.76"N 80°19'51.17"E 4 Kalanji 13°19'44.57"N 80°20'4.60"E 5 Kaniyambakkam 13°18'46.39"N 80°14'57.27"E 6 Minjur 13°16'3.31"N 80°15'51.72"E 7 Vichoor Village 13°12'55.09"N 80°16'14.50"E 8 Ernavoor 13°11'30.35"N 80°18'37.02"E

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Figure 4.7 - Soil Monitoring Locations

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Table 4.13 - Results for Soil Analysis S. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 N 1 pH (1:5 Soil Suspension) 8.33 7.81 7.14 7.36 7.96 7.59 8.54 8.31 2 Bulk Density, g/cc 1.28 1.20 1.49 1.51 1.35 1.39 1.31 1.22 Electrical conductivity, mS/cm 3 0.451 0.664 0.566 0.731 0.124 0.096 0.114 0.310 (1:5 Soil Suspension) 4 Total Nitrogen as N, kg/ha 304 474 247 262 365 363 384 510 Available Phosphorous as P, 5 41.5 32.6 15.8 19.3 35.4 55.7 29.6 62.8 kg/ha Available Potassium as K , 6 365 292 411 435 341 254 384 326 kg/ha Exchangeable Calcium as Ca, 7 16.6 17.1 9.22 8.41 12.2 10.4 13.6 15.2 m.eq/100g Exchangeable Magnesium as 8 3.66 3.97 5.36 4.78 2.65 3.19 2.74 3.45 Mg, m.eq/100g Exchangeable Sodium as Na, 9 1.45 2.08 3.98 4.11 1.29 0.86 1.07 1.52 m.eq/100g 10 Organic matter (%) 1.14 1.36 0.41 0.56 0.97 0.75 1.12 1.42 Sandy Sandy Sandy 11 Texture Classification Clay Sand Sand Clay Loam Clay Clay Clay Loam Loam 12 Sand (%) 47.1 27.5 91.1 92.7 50.2 37.5 48.8 30.3 13 Clay (%) 36.3 66.8 0.6 0.3 27.1 7.1 29.3 57.9 14 Silt (%) 16.6 5.7 8.3 7 22.7 55.4 21.9 11.8

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Table 4.14 - Standard Soil Classifications Chemical Ranking Parameters Very Low Low Moderate High Very High <4, very Strongly 4-5, Strongly 5-8, Ideal for 8-9 Strongly Basic >9 Very Strongly Basic pH Acidic Acidic Plant Growth <2000, 2000-4000 4000-8000 8000-16000 >16000 Extremely EC (μS/cm) Non saline Saline Moderately Saline Highly Saline Saline <0.05 0.05-0.15 Low 0.15-0.25 0.25-0.5 High >0.5 Very High Total Nitrogen (%) Very Low Moderate Total Phosphorous <5 Very Low 5-10 Low 10-30 Moderate 30-60 High >60 Very High (mg/kg) Sodium - <200 Non Sodic 200-500 Moderate >500 Sodic (mg/kg) Potassium - <150 Low 150-250 250-800 High >800 Very High (mg/kg) Moderate Calcium - <1000 Low 1000-2000 >2000 High - (mg/kg) Moderate Magnesium <40 Very Low 40-100 Low 100-300 Moderate >300 High - (mg/kg) 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 Low 2.0-3.0 Moderate 3.0-5.0 High >5 Very High % Organic Matter Very Low

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4.8.2 Observations The pH indicates that the soils in the study areas are basic in nature, with the pH varying in the range of 7.14 to 8.54. The Electrical Conductivity was observed in the range of 0.096 to 0.731 mS/cm. The Nitrogen values are in the range of 247 to 510 mg/kg indicating that soils have better quantity of Nitrogen levels. The Phosphorous values are in the range of 15.8 to 62.8 mg/kg indicating that soils have an average Phosphorous level. The Potassium values range between 254 to 435 mg/kg, which indicate that the soils have better quantity of Potassium. The Organic matter (%) values range between 0.41 to 1.42. The soil from the study area shows that they are average fertile. 4.9 Drainage The Chennai Basin comprises of the four Rivers namely: Araniar, Kosasthalaiyar, Coovum, and Adyar River. The index map of Chennai Basin is presented below. The Rivers originate from North to South on the Western side from the hills of altitude ranging from 100 m to 200 m and flows to the Bay of Bengal on the East to North- East. Chennai city is usually considered as a plain land surface with a gentle slope towards Bay of Bengal. The land elevation is within 10 m and the maximum elevated lands are located on the South-Western part of the City. Kosasthalaiyar River, which has its origin near Kaveripakkam and has catchment area in North Arcot District, has a branch near Kesavaram Anicut and flows to the city as Cooum River and the main Kosasthalaiyar river flows to Poondi reservoir. Poondi Regulator was constructed in 1943. From Poondi reservoir, Kosasthalaiyar River flows through the Thiruvallur District, enters CMA, and joins the Sea at Ennore. Buckingham Canal is a man-made canal, which was constructed during the year 1806. It originates at the place called Bedhakanjam in Andhra Pradesh and runs along the area very close to the east coast, enters CMA at Athipattu village, passes through the Chennai City and leaves CMA at Semmencheri village, and it finally connects to Ongur River at Yedayanthittu Kaliveli near Cheyyar. Its total length is

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

418 km and in CMA its length is 40km. It runs in the north south direction and connects all the major three rivers in CMA. It was dug for the purpose of navigation and transport of goods and also to accommodate flood. But within CMA for various reasons it now serves as flood accommodator only. The Drainage Map 10 Km radius within the project site are presented in Figure 4.8.

Figure 4.8 - Drainage Map for 10 Km radius

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

4.10 Geomorphology and Soil Types The prominent geomorphic units identified in the district through interpretation of Satellite imagery are 1) Alluvial Plain, 2) Old River Courses 3) Coastal plains 4) Shallow & deep buried Pediments, 5) Pediments and 6) Structural Hills. The coastal tract is marked by three beach terraces with broad inter-terrace depressions. The coastal plains display a fairly lower level or gently rolling surface and only slightly elevated above the local water surfaces or rivers. The straight trend of the coastal tract is resultant of development of vast alluvial plains. There are a number of dunes in the coastal tract. In this project site falling under (Coastal Origin-Younger Coastal Plain) entire north Chennai coastal line. The Geomorphology Map of the project site Figure 4.9.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

PROJECT SITE

Figure 4.9 - Geomorphology Map are presented 10 Km radius

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

4.11 Ground Water Scenario The district is underlain by both porous and fissured formations. The important aquifer systems in the district are constituted by i) unconsolidated & semi- consolidated formations and ii) weathered, fissured and fractured crystalline rocks. Ground water generally occurs under phreatic conditions in the weathered mantle and under semi-confined conditions in the fissured and fractured zones at deeper levels. The thickness of weathered zone in the district is in the range of 2 to 12 m. The depth of the wells ranged from 8.00 to 15.00 m bgl. The yield of large diameter wells tapping the weathered mantle of crystalline rocks ranges from 100 to 500 lpm and are able to sustain pumping for 2 to 6 hours per day. The yield of bore wells drilled down to a depth of 50 to 60 m ranges from 20 to 400 lpm. The yield of successful bore wells drilled down to a depth of 150 m bgl during the ground water exploration programme of Central Ground Water Board ranged from 1.2 to 7.6 lpm. The depth to water level in the district varied between 2.38 – 7.36 m bgl during premonsoon (May 2006) and 0.79 – 5.30 m bgl during post monsoon (Jan 2007). The seasonal fluctuation shows a rise between 0.28 and 4.80 m bgl. The piezometric head varied between 2.20 to 10.30 m bgl (May 2006) during premonsoon and 2.72 to 8.55 m bgl during post monsoon. A map showing the hydrogeology of the district is given as Figure 4.10, 4.11 & 4.12

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Figure 4.10 - Hydrogeology Map

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Figure 4.11 - Depth to water level (Pre Monsoon)

Figure 4.12 - Depth to water level (Post Monsoon)

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4.12 Biological Environment 4.12.1 Terrestrial Ecology Flora The flora and fauna in the study area was observed and noted. Three types of flora was noted, namely, the general coastal flora, mangrove and agricultural crops. Sparse mangroves of Avicennia sp. were observed near project site area. The list of flora observed in the project site is given in Table 4.15. The common species, which were found in the study area were Coconus nucifera, Casurina equisetifolia, Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica. Table 4.15 - List of Flora in the Study Area

Sl. No Local Name Scientific Name 1 Veppa Maram Azadirachta indica 2 Karuvelam Acacia nilotica 3 Gulmohar Delonix regia 4 Peepal Ficus religiosa 5 Erukkan Calotropis gigantea 6 Savukku Maram Casuarina equisetifolia 7 Thenna Maram Cocus nucifera 8 Siridam Albizia lebbeck 9 Porasum Butea monosperma Fauna Some of the fauna, which were observed in the study area are given in Table 4.16 Table 4.16 - List of Fauna in the Study Area

Sl.No. Common Name Scientific Name Mammals 1. Squirrel Funambulus palmarum 2. Mangoose Herpestes javanicus 3. Mouse Apodemus slvaticus Reptiles 4. Chameleon Chamaeleo zeylanicus 5. Lizard (garden) Calotes versicolor 6. House lizard Hemidactylus frenatus

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Birds 7. Cattle egret Babulcus ibis 8. Kite Haliastur Indus 9. Mynah Acridotheres tristis 10. Heron Ardeola grayii 11. House swift Apus affinis Arthropods 12. Millipede Spirobolida 13. Crab Portunus sp.

4.12.2 Marine Ecology a) Marine Sediment The Marine studies has carried out in study period from January 2019 to March 2019 whereas marine sediment samples were collected in Kosasthalaiyar River & Buckingham canal. The location and result of the samples are given in Table 4.17 & Figure 4.13.

