Conflict on Water Resource Utilization for Agricultural Activities at Keshiary Block of Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal, India

JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755

Niranjan Manna Research Scholar, Dept. of Geography, C.M.J. University, Jorabat, Meghalaya, India. Dr.Harsha Kumar Das Gupta Research Guide, Dept. of Geography, C.M.J. University, Jorabat, Meghalaya, India. .

Abstract: The source of water in the globe is restricted to a limit. The people use it in many ways like irrigation, industry, domestic, sports etc. But the main issue is the balance between water and consumption. As Kehsiary the study area is located at Paschim Medinipur. The geology, relief, drainage, climate, soil and vegetation are the vital determination of land use pattern controlled by physical and socio-economic factor. At Keshiary geology has both direct and indirect effect on land use. The basic land utilization depends on water resource. The laterite occupied Paschim Medinipur in north and west, but in the south and east ordinary alluvium of Gangetic delta predominates. As to that reason the presence of ground water varies in places.

Keywords: Alluvium, Ground water, Irrigation, Land use pattern, Land utilization,

Introduction As the relief is the exposition of surface configuration, the attribute of relief determines the capability of land use and related water use. As per report of the Geological survey of India, the classification are as follows: - Period Epoch Soil Characteristics Quaternary Recent to sub Pleistocene New alluvium consisting of sand with some silt and clay, older alluvium containing sand, clay, yellow clay calcareous nodules, Late rites and Lateritic gravels. Tertiary Mio - Pliocene Sand, gravel. clay, siltstone, gritty, ferruginous, sandstone, coarse, yellow sandstone with clay at bases Source: Geological survey of India. In Keshiary block major five types land forms has found as per classifications of Davidson's method. The source of ground water and irrigation scope is limited. To get good economic output combination of soil assessment and supply of water for irrigation without any social and political bias, those stated outlook may only can make Keshiary greener. Characterized by high lands and consists of alternative ridges and depressions and undulating lateritic surfaces. It is a part of the eastern fringe of the Chotonagpur plateau which is formed with laterite. The land slope has from north-west to south-east part. The upland area is

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characterized by dry, non-arable lateritic soil character which is very much unsuitable for habitation and cultivation.

Location of the Study Area

The study area, Keshiary Block, lies between 22 o07´23.9´Ń and 22 o12Ń latitude and between 87 o14´03´É and 87 o23É longitude, covering an area of 292.09 Km 2 and contains a volume of 149,260 population as per 2011 Census. The Block is bounded by Kharagpur-I CD Block in the north, Narayangarh CD Block in the east, Dantan-I and Nayagram CD Blocks in the South and Sankrail CD Block in the west. It has 1 Panchayat Samity, 9 Gram Panchayat, 110 Gram Sansads, 220 Mouzas and 202 inhabited villages. Keshiary police station serves this Block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Keshiary. The area is characterized by high lands and consist of alternative ridges and depressions and undulating lateritic surfaces. It is a part of the eastern fringe of the Chotonagpur plateau which is formed with laterite. The land slope from north-west to south-east part. The upland area is characterized by dry, non-arable lateritic soil character which is very much unsuitable for habitation and cultivation.

Objectives The main objectives for conflict on water resource utilization in this study area of Paschim Medinipur are given below 1. To make people aware for proper utilization of water at every sphere of life without waste 2. To use suitable seeds for cultivation, those require less water to survive 3. To store rain water for use in dry seasons 4. To clean the water storing ponds, dug wells, oxbow lakes, old river beds, old channels, for the use in dry season 5. To aware people to stop disposing solid and liquid wastes in water bodies etc.

Methodology This study to be done on the basis of intensive visit of study area for primary data, extensive literature review, experimental documentary analysis, field observation, different journals, different Govt. report as secondary data, etc. The basic softwares are Arc GIS, Global Mapper, and Geometica etc. This study will be analyzed by the trend of LUP and also NBSS report on soil. IMD reports should be taken in account to evaluate the changing trends of water bodies and soil. The steps of scientific research measures or actions will be taken to achieve the solutions of problems. For the above noted text the research work will mainly depend of various type of data i.e. primary, secondary, statistical analysis, comparative study of various GIS imagery as a proof of evidence. The physical information generally mean information relating to things that can be seen, heard or touched.

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NOTECAM PHOTO OF KESHIARY BLOCK Sl. Name of the Lat. & Notecam No. Panchayat Long. Photo 1