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Figure 4.13 - Marine Study Locations

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Table 4.17 - Marine sediment results

Results S.No Parameter Unit Test Method RMS 1 RMS 2 RMS 3 RMS 4 RMS 5 RMS 6 RMS 7 RMS 8 RMS 9 RMS 10 RMS 11 RMS 12 IS 2720 Part 26 : 1 pH - 8.22 7.99 8.36 8.45 8.32 8.17 8.26 8.44 8.25 8.14 8.63 8.17 1987 Robinson Pipette 2 Texture % Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Method Total IS 2720 Part 22 : 3 Organic % 7.36 5.87 7.25 8.68 5.88 9.11 5.54 6.87 7.96 5.21 8.35 7.76 1972 Carbon mg/k 4 Iron as Fe EPA 03050 B 2224 1714 3254 2914 2584 1846 2136 2082 2487 3102 2369 1874 g mg/k 5 Zinc as Zn EPA 03050 B 225 312 398 236 231 298 268 325 274 303 257 302 g Manganese mg/k 6 EPA 03050 B 268 352 474 296 312 278 236 332 280 364 384 308 as Mn g mg/k 7 Lead as Pb EPA 03050 B 21.1 28.6 23.7 19.8 29.6 15.9 17.1 16.6 22.8 15.9 20.5 24.1 g Cadmium as mg/k BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 8 EPA 03050 B Cd g (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) (<2) Chromium mg/k 9 EPA 03050 B 45.6 71.4 52.8 83.1 64.7 72.5 50.1 64.8 82 71.7 48.6 65.2 as Cr g mg/k BDL BDL 10 Nickel as Ni EPA 03050 B 6.54 7.25 8.52 9.31 3.95 4.12 3.31 5.66 2.87 3.64 g (<2) (<2) Total Petroleum mg/k APHA 22nd EDN- BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 11 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.14 Hydrocarbo g 6440 B (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) n Total Viable CFU 27 x 19 x 31 x 18 x 23 x 17 x 15 x 22 x 27 x 12 IS5401 Part 1 18 x 104 20 x 104 17 x 104 Count /g 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 Total CFU 41 x 23 x 19 x 25 x 33 x 19 x 34 x 17 x 26 x 13 IS5401 Part 1 18 x 103 29 x 103 21 x 103 Coliform /g 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 Faecal CFU 12 x 17 x 23 x 14 x 23 x 14 x 14 IS5401 Part 1 9 x 102 9 x 102 9 x 102 8 x 102 26 x 102 17 x 102 Coliform /g 102 102 102 102 102 102

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S.N Results Parameter Unit Test Method o BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 5 BCS 6

1 pH - IS 2720 Part 26 : 1987 8.25 8.42 8.28 8.42 8.26 8.37

2 Texture % Robinson Pipette Method Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay

Total Organic 3 % IS 2720 Part 22 : 1972 8.25 10.1 9.36 10.7 8.96 9.15 Carbon mg/k 4 Iron as Fe EPA 03050 B 2568 3521 2874 3698 2547 2936 g mg/k 5 Zinc as Zn EPA 03050 B 358 207 224 276 232 269 g Manganese as mg/k 6 EPA 03050 B 284 196 225 158 287 212 Mn g mg/k 7 Lead as Pb EPA 03050 B 23.6 19.7 24.5 16.8 23.3 16.5 g Cadmium as mg/k 8 EPA 03050 B BDL (<2) BDL (<2) BDL(<2) BDL(<2) BDL(<2) BDL(<2) Cd g Chromium as mg/k 9 EPA 03050 B 51.6 66.3 47.8 42.6 55.1 62.5 Cr g mg/k 10 Nickel as Ni EPA 03050 B 4.8 3.6 5.7 3.5 5.2 3.6 g Total BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL mg/k BDL 11 Petroleum APHA 22nd EDN-6440 B (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) g (<0.1) Hydrocarbon Total Viable CFU 12 IS5401 Part 1 37 x 104 26 x 104 33 x 104 24 x 104 29 x 104 22 x 104 Count /g Total CFU 13 IS5401 Part 1 14 x 103 11 x 103 17 x 104 23 x 104 21 x 104 16 x 104 Coliform /g Faecal CFU 14 IS5401 Part 1 19 x 102 14 x 102 23 x 102 21 x 102 15 x 102 18 x 102 Coliform /g

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Results and Discussion The pH indicates that the marine sediment in the study areas are basic in nature, with the pH varying in the range of 7.99 to 8.63 (RMS) & 8.25 to 8.42 (BCS). The Iron was observed in the range of 1714 to 3254 mg/kg (RMS) & 2547 to 3698 mg/kg (BCS). The Total Zinc values are in the range of 225 to 398 mg/kg (RMS) & 207 to 358 mg/kg (BCS) indicating that soils have very high Zinc levels. The Total Manganese values are in the range of 236 to 474 mg/kg (RMS) & 158 to 287 mg/kg (BCS) indicating that soil sediment have an average Manganese level.

b) Kosasthalaiyar River and Buckingham canal Water sample The results of Kosasthalaiyar River & Buckingham canal water samples are given in Table 4.18.

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Table 4.18 - Water sample Results Results S. Parameter Unit Test Method RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS No RMS 1 RMS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 APHA 22nd Edn (2012)- 1 Temperature °C 26.6 27.1 25.8 28 27.9 28 26.6 27.5 27.4 28.1 27.6 26.9 2550B APHA 22nd Edn (2012)- 2 Salinity %0 30.4 30.6 31.2 31.7 31.6 32.3 32 31.8 31.2 30.9 31.5 32.2 Electrometric Method IS:3025:Part-11:1983 3 pH - (Reaff:2012) 7.88 7.96 7.88 7.95 7.98 7.92 8.10 7.95 7.97 8.03 7.82 7.93 Electrometric Method IS:3025:Part-17:1984 4 TSS mg/L 12 9 7 8 6 11 7 8 8 9 7 13 (Reaff:2012) IS:3025:Part-10:1984 5 Turbidity mg/L 3.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 3 3.2 2.7 2.8 2.1 2 3.3 2.9 (Reaff:2012) Dissolve IS:3025:Part-38:1989 6 mg/L 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.3 Oxygen (Reaff:2014) IS:3025:Part-44:1993 7 BOD mg/L 2.2 2.2 2.1 <2 2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 2.1 2.2 (Reaff:2014) Nutrients

Nitrite as APHA 22nd Edn (2012) - 1 mg/L 0.12 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.08 NO2 4500-NO2-B.

Nitrate as APHA 22nd Edn (2012)- 2 mg/L 4.3 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.88 3.2 4 3.6 2.8 3.1 2.7 3.4 NO3 4500-NO3- B IS:3025:Part-31:1988 Phosphate as 3 mg/L (Reaff:2014) 0.43 0.41 0.32 0.24 0.32 0.25 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.28 0.24 0.32 PO4

Total APHA 22nd Edn (2012)- 4 Nitrogen as mg/L 6.3 5.8 4.3 5.2 6.4 5.2 6.1 5.1 4.8 6.11 5.23 4.74 4500- Norg B N IS:3025:Part- 5 Silica as SiO2 mg/L 3.5 2.9 2.6 1.98 1.75 2.11 2.36 1.94 2.54 2.87 2.87 3.11 35:1988(Reaff:2014)

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Results S.No Parameter Unit Test Method RMS RMS RMS 1 RMS 2 RMS 3 RMS 4 RMS 5 RMS 6 RMS 7 RMS 8 RMS 9 RMS 12 10 11

APHA 22ND 1 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.38 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.40 0.26 0.41 0.32 0.43 0.27 0.31 EDN -3111B

APHA 22ND 2 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.32 0.41 0.28 0.41 0.22 0.33 0.45 0.21 0.36 0.29 0.18 0.25 EDN -3111B

Manganese as APHA 22ND BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 3 mg/L 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.10 0.05 Mn EDN -3111B (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05)

APHA 22ND BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 4 Lead as Pb mg/L 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 EDN -3111B (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) BDL Cadmium as APHA 22ND BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 5 mg/L (<0.01) Cd EDN -3111B (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) ) APHA 22ND BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 6 Nickel as Ni mg/L EDN -3111B (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02)

Chromium as APHA 22ND BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 7 mg/L Cr EDN -3111B (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) Total BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL APHA 22nd 8 Petroleum mg/L (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.00 (<0.001 EDN-6440 B Hydrocarbon 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) ) Microbial Population in Water

Total Viable CFU/ IS1622:1881 1 22X103 15X103 8X103 13X103 9X103 17X103 10X103 7X103 5X103 14X103 21X103 16 X103 Count ml RA 2014 MPN/ IS1622:1881 2 Total Coliform 100 1600 900 240 350 900 170 500 280 1100 500 900 1400 RA 2014 ml MPN/ Faecal IS1622:1881 3 100 80 33 17 23 80 14 40 26 80 33 60 40 Coliform RA 2014 ml

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S. Results Parameter Unit Test Method No BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 5 BCS 6 APHA 22nd Edn 1 Temperature °C 28.4 27.5 27.1 28.4 26.9 27.5 (2012)- 2550B APHA 22nd Edn 2 Salinity %0 (2012)- Electrometric 28.3 27.5 28.5 27.2 27.4 28.2 Method IS:3025:Part-11:1983 3 pH - (Reaff:2012) 7.78 7.69 7.93 7.32 7.84 7.71 Electrometric Method Total IS:3025:Part-17:1984 4 Suspended mg/L 18 15 19 15 21 14 (Reaff:2012) Solids IS:3025:Part-10:1984 5 Turbidity mg/L 4.5 5.8 6 5.5 4.8 6.7 (Reaff:2012) Dissolve IS:3025:Part-38:1989 6 mg/L 4.8 4.6 4.7 5 4.9 5.1 Oxygen (Reaff:2014) Bio-Chemical IS:3025:Part-44:1993 7 Oxygen mg/L 2.8 2.7 2 2.4 2.3 2 (Reaff:2014) Demand Nutrients APHA 22nd Edn 1 Nitrite as NO2 mg/L 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.18 0.15 (2012) - 4500-NO2-B. Nitrate as APHA 22nd Edn 2 mg/L 6.54 7.14 5.69 7.15 6.98 5.14 NO3 (2012)-4500-NO3- B IS:3025:Part-31:1988 Phosphate as 3 mg/L (Reaff:2014) 0.36 0.29 0.41 0.33 0.41 0.36 PO4

Total Nitrogen APHA 22nd Edn 4 mg/L 8.52 9.63 9.14 7.63 8.52 8.63 as N (2012)- 4500- Norg B IS:3025:Part- 5 Silica as SiO2 mg/L 7.24 6.32 5.36 6.52 4.74 5.36 35:1988(Reaff:2014)

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Results S.No Parameter Unit Test Method BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 5 BCS 6

1 Iron as Fe mg/L APHA 22ND EDN -3111B 0.38 0.45 0.32 0.49 0.33 0.52

2 Zinc as Zn mg/L APHA 22ND EDN -3111B 0.82 0.64 0.71 0.54 0.73 0.94

Manganese as 3 mg/L APHA 22ND EDN -3111B 0.09 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.06 Mn

BDL BDL BDL 4 Lead as Pb mg/L APHA 22ND EDN -3111B 0.04 0.03 0.04 (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 5 Cadmium as Cd mg/L APHA 22ND EDN -3111B (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 6 Nickel as Ni mg/L APHA 22ND EDN -3111B (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 7 Chromium as Cr mg/L APHA 22ND EDN -3111B (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) (<0.03) Total Petroleum BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 8 mg/L APHA 22nd EDN-6440 B Hydrocarbon (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)

Microbial Population in Water

Total Viable CFU/ 1 IS1622:1881 RA 2014 31 X104 27X104 14X104 16X104 13X104 20X104 Count ml MPN/ 2 Total Coliform IS1622:1881 RA 2014 26 X 102 21X 102 14X 102 14X 102 23X 102 16X 102 100 ml MPN/ 3 Faecal Coliform IS1622:1881 RA 2014 240 170 110 140 80 220 100 ml

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a) Phytoplankton Plankton samples were collected by using Plankton net of 20 [tm]. The diameter of the mouth of net is 40 cm and length is 100 cm. The speed of net towed was restricted to <5 knots. The collected sample was filtered through net and was stored in sterile bottle, after preserving the same with the addition of Lugol solution. The volume of water was determined by using following formula: V = r2.d Where: V = Volume of water filtered through net. r = Radius at the mouth of the net. d = Distance through which the net towed. The collected samples The diversity of plankton species was evaluated by the most widely used Shannon Diversity Index. The formula for the calculation of the Shannon diversity index is given below: S H = Σ - (Pi * ln Pi) i=1 Where: H = the Shannon diversity index P, = fraction of the entire population made up of species i S = number of species encountered E = sum from species `1' to species‘s’ The list of Phytoplankton species identified along study area are given in Table 4.19.

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Table 4.19 - Occurrence of Phytoplankton species along study area

Sl. Family/ RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS BCS BCS BCS BCS BCS BCS No Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6

Amphip rora  1 X X X X X X X X X X X gigante       an Asterop halus 2 X X clevean                 us Bacteri astrum    3 X X X X X X X hyalinu         m Belleroc hea    4 X X X X X X heteroc          eros Belleroc    5 hea X  X X X    X     X X malleus Biddulp     6 hia   X X X X X       X aurita Biddulp 7 hia X X    X X  X X   X      sinensis Chaetoc   8 erus X   X X  X  X  X X X X X X danicus Chaetoc erus    9 X X X X X X X X X X X didymu     s Chaetoc 10 X X erus                

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lorenzie nus Climaco sphenia 11 X X X X X X elongat             e Coscino discus 12 X X X X X X eccentri             cus Coscino 13 discus  X X   X  X  X X  X      gigus Coscino discus  14 X X X X X X X X X  X margin       atus Coscino discus    15 X X X X X X X X radiatu        s Fragila ria   16 X X X X X X X X oceanic         a Plankto    17 niella  X  X X X   X X    X X sol Pleuros igma 18 X X X X X X X X carinat           um Rhizoso lenia 19 X X X castrac                anei Synedr 20 a      X X X  X X X X      formosa

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Thalass iosira 21 X X X anguist                a Thalass 22 iosira   X X X X X    X        subtilis Tricerat ium 23 X X X X X reticula              tum Dinoph yceae 24 X X X X X Ceratiu              m furca Ceratiu m 25 X X X X trichoce               ros Proroce 26 ntrum   X X X     X X X       micans Protope ridiniu 27 m  X  X   X   X         diabolu m  represents presence of species & ‘X‘ represents absence of species

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Sl. Family/ RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS BCS BCS RMS 3 RMS 4 RMS 5 RMS 9 RMS 10 BCS 1 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 5 No Species 1 2 6 7 8 11 12 2 6 1 Amphiprora 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 12.2 11.5 10.93 12.1 0 6.2 0 1.0 1.1 gigantean 2 Asterophalu 10.5 14 16.26 13.56 9.27 11.3 4.9 0 0 9.87 8.45 8 8 9.6 3.2 0 2.5 0 s cleveanus 5 3 Bacteriastru 0 0 0 12.65 11 0 0 3.56 10.56 11.5 12.5 10.2 10.31 0 1.2 3.1 2.3 1.2 m hyalinum 4 Bellerochea 0 9.1 8.29 0 7.86 6.9 9.3 0 0 7.56 8.61 6.69 6.56 0 1.8 2.4 2.6 1.6 heteroceros 5 Bellerochea 0 0 0 0 0 4.65 3.6 9 0 2.6 3.2 4 3.7 0 2.4 2.3 0 2.1 malleus 6 Biddulphia 5.87 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 6.3 3.3 3 5.31 4.55 0 3.1 2.4 1.2 3.2 aurita 7 Biddulphia 0 0 6.6 5.96 6.15 0 0 2 0 0 4.6 6.2 0 7.1 2.3 2.8 2.0 3.7 sinensis 8 Chaetocerus 0 6 0 0 0 3.7 0 3.02 0 2 0 0 0 0 2.2 3.1 14.9 4.0 danicus 9 Chaetocerus 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.2 8.89 0 0 0 0 0 2.4 0 1.6 2.0 didymus 10 Chaetocerus 1.35 3.8 5.8 3.69 6 9.7 5.2 4.6 0 0 6 3.8 5.3 6.07 1.3 0 1.1 2.3 lorenzienus 11 Climacosphe 1 0 0 0 0 0 4.06 2.3 3.2 1.8 2.6 0 1.6 3.1 1.8 0 0 2.9 nia elongate 12 Coscinodiscu 1.75 0 0 3.89 4.56 0 3.6 0 0 4.2 4 0 3.7 4.8 1.4 1.1 0 1.2 s eccentricus 13 Coscinodiscu 3.27 0 0 2.88 3.23 0 2 0 3.2 0 0 2.65 0 3 1.3 1.0 2.1 0 s gigus 14 Coscinodiscu 20.3 2.85 0 2.9 0 0 7.56 0 0 5.6 6.25 0 0 0 2.2 1.8 2.0 0 s marginatus 4 15 Coscinodiscu 2.47 0 0 0 3.02 4.56 4.32 4.2 0 0 0 5 0 0 .3.1 0 1.1 0 s radiatus 16 Fragilaria 1.77 7.6 3.6 3.48 3.5 3.78 3.15 0 5.56 3 0 0 0 0 3.6 2.1 2.1 1.2 oceanica

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17 Planktoniell 4.9 1.48 0 0 0 12.5 2.55 0 0 2.96 12 8.63 0 .0 2.3 0 1.3 a sol 18 Pleurosigma 31 0 19.8 0 0 5.68 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.55 0 1.2 3.1 1.2 carinatum 19 Rhizosolenia 4 0 0 6.75 4.45 4.05 4.5 4.37 0 2.3 4.59 6.23 5.11 4.65 0 0 2.8 0 castracanei 20 Synedra 0.7 5.2 3.8 3.78 3.06 0 0 0 5.55 0 5.6 0 0 3 1.4 0 2.0 0 formosa 21 Thalassiosir 4.8 0 3.6 6.4 5.55 5 3.5 0 6.11 6 5.23 0 4.85 4 1.7 0 2.1 0 a anguista 22 Thalassiosir 2.7 3.1 0 0 0 0 0 6.58 4.12 5 0 6.23 5.7 7 0 1.3 2.2 1.4 a subtilis 23 Triceratium 2.6 0 0 3.2 3.3 0 0 6.2 4.25 7.1 6.88 0 3.9 5.3 1.3 1.7 0 1.6 reticulatum 24 Dinophyceae Ceratium 2.35 2.98 0 0 0 4 7.8 6.5 8.56 9.21 0 0 4.5 9.1 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.3 furca 25 Ceratium 0.7 5.3 3.8 3.90 3.11 0 0 0 5.55 0 5.20 1.23 3.0 1.2 1.8 2.1 1.4 2.0 trichoceros 26 Prorocentru 4.8 7 3.65 4.05 4.68 0 3 1.49 0 2 0 0 5.33 5 2.1 0 0 1.2 m micans 27 Protoperidin ium 6.5 5.6 0 0 0 4 4.55 2.5 0 0 0 0 2.98 3.52 0 0 1.1 3.0 diabolum

b) Zooplankton Sample collection was carried out in the similar method as that of the Phytoplankton. The result of the zooplankton analysis is tabulated in Table 4.20 & 4.21.