22.1202 Santrapur 87.2635

22.0820 Nachipur 87.2125

22.0804 Lalua 87.2602

22.2014 Khajra 87.2578

22.1222 Keshiary 87.2368

22.1319 Baghasty 87.2048

22.1349 Kusumpur 87.2404

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22.0993 Gaganeswar 87.2411

22.2209 Ghritagram 87.2455

Physical Setup of the Study Area To consider the physical set up of Paschim Medinipur, many agencies and departments analyses the location from different standpoint. But the basic findings of NATMO, GSI and state government administrations tried to find out various evidences and established many findings. Keshiary block of Paschim Medinipur is linked with Chotonagpur plateau and had many high grade of metamorphism as evidence. Abundance of granite and sillimanite, the charnockite shows intrusive relationship towards the khondalite and has itself undergone post-magnetic changes such as albitisation and myrmekitistation as described by H.Crookshank. The charnockite have also formed hybrid gentries with the khondalite and sometimes with other ancient gneisses. Singhbhum in southern Bihar and south of the main thrust zone, the rocks are little metamorphosed. Two lesser zone of thrust are found farther worth one along boarder of Dalma lavas in southern Manbhum. The older Metamorphic consist of a group of metamorphic rocks including hornblende, schist, Quartzite, Quartz-schist, Micaceous and chloritic schist which have been highly folded and eroded before the deposition of the Iron- ore series. These are extended up to Paschim Medinipur having one impact of the basal formation of Paschim Medinipur with a profound unconformity. The Midnapur area of Bengal is continuous with Dhalbhum. The gneisses and schist similar to those found in Midnapur also this is known as Bengal gneiss. In the formation of “Bengal Delta” the total geological and physiographic set up is related with each other. The successions are changed and deformed in different geological ages. Also the impact of river erosion and deposits formed the locations like Debagram, Pandua, Ranaghat, Matla, Memarei, Burdwan, Kopili, Sihet, Jalangi, Ghatal, Bolpur etc. are formed in geological ages. So Keshiary block is only and administrative boundary. In the modification of structure, we find various evidences from lower Paleocene to upper Eocene. The foundation of Bengal basin or deltas of Ganga mud Brahmaputra and also the shilling plateau was under the sea in upper Cretaceous age and gradually formed the sel. Thus, to make a critical formation of the Paschim Medinipur is not an isolated geology and physiography. The total central and eastern foundations are linked with each other. The

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characteristics are inter related and inter dependent. Thus, we find a typical setup in Midnaprur, Keshiary block is a part of it. As with land use capability or suitability perspective, positive outlook and frame work to be taken for action. To have the ultimate financial return, soil to be classified on variations. All projects using the scheme and categories land use on the following beds. In Keshiary it should be classified as:

i) Highest level at irrigation suitability ii) Intermediate suitability iii) Lowest suitability iv) A special use class such as orchard cultivation. v) A special class of land which requires further irrigation vi) Unsuitable for irrigation. In Keshiary block all these five types of lands are available with possibilities for more economic viability. i) Highly suitable for irrigation with negligible obstacles, Topography is flat soils are well drained, of moderate permeability, and are deep, medium textured with good available water capability like- Baghasty, Lalua and Ghritagram Gram Panchayat ii) Suitable for irrigation with slight obstacles such as undulating topography, moderately well drained soils, moderately slow or moderately rapid permeability or moderate depth of soil, in Santrapur and Keshiary gram Panchayat iii) Moderately suitable for irrigation with moderate obstacles such as easy rolling topography, imperfect or somewhat excessively drained soils, slow or rapid permeability or shallow soils G.P. - Nachipur, Kusumpur iv) Marginally suitable for irrigation with severe obstacles such as rolling topography, poorly or excessively drained soils, very slow or very rapid permeability or very shallow soils G.P. - Khajra v) Unsuitable for normal irrigation with very severe obstacles in topography. G.P.- Kusumpur. In Keshiary block projects to be designed to investigate use irrigation potential of particular G.P. selected. The type of irrigations to be designed according source of water like river list, shallow or deep tube wells, traditional wells, ponds etc. To get good economic output assessment of soils is the only component of the planning process for irrigation schemes. The techniques of soil investigations depending on the scale of projects according to the reports of the department of irrigation the Paschim Medinipur soil are divided in major five classes for irrigation categories. The following physical constraints are noted. 1) Slope 2) Flooding 3) Soil Characteristics 4) Extraction/ disposal site 5) Topographic features (Swamp, Seepage) 6) High water table