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Table 4.20 - Abundance and group richness of Zooplankton Station Cell Count Nos.x 104/L Total Dominant Groups Species RMS 1 13.2 14 Asterophalus, Coscinodiscus RMS 2 18 16 Coscinodiscus, Thallassiosira RMS 3 12 14 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus RMS 4 15 16 Coscinodiscus, Thallassiosira RMS 5 18 16 Thallassiosira, Asterophalus RMS 6 16 18 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus RMS 7 10 12 Coscinodiscus, Asterophalus RMS 8 13 14 Coscinodiscus, Thallassiosira RMS 9 16 15 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus RMS 10 22 24 Thallassiosira, Asterophalus RMS 11 23 22 Thallassiosira, Asterophalus RMS 12 32 31 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus BCS 1 20 18 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 2 23 16 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 3 24 15 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 4 23 14 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 5 18 24 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus BCS 6 19 15 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus Station Cell Count Nos.x 104/L Total Dominant Groups Species RMS 1 13.2 14 Asterophalus, Coscinodiscus RMS 2 18 16 Coscinodiscus, Thallassiosira RMS 3 12 14 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus RMS 4 15 16 Coscinodiscus, Thallassiosira RMS 5 18 16 Thallassiosira, Asterophalus RMS 6 16 18 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus RMS 7 10 12 Coscinodiscus, Asterophalus RMS 8 13 14 Coscinodiscus, Thallassiosira RMS 9 16 15 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus RMS 10 20 23 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus

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RMS 11 18 26 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus RMS 12 14 15 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus BCS 1 20 18 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 2 13 18 Coscinodiscus, Chaetocerus BCS 3 23 16 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 4 24 15 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 5 23 14 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus BCS 6 19 15 Thallassiosira, Chaetocerus

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The Proposed Construction of Doubling of Railway Line between Existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch.00m (Near Bridge No.5) to Entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s Kamarajar Port Ltd,

Table 4.21- Occurrence and Percentage Composition of Zooplankton Species Sl. RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS No Groups RMS 1 BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 5 BCS 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Amphip X X X oda                2 Chaeto X X gnatha                 3 Copepo da                   4 Fish Larvae                   5 Forami X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X nifera    6 Gastrop X X X X X X X oda            7 Hydrom X X X X X edusa              8 Isopoda    X X X  X X  X X  X X X X X

9 Lamelli   branchs X X X  X X X  X X   X X X X

10 Mysida        X X X  X X X   X X

11 Ostraco   da  X X    X X X    X X X X

12 Siphono  phora   X X X  X X   X X X X X X 

13 Stomat   opoda   X X X X  X X    X X X X

 represents presence of species & ‘X‘ represents absence of species

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RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS RMS BCS BCS BCS BCS Sl. Groups BCS 5 BC6 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4

1 Amphip oda 0 6 5.8 0 5.3 0 3.7 4.7 4.7 4.2 4.4 4.6 6.7 4.8 2.2 3.7 2.3 0 2 Chaeto 3.5 3.3 3.91 3.87 6.8 2.6 0 5.58 3.8 0 3.9 3.9 5.56 4.4 1.3 2.4 2.5 0 gnatha 3 Copepo 31.8 35.2 52.84 50.9 49.91 48.6 49.7 52.69 55.62 43.8 45.3 48.5 55.88 53.9 0 0 3.1 1.3 da 4 Fish 5 9.8 8.95 7.9 8.82 9.4 6.8 9.81 7.93 9.62 9.8 9.1 8.82 9.1 1 1.3 0 1.8 Larvae 5 Forami 0 0 0 0 10.8 0 0 7.87 0 0 6.25 0 0 0 3.2 1.9 1.8 .2.1 nifera 6 Gastrop 9.15 0 9.46 0 0 0 6 0 0 7.9 0 7.1 12.86 8.2 4.2 2.1 2.4 2.6 oda 7 Hydro 0 6.34 0 4.32 0 7.48 0 6.56 9.26 0 4.12 6.56 7.77 6.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 3.1 medusa 8 Isopoda 0 0 0 5.78 0 0 8.56 0 0 6.44 0 0 0 0 0 2.3 1.8 0 9 Lamelli 0 0 0 7.08 0 0 0 8.65 0 0 3.58 4.22 0 0 0 1.8 2.3 0 branchs 10 Mysida 14.34 15 16.49 0 0 0 14.65 0 0 0 10 3.45 0 0 3.1 0 2.2 0 11 Ostraco 15.16 0 0 16.85 13.56 13.16 0 0 0 9.33 5.04 6.25 0 7.16 4.5 0 2.1 2.1 da 12 Siphono 15 16.67 0 0 0 16.6 0 0 15.32 10.46 0 0 0 0 0 4.2 1.6 2.2 phora 13 Stomat 6.02 7.65 0 0 0 0 8.35 0 0 7.63 7.36 6.21 0 5.02 1.7 3.1 2.3 0 opoda

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4.13 Socio-Economic Environment The study of socio- economic components of environment incorporates various features viz., demographic structure, availability of basic amenities such as housing, education, medical facilities, drinking water facilities, post, telegraph and telephone facilities, communication facilities, recreational, cultural facilities, approach to villages etc. The study of these parameters helps in identifying, predicting and evaluating the likely impacts due to the proposed project activity in that region. The study area lies within the Tiruvallur District. The District spreads over an area of about 3422 Sq.kms. As per District wise Census 2011, the total population of Tiruvallur District is 37,28,104, out of which 18,76,062 are male and 18,52,042 are female. The Total Literate Population of District is 27, 91, 721, out of which The literacy level is 84.03 % and the total literate population is 27,91,721, out of which 14,95,711 are male and 12,96,010 are female. The administrative division of Tiruvallur is given in Table 4.22 and villages found in the study area are listed in Table 4.23.

Figure 4.14 –District Categorization of Blocks

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Table 4.22 - Administrative Division of District S.No. Division Tiruvallur 1. Revenue 4 2. Taluks 9 3. Blocks 14 4. Municipalities 5 5. Revenue 820

Table 4.23 - Habitation found within the Study Area Habitation Ariyalur Kalpakkam Arumandai Karungali Attipattu Kattoor Attipattu Pudu K attupalli Devadanam Kosapur Edayanchavadi Manali Elandancheri Minjur Ennore Nayur Kadapakkam Nappalayam Kalanji Kalpakkam Karungali Seemapuram Kattoor Somanjeri Kattupalli Talanguppam Kosapur Thangalperumbala Manali Thathamanji Minjur Tondiarapet Nayur Vannipakkam Nappalayam Vichoor

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The data on baseline status of the study and basic information about the socio- economic profile has also been collected during the site visit and from secondary sources. 4.13.1 Demography The summary of the demography profile of habitations surveyed in and around the proposed project site is given in Table 4.24. Table 4.24 - Summary of Demographic Profile of Habitation within the Study Area Total Population Literate Total Name of the no. of Population, S.No Habitation House Male Female Total Male Female Total 2011 holds (Projected) 1. Ariyalur 3 878 876 1754 *DNA *DNA *DNA 2, 2. Arumandai 2 606 583 1189 *DNA *DNA *DNA 1, 3. Attipattu 3 739 736 1,475 *DNA *DNA *DNA 1, 4. Attipattu Pudu *DN A *DNA *DNA *DNA *DNA *DNA *DNA - 5. Kattoor 804 1762 1732 3,494 1255 940 2195 4, 6. Kattupalli 230 430 475 905 157 111 268 1, 7. Kosapur 92 183 205 388 131 98 229 44 8. Manali 6886 15080 13517 28597 11745 8728 20473 33,0 9. Minjur 5243 11947 11795 23742 9578 7886 17464 27, 10. Seemapuram 2 467 501 968 348 291 639 1, 11. Somanjeri 1 394 391 785 182 135 317 9 12. Thangalperum 3 689 695 1384 324 197 521 1, 13. Thathamanji 1 429 418 847 284 202 486 9 14. Tondiarpet *DNA *DNA *DNA *DNA *DNA *DNA *DNA - 15. Vannipakkam 3 630 649 1279 *DNA *DNA *DNA 1, 16. Vichoor 1,024 2,164 2,235 4,399 1486 1132 2618 5, Total 16,826 35,968 34,808 47,464 25,490 19,720 45,210 82, *DNA: Data Not Available (Source: Census of India, 2001)

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5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 Introduction Environmental Impact can be defined as “any alteration of environmental conditions or creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the action or set of actions under consideration”. Generally, environmental impacts can be classified as primary or secondary impacts. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project while secondary impacts are those, which are induced by primary impacts and include the associated investments and changed patterns of the social and economic activities by the action. This section identifies and assesses the potential changes in the environment that could be expected from the proposed project. The impacts have been predicted for the proposed activities assuming that the impact due to the existing activities has already been covered under base line environmental monitoring and continue to remains same till the operation of the project. The proposed project activities would create impact on the environment in the phase i.e., construction phases. Impacts are identified, predicted and evaluated based on the analysis of the information collected from the following: Project information (as discussed in Chapter-2) and Baseline information and site visits of the study area (as discussed in Chapter-4) This section also describes mitigation measures, which have been suggested for the adverse impacts likely to be caused due to activities of both construction and operation phase of the project. The identification of likely impacts during construction phases of the proposed project has been done based on likely activities having their impact on one or another environmental parameters. The details of the activities and their impacts have been worked out in the following sections. 5.2 Likely Potential Impacts The proposed rail line will result in some minimal impacts to the biophysical and socio-economic environment especially at settlement clusters of the project. The

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project activities such as leveling, clearing of vegetation, felling of trees, construction of culverts on rivers, and other related operations are expected to cause environmental impacts (Positive/Negative). Many Impacts can be avoided or minimized through the implementation of mitigation measures in design and construction. 5.3 Impacts Identified Based on activity – impact interaction matrix for construction phase of the proposed project as shown in Table 5.1, following impacts have been identified: Construction phase of proposed project would have impacts on the followings: i. Topography, Land use pattern and Landscape ii. Land / Soil Environment iii. Surface / Ground Water Resources iv. Water Quality v. Ambient Air Quality vi. Ambient Noise Quality vii. Biological Resources viii. Cultural Resources ix. Socio-economic x. Safety of workers

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Table 5.1- Activity Impact Identification Matrix for Construction Phase Construction phase Potential impacts

– Main Sub Activities the

Activities level Socio Surface Ecology Culture/ (Energy) Heritage economic Land use transport transport Land/Soil Landscape generation Traffic and Air Quality Solid waste environment surroundings Resource use use Resource Ground water Agriculture in in Agriculture Water Quality Ambient Noise Noise Ambient

Site Site Clearing & Cleaning Ground Preparation leveling Waste handling and its      transportation Soil Compaction Labour Construction of Labour sheds to deployment accommodate labour Supply of water camp siting Supply of fuel/ Energy Waste          handling & its disposal Sewage disposal Excavation Moving of Heavy Machinery Soil Extraction and Slacking Soil Loading and Transportation for Disposal Various Tools Like Crow Bar        Foundations for heavy machinery installation Construction Power through onsite Diesel Generators Material Transportation and Unloading of handling & material from trucks Storage Storage &Handling of steel sheets, metals, Fabricated structure, Cement,        Concrete, Bricks, Steel etc. Conveyance of material within the project site

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Bridge Transportation of material to constructio construction site Preparation/ Mixing n of construction material Supply of water Operation of construction             machinery (like cranes, Concrete Mix Plant, Floor Developer, Forklift etc.,) Handling and disposal of construction wastes , Diesel Generator Operation Demobilizat Dismantling of temporary support ion of construction structures/ equipments constructio Removal of construction machinery      n Transportation of Construction/ equipment Dismantled waste Site cleaning/ washings 5.3.1 Impacts on Air Environment Construction Phase • Most of the dust (suspended particulate matter) during construction arises from operations such as excavation and filling during site preparation works, loading, unloading and transportation of construction material, drilling use of heavy equipments and machinery in the earthworks and pavement works. • Traffic Movement at the site on the connecting areas will rest in increase in vehicular emissions.

• Construction vehicles will also contribute to SOx, NOx during construction stage. Dust will be an issue, especially during the construction period. Some sources include: • Dust is produced particularly in the handling and storage of aggregated and the bitumen/aggregate mixing process to produce asphalt and though vehicle traffic over unpaved roadways.

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• Quarrying activities including excavation and crushing of construction materials; transportation of raw materials from quarries and borrow sites to the construction area; site clearance (excavation) and the use of heavy vehicle and machinery/equipments; Asphalt plants produce a hot mix from different sizes of aggregates and bitumen at a desirable temperature. Mitigation Measures: • Heavy machineries used for the project will be less, hence impacts on ambient air quality due to vehicular emissions will be insignificant. • Provision is made available for water sprays to be used when dusts are being generated. All materials stored or stockpiled on project site will be adequately covered, and vehicles leaving the site should pass through wheel washes where practicable. • While transporting construction materials, they can be sprinkled with water and covered with tarpaulin during the construction stage. Road metal/material from the crushing units purchased should approved by the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB). • Crusher and hot mix units, if used on site, should be equipped with requisite air pollution equipment to meet the standard prescribed by the MoEF and SPCB. • Dust from quarry and asphalt plants cannot be avoided. However, dust impacts to residents, communities and habitats within the study area can be avoided by procuring construction materials from existing and licensed facilities outside the study area. Increase in dust levels at the site of construction will be carefully controlled through the liberal application of water. • Vehicle used during construction meet established specification for exhaust emissions, and that they are maintained throughout the construction period. 5.3.2 Impacts during Noise Environment Construction Phase • Noise levels may increase during construction activity, due to operation of various machines and equipments.

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• During the construction phase, the major sources of noise pollution will be movement of vehicles transporting construction materials to construction yards and the noise generated by activities at the yard itself. • Concrete mixing, casting and material movement are primary noise generating activities in the yard which will be uniformly distributed over the entire construction period. Mitigation Measures • Noise barriers can be provided. Specifications for the installation of noise protection devices, clearly indicating the location, design and material, and also provide for future maintenance requirements should be provided. • Contractor will be advised to provide earplugs to workers to reduce the impact of noise and follow guidelines prescribed by CPCB. • The noisy construction operations and their duration will be scheduled in such a way to prevent night time activities. • All construction equipments used for an 8-hour shift will conform to a standard of less than 90 dB. If required, machinery producing high noise such as concrete mixers, generators etc, must be provided with noise shields. 5.3.3 Impacts on Water Environment Construction Phase • Ground water degradation can take place when contaminants are leached through surface soils into the ground water table. • Contaminants such as fuel and engine oil handled in the construction staging area and during equipment re-fuelling at construction areas can cause ground water contamination if spilled onto the ground and not properly cleaned up. • Poorly installed sanitary facilities can also result in contamination. • The possibility of water quality degradation in downstream water courses or water bodies due to soil runoff from the bare lands resulting from earth-moving activities, such as cutting and filling should be indicated.

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 Discharge of waste water generated at the temporary project offices and temporary housing area for construction workers can have an impact.  Increased water runoff and erosion from work sites could potentially result in siltation of downstream water courses and drainage systems.  Construction of the copper dam will potentially disrupt the natural flow of the River. Mitigation Measures  Fuel management and vehicle maintenance will be controlled to ensure that spills are minimized.  Adverse impacts on water quality will be minimized by ensuring that erosion control measures such as silt traps are put in place in all work areas near watercourse crossings or drainage channels.  The quality of all drainage channels and ditches will be monitored and corrective actions taken where turbidity is unacceptably and stockpiles will be controlled to prevent uncontrolled runoff/erosion.  Concrete and asphalt plants, equipment storage and maintenance areas will be located at a reasonable distance away from watercourses.  Coffer dams will be constructed by filling earth over the water body duly providing with hume pipes in river and channel without any disturbance of water flow. After completion of construction activity, the coffer dam and other construction debris will be removed ensuring restoration of river & channel bed. 5.3.4 Impact on Heritage or Cultural Aspects in Construction Phase There are no historical monuments and structures in the proposed area and insignificant impact is envisaged from the proposed project on heritage or cultural aspects in the study area. 5.3.5 Impacts on Biological Environment Construction Phase  During construction activity the fauna may get disrupt.  During site clearance the existing shrubs will be removed.

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 The mangrove areas which get affected during the construction activity will be around 23 trees of 20 sq.m.

Mitigation Measures  The proposed project involves only piling construction activity near water bodies and hence less impact will be there for any fauna living under water bodies.  In compensation to that, three times of mangrove plantation (69 trees) will be done at the nearby mangrove areas. 5.3.6 Impacts on Geology and Soils Construction Phase  Impact of the project construction leading to soil contamination, soil erosion, destabilization of slopes, side- tipping of spoil materials, loss of properties, loss of fertile lands and diversion of natural surface water flows are to be studied in detail.  Possibility of the proposed project adversely affecting traffic in the surrounding areas needs to be assessed.  Spillage of oil and lubricants during the construction phase may degrade the soil quality. Mitigation Measures  Concrete and asphalt plants to be deployed for the project will be established at suitable distances from sensitive from sensitive area such as educational institutions and residential areas.  Soil contamination will be limited through the establishment of management procedures that prevent spillage. It is particularly important that equipment storage/maintenance areas are redesigned and operated in accordance with environmental procedures, established in the Environment Management Plan. Similar procedures have been established for the development and operation of concrete and asphalt plants. Mitigation Measures of Traffic Congestion Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement.

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Proper signage should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction. Mitigation measures for Existing Utility Services • Identify the common utilities to be affected such as: telephone cables. Electric cables, electric poles, water pipelines, public tabs, etc. • Affected utilities shall be relocated with prior approval of the concerned agencies before construction starts. • Provide advance notice (not less than 10 working days) to affected parties. The advance notice shall be in the form of written notice and a grievance redressal cell shall be established for timely addressing of grievances. 5.3.7 Safety in Construction Phase • Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent the accidents and from the machineries. All machines used will conform to the relevant Indian Standards code. • Where loose soil is met with, shoring and strutting will be provided to avoid collapse of soil. • Barricading of construction site / manholes at all times in a day with adequate signage. • Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers employed on mixing of materials like cement, concrete etc. • Welder’s protective eye-shields will be provided to workers’ who are engaged in welding works. • Earplugs will be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation. • The contractor will supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, safety belts, ear plugs, mask etc to workers and staffs.

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• The contractor will comply with all the precautions as required for ensuring the safety of the workmen as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No.62 as far as those are applicable to this contract. • The contractor will make sure that during the construction work all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Services) Act, 1996 and adhered to. • The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 18 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. Safety from Snake Bites The proposed project site will be located across Kosasthalaiyar River and Buckingham Canal near Ennore Port. The canal inside and bund area, shrubs and bushes are present near the project alignment, hence snakes may be present in this area. Safety precaution to avoid snake bites • Wear appropriate over-the-ankle hiking boots, thick socks, and loose-fitting long pants. • Not to provide hiding places to snakes in construction material storage places. • Avoid construction work in night time. • Wear leather gloves during working in grass, weeds and heavy underbrush. • If identify any snake in work place inform to Forest Department official. First Aid If bitten by a snake DO NOT: • Do not make incisions over the bite wound. • Do not restrict blood flow by applying a tourniquet • Do not ice the wound. • Do not suck the poison out with your mouth.

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DO • Stay calm • Wash the bite area gently with soap and water if available • Remove watches, rings, etc., which may constrict swelling • Immobilize the affected area • Keep the bite below the heart if possible • Transport safely to the nearest medical facility immediately. Facility for Workers Basic facilities such as toilet, drinking water, electricity health, eye shower, first aid facility and safety gadgets, personal protective equipments (Safety Glasses, Splash- proof Goggles, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Safety Shoes or Boots and Respirators) for chemicals and sludge handling will be provided at the Treatment Plant.