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Keshiary block may be considered is a combination of nine gram panchayates located close to Subarnarekha River coming down to Bay of Bengal near West of Digha from Trisha. Its location may be considered as sub basin. Traditionally, domestic requirement of water was met through step wells. These wells are still meeting the major drinking water source of the Keshiary block. The increase of population increased the demand of domestic water, traditional sources declined villagers and also administration responded by digging more wells tube wells, and many deep tubes are installed for domestic water supply in thickly populated areas. When tube wells and deep tube well toiled another tube well is constructed to meet the demand and water carried by pipelines like other states no tax is charged for water supply. Recently villages are included in Keshiary block for government water supply schemes both by center and state. The demand has been growing rapidly. It has been largely met by the expansion of ground water supply through an increase number of wells and the deepening of existing wells, As a result the ground water table has been failing. Vide estimation by gupta (1993) the depth of tube wells in most of the cases gone down to 250 mts. The level of water in western, central and eastern parts of Keshiary block with its adjacent area dropped from 12-15 mts, in cases 60 to 90 mts according to the geomorphic and geological formation. Conflicts between agricultural and domestic use in very common. The excessive withdrawal of ground water at Keshiary block rapidly decline in water table in the area. This has had an adverse impact on the availability of potable water for domestic use in villages of the block. Farmers make substantial investment for irrigation. They consider water lying beneath their land as their private property and therefore do not hesitate to mine as much ground water as they can. Overall, the impact of regulatory mechanisms of the extraction of ground water is almost nil, the rich and elite continue to benefit at the cost of poor. Recently the government’s response to the shortage of rural drinking water has been to bring more and more villages within the domain of state-sponsored regional rural drinking water supply schemes. The schemes have mitigated the problem to some extent by supplementing the local water supply, but they suffer from erratic power supply, bureaucratic inefficiency, and inappropriate pricing supply through long-distance pipelines. More and more the provision of water supply through long-distance pipelines also means the diversion of water from other uses to drinking purposes. But unawareness of the people and administration corruption in most cases leaking pipelines collecting water for other uses. In West Bengal government not yet clearly allocated the priorities for surface reservoir water. Domestic use has the first charge on water supply available. This is follower by agriculture industry and other purposes. The main objective of the public irrigation system is to allocate adequate water on time and equitably across various user groups and areas within the command are. In Keshiary block water supply for agriculture actively to be determined according to the quality of land classes types of farming and more over should be taken care of economic viability. But as between urban and rural people, the farmer, being more articulate, organized, and politically powerful, manage to appropriate more than theirs.

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Irrigation Acts and Its Implementation In West Bengal like India the right of harness and distribute surface water vests entirely with the state. No private individual or agency can impound or divert water from streams and rivers without prior permission from the government. Irrigation is a state subject under constitution. In cases many projects taken up for water security among interstate water projects. In Keshiary block Subarnarekha river is a factor for river list irrigation in western part of the block. Interstate river-basin project may be taken up for the improvement of supply of water in dry season for irrigation purpose. The government has the power to acquire land for irrigation work with due compensation to land owners. This method may be followed in Keshiary block with the help of village Panchayat. The government has the right to acquire village labor in emergencies for irrigation related works. As per act irrigation water is supposed to be supplied to individuals or shareholders or associations for positive requirement of agriculture. In Keshiary block as the geo-spatial characters are different. The due project may be taken up by the block office in consultation with gram panchayat. Apart from rules on irrigation inconsistencies and gap in operational rules, managers and/or the local administration have to cape with highly variable supply and demand. Formal rules often do not provide clear guidelines regarding scheduling at the tertiary level of the principles of allocation when the water available falls short of demand in a particular season or during a part of it. The problems are compounded by the divergence of actual crop patterns from those assumed in the formal rules. The block off may mitigate the gaps among gram panchayats. Droughts and inadequate water supply during summer. In such cases in Kharif season rotation of supply of water of 10 days or 7 days may be introduced o both seasons. In case of Rabi crop smoother operation is possible with a greater reliability and more equitable distribution.

Conclusion The people of Keshiary and administration can manage water supply and sanitation more effectively. In Keshiary block water conservation is urgently needed, that will be beneficial to the people. In context of drinking water and irrigation water supply, it may be viewed as an alternative set of technologies for meeting the water needed for use. Increasing of water conservation is helpful to meet the environmental goals of Keshiary block. in addition, projects should be taken to lowering of cost and by improving the reliability of water and waste water management system at Keshiary. Basic plan should have to be prepared by the government with a group of departments like, Irrigation, Agriculture, Rural water supply departments, Municipalities etc. The plan should be divided in two parts: 1) Irrigation for agriculture not only for paddy for other crops also including Rabi crops 2) Water supply for domestic, drinking and industrial uses On the above noted issues the major viewpoints to be determined to develop a water system resource profile. Where an inventory of the present existing records of resource, and a plan to be prepared with strategies to meet the emerging needs. These should be related with various conservation methods and measures with existing system. Only administration cannot meet the demand of water in Keshiary without active participation of the people.

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As the increase of population creating new problems and wasting water more and more daily, for their unawareness. Production of food grains and other agricultural activity increasing. To feed the people, use of ground water increasing as Monsoon is uncertain. More over due to the growth rate of population use of ground water in rural areas also increased. The use of tube wells and deep tubes installed and also continued recklessly. Thus, total comprehensive plan is required immediately. Otherwise the situation will create more complicated issues and problem on water in Keshiary block

References 1. Chowdhury. A & Mete. J.: A triumph peace establishment Jangalmahal area in West Bengal. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, Vol-9, PP- 23177-23180, January, 2018. 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshiary 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpur_subdivision 4. Chand, M and Puri, V.K.: Regional planning in India, Allied Publishers PVT. LTD., 1983, pp- 30-71. 5. Krishnan, M.S.: Geology of India and Barma, CBS Publishers and Distributor Pvt. Ltd., 2009, pp- 54-58. 6. Dasgupta, H.K.: Rudiments of Geography Practical, Dove Publishing House, 2013, pp- 248-264, 269-281. 7. C.P. LO and Yeung, A.K.W.: Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information System, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2009, pp- 240-251. 8. Spiegel, M.R and Stephens, L.J., adapted by Narinder Kumar: Statistics 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., pp- 4.5-4.23.

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