Other item of safety equipment should include First aid kits (b) stretchers (c) fire extinguishers, (d) Gas and fire alarms, (e) portable combustible gas indicators, (f) hose and gas makes, (g) emergency portable lights, (h) an oxygen efficiency indicator. 5.4 Social Environment During implementation of the proposed project adequate measures will be undertaken based on the observations specific to the alignment of the pumping main. 1. It is observed that there are few common utilities like telephone cables, Electrical cables, and Water lines seen in the project area which will be shifted during construction and then replaced after the completion of work. 2. Construction will be taken place phase wise so that sections are available for smooth flow of traffic. 3. Sprinkling of water on the construction materials could minimize dust problem. 4. Communication and power interruption problems could be minimized by getting proper coordination from the respective institutions. Traffic could be regulated by putting caution board at appropriate locations and informing the concerned authorities.

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6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Introduction Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to manage environmental impacts from the proposed project. It is site specific plan developed to ensure that all necessary measures are identified and implemented in order to protect the environment. Site specific EMP is formulated to mitigate significant adverse environmental impacts that are identified and quantified in the process of baseline and impact assessment. An EMP also ensures that the resources are utilized to maximum extent, waste generation is minimized, residuals treated adequately and by-products are recycled to the extent possible.

6.2 Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during Pre – construction, construction and operation phase is given under Table 6.1.

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Table 6.1- Environmental Management Plan Potential Monitori Responsible S. Negative Mitigation Measures ng Agencies N Impacts Agencies PRE-CONSTRUCTION Assessment of Baseline parameters for Air, Water, Noise and Soil have been assessed IPRCL/ 1 Environmental Contractor prior to commencement of work. KPL Parameters IWAI, CRZ and labour license required during construction will be ensured and made available before start of work. Clearances During construction, the permits obtained by the contractor shall be IPRCL/ 2 from various Contractor periodically examined and validity be ensured. KPL Department This includes the Consent for the Batching plants from where the contractor sources the concrete, Labour License, insurances etc. Common utilities to be affected such as: electric cables, pipelines, will be Utility IPRCL/ 3 identified and will be relocated with prior approval of the concerned Contractor Relocation agencies before construction starts. KPL

The mangrove areas which get affected during the construction Mangroves activity will be around 23 trees of 20 sq.m. In compensation to that, three IPRCL/ 4 Contractor plantation times of mangrove plantation (69 trees) will be done at the nearby mangrove KPL areas. CONSTRUCTION  Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage Planning of should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road temporary closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of IPRCL/ 1 Contractor traffic actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic KPL arrangements placement of traffic police at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic.

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• Now the trucks are being taken to site after forming temporary approach road from State highway road via Vegetarian 1st main road. • Vehicles transporting construction materials prone to fugitive dust emissions are covered. Transportatio • Trucks carrying sand are provided with tarpaulin sheets to cover the bed n and sides of the trucks. IPRCL/ 2 of building • Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment is avoided during loading and Contractor KPL materials unloading. • Sprinkling of water (for materials such as blue metal, sand and brick) before unloading to suppress dust generation. • Adequate care taken to prevent spillage of earth or construction materials offsite and in haul routes. Any such spillage shall be removed immediately, and the area cleaned. • Materials are transported through the temporary approach road formed without disturbing the neighbourhood community. Supervisors at the site will guide the heavy vehicles carrying materials and machinery to the temporary access road and signage’s if required may be provided. Nuisance to • Safety barricading is provided while construction of drains near the neighborhood IPRCL/ 3 structures restricting entry to work place and signage’s will be placed. Contractor community KPL Work site lighting during night where ever required will be provided

during implementation. Adequate slope gradient is maintained while strengthening the bund in working in the boundary of the site. • Storage of materials is done only within the project area in earmarked areas, without disturbing the nearby community.

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• Address any grievance of the community due to construction activities. Boards with details of the committee members and contact details have been provided near the project area. • All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards and be maintained properly Wind shields should be installed all along the site Operation of boundary to abate the dust carry-over to the neighboring areas. construction IPRCL/ 4 • Use of Ready-mix Concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In the case Contractor machinery KPL of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on shelter

with top and sides closed. Sprinkling of water on metal & sand should be carried out before handling. • Construction contractors to follow these measures in conducting any excavation work • All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity, structures and other remains or things of geological or archaeological interest discovered on the site shall be the property of the Government and shall be dealt with as per provisions of the relevant legislation. • The contractor will take reasonable precautions to prevent his workmen Chance finds IPRCL/ 5 or any other persons from removing and damaging any such article or Contractor KPL thing. He will, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the instructions for dealing with the same. • Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; • Create awareness among the workers, supervisors and engineers about the chance finds during excavation work .The Engineer will inform State

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Archaeological Department if a find is suspected, and seek direction from ASI prior to recommencing the work. • Contractor will follow all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building and the other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 for construction and maintenance of labour camp). • The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labour camp will be submitted to Engineer prior to their construction. • The construction will commence only upon the written approval of the Engineer. Construction • The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation and IPRCL/ 6 of labour ancillary facilities in functional and hygienic manner and as approved by Contractor KPL camps the Engineer. • All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. The sewage system for the camp must be planned. Adequate health care is to be provided for the work force. The layout of the construction camp and details of the facilities provided will be prepared and will be approved by the Engineer. • Awareness about HIV/AIDS will be provided, grievance redressal mechanism for the camps, [only suggestion] • Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent the accidents and from the machineries. All machines used will conform to the relevant Indian Safety IPRCL/ 7 standards Code. Contractor Aspects KPL • Where loose soil is met with, shoring and strutting will be provided to avoid collapse of soil.

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• Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers employed on mixing of materials like cement, concrete etc. • Welder’s protective eye-shields will be provided to workers’ who are engaged in welding works. • Earplugs will be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation • The contractor will supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, safety belts, ear plugs, mask etc to workers and staffs. • The contractor will comply with all the precautions as required for ensuring the safety of the workmen as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No.62 as far as those are applicable to this contract. • The contractor will make sure that during the construction work all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Services) Act, 1996 and adhered to. • The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 18 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. Disposal of • A suitable site identified for safe disposal, in low lying areas within the construction project area as approved by the Engineer in charge and to other low lying IPRCL/ 8 debris and area in consultation with local body. Contractor KPL excavated • Wastes arising from the construction of regulators shall be safely stored materials and dispose. Barricading The activities would be restricted to project sites and right of way for IPRCL/ 9 Contractor site alignment. Barricading with adequate marking, flags, reflectors etc. will be KPL

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provided along the alignment for safety of restricted traffic movement and pedestrians. • Contractor to prepare site restoration plans, the plan is to be implemented Clearing of by the contractor prior to demobilization. construction • On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, Contractor IPRCL/ 10 camps and all rubbish cleared, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and KPL restoration effectively sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the contractor’s expenses, to the entire satisfaction of the engineer. • The contractor will ensure that all construction vehicle parking location, fuel / lubricants storage sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and re-fuelling sites will be located at least 500m from rivers and irrigation canal / ponds. • All location and layout plans of such sites will be submitted by the Contractor Contractor prior to their establishment and will be approved by the Pollution Engineer. IPRCL/ 11 from Fuel and • Contractor will ensure that all vehicle / machinery and equipment KPL Lubricants operation, maintenance and re-fuelling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants does not contaminate the ground. • Contractor will arrange for collection, storing and disposal of oily wastes to the pre-identified disposal sites (list to be submitted to Engineer) and approved by the Engineer. All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed of in accordance with MoEF and state PCB guidelines. Pollution All waste arising from the project is to be disposed of in the manner in Contractor from consultation with Engineer IPRCL/ 12 Construction KPL Wastes

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• All earth work will be protected in manner acceptable to the engineer to minimize generation of dust. Area under construction shall be covered & Dust equipped will dust collector. Pollution • Construction material will be covered or stored in such a manner so as to IPRCL/ 13 near avoid being affected by wind direction. Contractor KPL settlements • Unpaved haul roads near / passing through residential and commercial areas to be watered thrice a day. • Trucks carrying construction material to be adequately covered to avoid the dust pollution and to avoid the material spillage. • Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment is not permitted during Vehicular periods of loading / unloading or when they are not in active use. The noise practice must be ensured especially near residential /commercial/ pollution at sensitive areas. IPRCL/ 14 residential/ • Stationary construction equipment will be kept at least 500m away from Contractor KPL sensitive sensitive receptors. receptors. • All possible and practical measures to control noise emissions during drilling shall be employed. The Contractor is ensuring adequate controls measures depending on site conditions. Noise from • Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery will be done regularly vehicles, and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust IPRCL/ 15 plants and silencers will be checked and if found defective will be replaced. Contractor KPL equipment • Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery will be regularly monitored in order to keep the noise levels at the minimum. Storage of Construction materials are being stored within the project area, without IPRCL/ 16 construction affecting the traffic and other common utilities by constructing Temporary Contractor KPL materials shed.

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Informatory The contractor will provide, erect and maintain informatory/ safety signs IPRCL/ 17 signs and hoardings written in English and local language, wherever required or as Contractor KPL Hoardings suggested by the Engineer The contractor will arrange for:  A readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances as per the Factories Rules IPRCL/ 18 First Aid Contractor in every work zone. KPL  Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick person(s) to the nearest hospital Construction of such roads passes through any mangrove areas or is likely Mangrove to damage the mangroves, the mangrove area affected/ destroyed /cut IPRCL/ 19 Contractor Cutting during the construction process shall be taken up for compensatory KPL plantation of minimum three times mangroves. The contractor will take all required precautions to prevent danger from electrical equipment and ensure that-  No material will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public Risk from  All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in IPRCL/ 20 Electrical Contractor construction zones. KPL Equipment All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standard (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provision and to the satisfaction of the Engineer  The contractor will provide garbage bins in the camps and ensure that IPRCL/ 21 Waste Disposal Contractor these are regularly emptied and disposed of in a hygienic manner as per KPL

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the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan approved by the Engineer. Unless otherwise arranged by local sanitary authority, arrangements for disposal of night soils (human excreta) suitably approved by the local medical health or municipal authorities or as directed by Engineer will have to be provided by the contractor Environmental The water, air, soil and noise quality will be monitored in pre-construction IPRCL/ 22 Contractor Monitoring and Construction phase as detailed in Table 6.2. KPL SAFETY IN SITES Temporary Excavation during the construction stage should be carried out with proper IPRCL/ 1 flooding due to drainage arrangements to avoid the overflowing of existing drains. Contractor KPL excavation Using of Using of modern machineries such as JCBs, backhoes etc., will be used to IPRCL/ 2 modern minimize the construction period, it will reduce the construction period Contractor KPL machineries impacts to the nearby residents.  All earth work will be protected in manner acceptable to the engineer to minimize generation of dust. Area under construction will be covered & equipped will dust collector. Dust pollution  Construction material will be covered or stored in such a manner so as to IPRCL/ 3 near avoid being affected by wind direction. Contractor KPL settlements  Unpaved haul roads near / passing through residential and commercial areas to be watered thrice a day  Trucks carrying construction material to be adequately covered to avoid the dust pollution and to avoid the material spillage Protection of  Noisy construction operations in residential and sensitive areas will be IPRCL/ 4 Contractor residential done only between 7.30 am and 6.00 pm KPL

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sensitive  Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles to meet receptors emission standards and to keep them with low noise  Provision of enclosing generators and concrete mixers at site.  Sound barriers in inhabited areas will be installed during the construction phase.  Adequate barricading / other measures to protect dust pollution near sensitive receptors like schools and hospital etc. to be ensured  Wear appropriate over-the-ankle hiking boots, thick socks, and loose- fitting long pants. Safety  Not to provide hiding places to snakes in construction material storage IPRCL/ 5 precaution for places. Avoid to construction work in night time. Contractor KPL snake bites  Wear leather gloves during working in grass, weeds and heavy underbrush.  If identify any snake in work place inform to Forest Department official. Operation Phase Stability test will be carried out of construction of bridge for once in every 6 IPRCL/ 1 Stability test Contractor month. KPL Marine and IPRCL/ 2 Environmental Marine and Environmental monitoring will be conducted in project site. Contractor KPL Monitoring

6.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan The environmental monitoring plan is prepared to check the effectiveness of the mitigation measures during the construction and operational phases. To ensure the effective implementation of the EMP, an appropriate environmental monitoring plan is prepared with objectives outlined below:

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• To evaluate the performance of mitigation measures proposed in EMP • To evaluate the adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment • To suggest improvements in management plan • To satisfy the legal and community obligations • To respond the unanticipated environmental issues at an early stage and to verify the accuracy of environmental prediction’ At the project level, the vital parameter or performance indicators that will be monitored during construction and/ or operational phases of the project include:

• Ambient air quality measures such as SO2, CO, NOx and Lead • Water Quality • Noise and Vibration levels Environmental Monitoring Plan of construction phase is given in Table 6.2 and the EMP Cost is given in Table 6.3. Table 6.2 - Environmental Monitoring Plan Attributes Parameters Frequency Location Responsible Agency Pre-Construction, Construction & Operation Phase Air PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Once in 3 Project Site Contractor through Quality NOx, CO and Pb month approved (standards as per monitoring agencies CPCB) Water Drinking water Once in 3 Project Site Contractor through Quality standards as per IS approved month 10500:2012. monitoring agencies Marine Phytoplankton, Once in 3 Project Site Contractor through study Zooplankton approved month sediments etc., monitoring agencies Noise Noise level on dB (A) Once in 3 Project Site Contractor through Level scale noise levels on approved month dB (A) scale (as per monitoring agencies MoEF Noise Rulers, 2000) Soil Monitoring of Pb,Oil Once in 3 Project Site Contractor Quality & Grease (standards month as per TNPCB)

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Health All relevant Regular - Contractor parameters - (BP, check-ups as Sugar, chest X-ray, per Factories Eye vision, etc.) Act Safety First Aid, Regular Project Site Contractor replacement of PPE check-ups As per Factories Act Traffic Traffic Management Regular Project Site Contractor Provision check-ups

Table 6.3 - EMP Cost Sl.No Description Amount (Rupees in Lakhs) Construction Phase 1 Utility Shifting 3 2 Physical Barriers for prevent the spread of 2 suspended sediment 3 Traffic Management Provisions, Informatory Signs 1.5 and Hoardings 4 Safety equipment and measures 1.5 5 Pollution control measures like water spraying for 1.5 dust suppression during 6 Environmental Monitoring during pre-construction 5.5 and construction 7 Suitable toilet facilities (Mobile toilet in 1.5 construction site and septic tank in labor camp) 8 Mangrove Plantation ( 69 trees) 3.0 9 Temporary road formation for project site 10 10 Removal of construction waste and soil from 2 project site Total Cost / Annum 30.5 Operation Phase 1 Environmental Monitoring (Marine & terrestrial 4.5 study) 2 Stability test 1.5 Total Cost / Annum 6.0

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7. RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 General The proposed doubling of railway line project encompasses the movement of special vehicles between port yards and different industry terminals. It involves installation of railway line and various structures that meet the present and future rail traffic congestions. It is considered necessary to carry out a risk assessment and disaster management plan for the project and mitigate them. 7.2 Risk Management Plan It is attempted to plan and lay the new railway line following all safety norms. However, it is not always possible to totally eliminate such eventualities and random failure of equipment or human errors. An essential part of major hazard control has therefore, to be concerned with mitigating the effects of such emergency and restoration of normalcy at the earliest. A detailed table showing activities during construction and operation phase along with mitigation measures are given in Table 7.1 Table 7.1 - Activities during construction and operation along with Mitigation measures Typical Management and Control Issue Hazards and Issues Strategies Fire Protection  Property damage, • Firefighting equipment such as fire environmental damage extinguishers, • Site clearing (where permitted) • Training and induction • Liaison and consultation with authorities • Liaison and consultation with landowners and councils Protection of the  Excavations • Security of plant and equipment Public  Plant and machinery • Signage  Access to construction • Barricading and barriers sites • Traffic management  Vehicle access • Notifications and planning

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 Hazards associated with • Training of personnel  welding activities • Qualifications of personnel  Crossing roads etc. • Security personnel • Identification of high-risk areas/locations Power lines and  Induced voltage • Identification of power lines and Adjacent  Touch and Step potential underground services on Alignment Infrastructure  Fault currents sheets Including  Electrical storms and • Catenary wires and Flagging Underground lighting • Notification to power authorities Power  Excavations hitting • Supervision services • Working outside Exclusion zones • Procedures for working in storms • Earth mats • Engineering review of work adjacent to or under power lines • Spotters Excavations  Public, personnel and • Barricading and barriers fauna injury • Notification  Traffic hazards • Minimize open trench  Night-time hazards • Procedures and processes to avoid  Underground services trench entry such as power, water, • Lighting telecommunications • Surveillance and/or security  Pipe damage • Shoring • Minimize trench depth where possible Lifting of  Falling objects • Inspection of equipment Materials  Swinging objects • Use of correctly rated equipment • Training • Qualified personnel • Procedures • Minimize required access to height Site  Lack of understanding of • Prestart Meetings Communication  procedures • Records • Newsletters

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• Toolbox meetings • Committee Meetings and distribution of minutes • Supervisor Meetings • Hazard reports/alerts Incident  Lack of learning from • Reporting procedures Reporting and incidents • Training and induction Investigations • Training for investigators • Records • Investigation processes • Corrective action database/list • Responsibilities assigned Competency Incidents and injury Pre-employment processes  Inefficient processes • Interview and/or reference checks  Property and • On-the-job evaluation of skills equipment damage • Inductions • Development of skills matrices • Training records • Training programs Management of  Lack of review of • Procedures Change implications when • JSAs and JSA review changing process and • Review of change implications prior plant to implementation • Communication of change • Document control processes • Change control register Fitness for Work  Personnel putting • Evaluation of cycle breaks in early themselves and others at stages of project development risk • Fit for Work policies  Impaired judgement • Rehabilitation services • Drug and alcohol testing programs • Provision of exercise facilities • Management of hours of work • Management of extremes of climate • Camp/accommodation • Fatigue minimization measures

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Trip, Slip and  Uneven ground • PPE, especially appropriate Fall Hazards  Access and egress from footwear plant and vehicles • Awareness, Lighting, Housekeeping • OHS Inspections • Use of handrails and ladders Electrical  Electric shock • Pre-use inspections Equipment • Earthing • Portable RCDs • Housekeeping • Test and tagging program • Tagging and isolation • Resuscitation qualified electrical personnel • All electric leads kept dry • All electric leads kept insulated • Avoid live work situations • Protect overhead cables • Maintain safe clearances – exclusion zones Pressure, Air  Air embolism • Safety clips in place hoses and  Eye injuries • Pre-inspection checks equipment  Flailing equipment • Hose inspections • Cylinders stored correctly • Pressure gauges checked • Appropriate whip checks (Stainless steel or ‘stocking’ type) Manual  Crushing injuries • Manual handling training Handling  Pinch injuries • PPE – gloves  Posture strain • Hand and power tool training  Repetitive strain • Load handling – team lifting  Vibration • Mechanical devices  Hand tools • Team lifting  Power tools  Load handling

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7.3 Disaster Management Plan Natural disasters will occur. It can neither be predicted nor prevented. The problem before us is how to cope with them, minimizing the impact. Project site might witness havoc by cyclones and storm surge in the coastal regions, earthquakes, monsoon, floods, and the Tsunami hit. One of the main objectives is to reduce the risk of loss of human life and property and to reduce costs to the society. We have to recognize that in such cases of natural disasters, we deal with phenomena of enormous magnitude that cannot be controlled by any direct means of human intervention. But what we try to do is to reduce the impact on the human beings and property. Natural hazard means the probability of occurrence, within a specific period of time in a given area of a potentially damaging natural phenomenon. Natural hazard prone areas mean the areas likely to have (i)moderate to very high damage risk zone of earthquakes, OR (ii)moderate to very high damage risk of cyclones OR (iii)significant flood flow or inundation, OR (iv) Tsunami (v) one more of these hazards. The Disaster Management Plan are given in Table 7.2.

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Table 7.2 - Disaster Management Plan Family Main Event Short Description Mitigation Measures Geophysical Earthquake/Mas Landslide following earthquake; Urban fires Contact to be maintained with s movement of triggered by earthquakes; nearest hospitals and Fire earth materials Liquefaction - the transformation of (partially) Stations for taking casualties water-saturated soil from a solid state to a liquid for treatment and for rescue state caused by an earthquake operations. Mass movement of earth materials, usually down Quick Evacuation of Site slopes Surface displacement of earthen materials Workers and Staff due to ground shaking triggered by earthquakes Tsunami A series of waves (with long wavelengths when Contact to be maintained with traveling across the deep ocean) that are generated the regional office of IMD Early by a displacement of massive amounts of water warnings to the project through underwater earthquakes, volcanic workers/ staff to be given, when eruptions or landslides. Tsunami waves travel at applicable very high speed across the ocean but as they begin to reach shallow water, they slow down and the wave grows steeper. Hydrological Flood Coastal Erosion Contact to be maintained with Landslides The temporary or permanent loss of sediments or the regional office of IMD Early landmass in coastal margins due to the action of warnings to the project waves, winds, tides, or anthropogenic activities. workers/staff to be given, when Coastal flood applicable Higher-than-normal water levels along the coast caused by tidal changes or thunderstorms that result in flooding, which can last from days to

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weeks Flash Flood Hydrological - Heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time that produce immediate runoff, creating Landslides There is low probability of landslides getting triggered due to earthquakes or floods. Climatological Unusual, Extreme hot/cold conditions Climatological extreme weather conditions related to long- lived, meso- to macro-scale atmospheric processes ranging from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal (long-term) climate variability Meteorological Hazard caused Cyclone, Storm Surge, Tornado, Convective Storm, Contact to be maintained with by short-lived, Extra tropical Storm, Wind Lightning, Heavy Rain the regional office of IMD micro- to mesoscale extreme weather and atmospheric

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conditions that may last for minutes to days During Accidents Accidents during construction and laying of Formulation of Safety Policy Construction Railway line /reclamation and strict implementation of the same during construction phase. Provision of First Aid at worksite. Arrangements with nearest hospitals for emergency treatment in case of accidents Provision of Ambulances at the worksite.

7.4 Conclusion and Recommendation • The essential information of cyclone and flood warning to society manager or concerned authority will be provided. • Localize the information by printing the phone numbers of local emergency services, offices and hospitals • Provide tips on conducting earthquake drills at the proposed site • Interview representatives of the gas, electric, and water companies about shutting off utilities All the members and employees would be made familiar with evacuation plan.

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8. PROJECT BENEFITS

The project involves doubling of Railway line between existing Holding Yard No.1 at Ch. 00m (Near Bridge No.5) to entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s. Kamarajar Port Ltd. The benefits of this project include:

• As a part of augmentation of existing rail network, the proposed project meets the present and projected rail traffic. • The ship in the yard will not stand for more than 2 days to transmit the goods. • The proposed new parallel railway line of the existing rail network ease out the congestion in the rail traffic especially to and from the newly constructed Container Terminal Rail Yard (CTRY). • Construction works provide short term employment opportunities for the local population. • Due to this transportation pollution will get reduce by using railway. • Traffic congestion will not be there with the help of Railway transportation instead of road transport.

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9. CONCLUSION M/s. Kamarajar Port Limited assigned Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited to proposed doubling of Railway line between existing Holding Yard No. 1 at Ch. 00m (Near Bridge No. 5) to entry of Container Rail Terminal Yard of M/s. Kamarajar Port Ltd. The Kamarajar Port Doubling Railway Line site starts from 13°15’35.38” N, 80°18’32.01” E and ends at 13°15’52.42” N, 80°19’45.47” E. The Length of the Railway line is 2.650 km. The proposed configuration of railway line junction starts from the point of Bridge No.5 and ends at the port side. Along this railway line 3 major bridge and 7 box culverts of 2 vents are proposed. Approximate height of embankment is 4 metre including subgrade layers. The project cost for the proposed railway line doubling project is estimated to be around Rs. 40 Crores. The quantity of construction and demolition wastes generated is about less quantity which will be used for filling over the low bed areas. From the Environmental Impact Assessment study, it can be concluded that this project under consideration will not have any major significant negative impacts. The minor impacts arising out during construction and operation phases can be mitigated with the help of the proposed Environmental Management Plan. The proposed doubling of railway line will meet out the present and projected rail traffic, as a part of augmentation of existing rail network. This railway line with the existing rail network ease out the congestion in the rail traffic especially to and from the newly constructed Container Terminal Rail Yard (CTRY). The proposed project will generate employment opportunities for both, skilled and unskilled labours, which will improve the quality of life of employed people with better income.

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10. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT This chapter presents the details of the environmental consultants engaged, their background and the brief description of the key personnel involved in the project. Introduction ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited is an ISO 9001, ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001 Certified Company & leading Environmental Engineering & Consultancy Company. ABC is the first firm to be accredited by NABET (National Accreditation Board for Education and Training), Quality Council of India, as an EIA Consultant. ABC is equipped with in-house, spacious laboratory, accredited by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories), Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Copy of the NABET accreditation is given in the last page. Since establishment our focus is on sustainable development of Industry and Environment based on sound engineering practices, innovation, quality, R&D and most important is satisfying customers need. The company has successfully completed more than 100’s projects of variety of industries, in the field of pollution control. We are also dealing in the projects of waste minimization and cleaner production technology. Our team of technocrats and scientists are well experienced to deal with the Designing, Manufacturing, Fabrication, Installation and Commissioning of Effluent/Wastewater Treatment Plants, Sewage Treatment Plants, Combined Treatment Plants. We are having a well experienced team of Scientists & Engineers who are looking after our well-equipped analytical laboratory with a facility including analysis of physical, chemical and biological parameters as per the requirements of the State Pollution Control Board and our clients. Quality Policy  Providing high quality consultancy services  Time bound completion of projects and submission of reports  Employing competent engineers and scientists

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 Implementing the best available technology  Maintaining a good quality products and public relation practice  Continually improving the effectiveness of Quality Management Services Offered A. Environmental Services • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) • Environmental Management Plan (EMP) • Social Impact Assessment (SIA) • Environmental Baseline data collection for Air, Meteorology, Noise, Water, Soil, Ecology, Socio-Economic and Demography etc; • Environmental Monitoring • Socio Economic Studies • Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan • Ecological & Human Health Risk Assessment Studies • Ecological Impact Assessment • Environmental Management Framework • Solid Waste Management • Hazardous Waste Management • Internship & Training B. Multi-lab Division • Chemical Testing • Environmental Testing • Microbiological Testing • Food Testing • Metallurgical Testing • Mechanical Test • Chemical Testing C. Turnkey Projects

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• Water Treatment Plants • Sewage Treatment Plant • Recycling & Water Conservation Systems • Zero Discharge System • Operation & Maintenance of Water & Waste Water Plants • Water & Waste Water Treatment Chemicals • Pilot Plant studies • Feasibility studies & preparation of budgetary estimates Sectors We Serve • Mining of Minerals including Opencast/Underground mining • Thermal Power Plants • Mineral Beneficiation including Pelletisation • Metallurgical Industries (Ferrous & Non Ferrous) • Chloralkali Industry • Textile- cotton & Man-made fibre • Coke Oven Plants/ Waste Heat Recovery • Synthetic Organic Chemical Industries • Sugar, Distilleries and Cogeneration • Integrated Paint Industries • Common Municipal Solid waste Management facility • Industrial Estates/ Parks/Complexes/Special Economic Zones • Common Effluent Treatment Plants • Building & Construction Projects, • Townships & Area Development Projects Study Team The multidisciplinary team included expertise in Environmental Impact Assessment, Air pollution & Control measures, Noise Control measures, Ecology and bio-diversity, Land use, Geology, Environmental Chemistry and Socio-Economic planner.

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S.No NAME ROLE 1. Dr. R. K. Jayaseelan EIA Coordinator - Overall coordination of EIA study, report preparation, review and validation 2. Dr. R. K. Jayaseelan FAE - Land Use and Hydrology, ground water & water conservation 3. Dr. MuthiahMariappan FAE - Solid & Hazardous Waste Management 4. Dr. N. Sukumaran FAE - Ecology & Biodiversity, Soil & Conservation 5. Mrs. Vijayalakshmi FAE - Risk Assessment & Hazard management 6. Mr. Vivek Mariappan FAE - Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling & Prediction 7. Dr. Geetha FAE - Socio-Economic Shreeneevasakam 8. Mr. R. Rajendran FAE - Noise & Vibration 9. Mr. Rajaganapathy. J Sr.Project Engineer - Preparation and Documentation 10. Ms. Indu. P Sr.Project Engineer - Preparation and Documentation 11. Mr. Praveenkumar. N Jr. Project Engineer - Report Analysis and Documentation 12. Mr. Robson Chinnadurai Senior Chemist - Environmental Monitoring 13 Mr.Venkateshwaralu Team Member - Environmental Monitoring 14 Mr.Thavanasan Field Technician

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